Date:   Wed, 20 Feb 2019 16:10:17 +0000
From:   Jonathan Cameron <jic23@...nel.org>
To:     "H. Nikolaus Schaller" <hns@...delico.com>
Cc:     Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@...aro.org>,
        Rob Herring <robh+dt@...nel.org>,
        Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>,
        Andy Shevchenko <andriy.shevchenko@...ux.intel.com>,
        Charles Keepax <ckeepax@...nsource.cirrus.com>,
        Song Qiang <songqiang1304521@...il.com>,
        letux-kernel@...nphoenux.org, Hartmut Knaack <knaack.h@....de>,
        Lars-Peter Clausen <lars@...afoo.de>,
        Peter Meerwald-Stadler <pmeerw@...erw.net>,
        linux-iio@...r.kernel.org, devicetree@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        Gregor Boirie <gregor.boirie@...rot.com>,
        Sebastian Reichel <sre@...nel.org>,
        Samu Onkalo <samu.onkalo@...el.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 1/9] iio: document bindings for mounting matrices

On Wed, 20 Feb 2019 15:00:48 +0100
"H. Nikolaus Schaller" <hns@...delico.com> wrote:

> From: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@...aro.org>
> 
> The mounting matrix for sensors was introduced in
> commit dfc57732ad38 ("iio:core: mounting matrix support")
> 
> However the device tree bindings are very terse and since this is
> a widely applicable property, we need a proper binding for it
> that the other bindings can reference. This will also be useful
> for other operating systems and sensor engineering at large.
> 
> I think all 3D sensors should support it, the current situation
> is probably that the mounting information is confined in magic
> userspace components rather than using the mounting matrix, which
> is not good for portability and reuse.
> 
> Cc: Gregor Boirie <gregor.boirie@...rot.com>
> Cc: Sebastian Reichel <sre@...nel.org>
> Cc: Samu Onkalo <samu.onkalo@...el.com>
> Cc: devicetree@...r.kernel.org
> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@...aro.org>
Hmm. I looked back and seems there were still some outstanding questions
on this last time around.

https://lore.kernel.org/linux-iio/a6d866f2-ee20-282b-def0-f65de2177aee@kernel.org/

Particularly hard as ever to define the magnetic planes when near the
magnetic poles when in 3D.

That needs cleaning up ideally before we apply this.

Jonathan

> ---
>  .../devicetree/bindings/iio/mount-matrix.txt  | 108 ++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 108 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/mount-matrix.txt
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/mount-matrix.txt b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/mount-matrix.txt
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..a3714727f739
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/mount-matrix.txt
> @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
> +Mounting matrix
> +
> +The mounting matrix is a device tree property used to orient any IIO device
> +that produce three-dimensional data in relation to the world where it is
> +deployed.
> +
> +The purpose of the mounting matrix is to translate the sensor frame of
> +reference into the device frame of reference using a translation matrix as
> +defined in linear algebra.
> +
> +The typical usecase is that where a component has an internal representation
> +of the (x,y,z) triplets, such as different registers to read these coordinates,
> +and thus implying that the component should be mounted in a certain orientation
> +relative to some specific device frame of reference.
> +
> +For example a device with some kind of screen, where the user is supposed to
> +interact with the environment using an accelerometer, gyroscope or magnetometer
> +mounted on the same chassis as this screen, will likely take the screen as
> +reference to (x,y,z) orientation, with (x,y) corresponding to these axes on the
> +screen and (z) being depth, the axis perpendicular to the screen.
> +
> +For a screen you probably want (x) coordinates to go from negative on the left
> +to positive on the right and (z) depth to be negative under the screen and
> +positive in front of it, toward the face of the user.
> +
> +A sensor can be mounted in any angle along the axes relative to the frame of
> +reference. This means that the sensor may be flipped upside-down, left-right,
> +or tilted at any angle relative to the frame of reference.
> +
> +Another frame of reference is how the device with its sensor relates to the
> +external world, the environment where the device is deployed. Usually the data
> +from the sensor is used to figure out how the device is oriented with respect
> +to this world. When using the mounting matrix, the sensor and device orientation
> +becomes identical and we can focus on the data as it relates to the surrounding
> +world.
> +
> +Device-to-world examples for some three-dimensional sensor types:
> +
> +- Accelerometers have their world frame of reference toward the center of
> +  gravity, usually to the core of the planet. A reading of the (x,y,z) values
> +  from the sensor will give a projection of the gravity vector through the
> +  device relative to the center of the planet, i.e. relative to its surface at
> +  this point. Up and down in the world relative to the device frame of
> +  reference can thus be determined. and users would likely expect a value of
> +  9.81 m/s^2 upwards along the (z) axis, i.e. out of the screen when the device
> +  is held with its screen flat on the planets surface and 0 on the other axes,
> +  as the gravity vector is projected 1:1 onto the sensors (z)-axis.
> +
> +- Magnetometers (compasses) have their world frame of reference relative to the
> +  geomagnetic field. The system orientation vis-a-vis the world is defined with
> +  respect to the local earth geomagnetic reference frame where (y) is in the
> +  ground plane and positive towards magnetic North, (x) is in the ground plane,
> +  perpendicular to the North axis and positive towards the East and (z) is
> +  perpendicular to the ground plane and positive upwards.
> +
> +- Gyroscopes detects the movement relative the device itself. The angular
> +  velocity is defined as orthogonal to the plane of rotation, so if you put the
> +  device on a flat surface and spin it around the z axis (such as rotating a
> +  device with a screen lying flat on a table), you should get a negative value
> +  along the (z) axis if rotated clockwise, and a positive value if rotated
> +  counter-clockwise according to the right-hand rule.
> +
> +So unless the sensor is ideally mounted, we need a means to indicate the
> +relative orientation of any given sensor of this type with respect to the
> +frame of reference.
> +
> +To achieve this, use the device tree property "mount-matrix" for the sensor.
> +This supplies a 3x3 rotation matrix in the strict linear algebraic sense,
> +to orient the senor axes relative to a desired point of reference. This means
> +the resulting values from the sensor, after scaling to proper units, should be
> +multiplied by this matrix to give the proper vectors values in three-dimensional
> +space, relative to the device or world point of reference.
> +
> +For more information, consult:
> +https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix
> +
> +The mounting matrix has the layout:
> +
> + (x0, y0, z0)
> + (x1, y1, z1)
> + (x2, y2, z3)
> +
> +And it is represented as an array of strings containing the real values for
> +producing the transformation matrix. The real values use a decimal point and
> +a minus (-) to indicate a negative value.
> +
> +Examples:
> +
> +Identity matrix (nothing happens to the coordinates, which means the device was
> +mechanically mounted in an ideal way and we need no transformation):
> +
> +mount-matrix = "1", "0", "0",
> +               "0", "1", "0",
> +               "0", "0", "1";
> +
> +The sensor is mounted 30 degrees (Pi/6 radians) tilted along the X axis, so we
> +compensate by performing a -30 degrees rotation around the X axis:
> +
> +mount-matrix = "1", "0", "0",
> +               "0", "0.866", "0.5",
> +               "0", "-0.5", "0.866";
> +
> +The sensor is flipped 180 degrees (Pi radians) around the Z axis, i.e. mounted
> +upside-down:
> +
> +mount-matrix = "0.998", "0.054", "0",
> +               "-0.054", "0.998", "0",
> +               "0", "0", "1";

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