linux-kernel - Re: [PATCH v2] buffer: Fix I/O error due to ARM read-after-read hazard

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Date:   Tue, 12 Nov 2019 18:00:35 +0000
From:   Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>
To:     Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>
Cc:     Vincent Whitchurch <vincent.whitchurch@...s.com>,
        torvalds@...ux-foundation.org, axboe@...nel.dk,
        linux@...linux.org.uk, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org,
        Vincent Whitchurch <rabinv@...s.com>,
        Richard Earnshaw <Richard.Earnshaw@....com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] buffer: Fix I/O error due to ARM read-after-read
 hazard

On Tue, Nov 12, 2019 at 04:08:57PM +0000, Catalin Marinas wrote:
> On Tue, Nov 12, 2019 at 02:02:44PM +0100, Vincent Whitchurch wrote:
> > On my dual-core ARM Cortex-A9, reading from squashfs (over
> > dm-verity/ubi/mtd) in a loop for hundreds of hours invariably results in
> > a read failure in squashfs_read_data().  The errors occur because the
> > buffer_uptodate() check fails after wait_on_buffer().  Further debugging
> > shows that the bh was in fact uptodate and that there is no actual I/O
> > error in the lower layers.
> > 
> > The problem is caused by the read-after-read hazards in the ARM
> > Cortex-A9 MPCore (erratum #761319, see [1]).  The code generated by the
> > compiler for the combination of the wait_on_buffer() and
> > buffer_uptodate() calls reads the flags value twice from memory (see the
> > excerpt of the assembly below).  The new value of the BH_Lock flag is
> > seen but the new value of BH_Uptodate is not even though both the bits
> > are read from the same memory location.
> > 
> >  27c:	9d08      	ldr	r5, [sp, #32]
> >  27e:	2400      	movs	r4, #0
> >  280:	e006      	b.n	290 <squashfs_read_data+0x290>
> >  282:	6803      	ldr	r3, [r0, #0]
> >  284:	07da      	lsls	r2, r3, #31
> >  286:	f140 810d 	bpl.w	4a4 <squashfs_read_data+0x4a4>
> >  28a:	3401      	adds	r4, #1
> >  28c:	42bc      	cmp	r4, r7
> >  28e:	da08      	bge.n	2a2 <squashfs_read_data+0x2a2>
> >  290:	f855 0f04 	ldr.w	r0, [r5, #4]!
> >  294:	6803      	ldr	r3, [r0, #0]
> >  296:	0759      	lsls	r1, r3, #29
> >  298:	d5f3      	bpl.n	282 <squashfs_read_data+0x282>
> >  29a:	f7ff fffe 	bl	0 <__wait_on_buffer>
> > 
> > Work around this problem by adding a DMB between the two reads of
> > bh->flags, as recommended in the ARM document.  With this barrier, no
> > failures have been seen in more than 5000 hours of the same test.
> > 
> > [1] http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.uan0004a/UAN0004A_a9_read_read.pdf
> 
> I thought we were going to fix the compiler. I found an old thread here:
> 
> https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2014-06/msg00714.html
> 
> Also cc'ing Richard Earnshaw as he may been involved in the gcc
> discussion at the time.
> 
> While you can add some barrier here, there may be other cases where this
> can go wrong.

Hmm, and afaict, even if the compiler was modified to emit LDREX instructions
for volatile loads, it wouldn't help in this case because test_bit() isn't
using READ_ONCE().

It's also slightly odd that the proposed patch makes the code look like:

	for (i = 0; i < b; i++) {
		if (buffer_locked(bh)) {
			__wait_on_buffer(bh);
			smp_rmb();
		}
		if (!buffer_uptodate(bh[i]))
			goto block_release;
	}

whereas there are other potential RAR orderings between buffer_locked()
and __wait_on_buffer() and also probably between successive iterations
of the loop.

So, really, the only way I see to solve this is for us to use READ_ONCE
consistently for all relaxed atomic loads (KCSAN is starting to tread on
this), and then to patch READ_ONCE to emit a DMB at runtime for arch/arm/
(maybe a static key would work if you can avoid the recursion).

I've already got patches at [1] to allow architectures to override
READ_ONCE, because Alpha needs to do something similar.

Will

[1] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/will/linux.git/log/?h=lto