Date:   Thu, 23 Jan 2020 14:29:52 -0800
From:   Alexander Duyck <alexander.h.duyck@...ux.intel.com>
To:     Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>
Cc:     Alexander Graf <graf@...zon.com>,
        Alexander Duyck <alexander.duyck@...il.com>,
        kvm@...r.kernel.org, mst@...hat.com, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        willy@...radead.org, mhocko@...nel.org, linux-mm@...ck.org,
        akpm@...ux-foundation.org, mgorman@...hsingularity.net,
        vbabka@...e.cz, yang.zhang.wz@...il.com, nitesh@...hat.com,
        konrad.wilk@...cle.com, david@...hat.com, pagupta@...hat.com,
        riel@...riel.com, lcapitulino@...hat.com, dave.hansen@...el.com,
        wei.w.wang@...el.com, aarcange@...hat.com, pbonzini@...hat.com,
        dan.j.williams@...el.com, osalvador@...e.de,
        "Paterson-Jones, Roland" <rolandp@...zon.com>, hare@...e.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH v16.1 0/9] mm / virtio: Provide support for free page
 reporting

On Thu, 2020-01-23 at 14:17 -0500, Johannes Weiner wrote:
> On Thu, Jan 23, 2020 at 08:26:39AM -0800, Alexander Duyck wrote:
> > On Thu, 2020-01-23 at 11:20 +0100, Alexander Graf wrote:
> > > Hi Alex,
> > > 
> > > On 22.01.20 18:43, Alexander Duyck wrote:
> > > > This series provides an asynchronous means of reporting free guest pages
> > > > to a hypervisor so that the memory associated with those pages can be
> > > > dropped and reused by other processes and/or guests on the host. Using
> > > > this it is possible to avoid unnecessary I/O to disk and greatly improve
> > > > performance in the case of memory overcommit on the host.
> > > > 
> > > > When enabled we will be performing a scan of free memory every 2 seconds
> > > > while pages of sufficiently high order are being freed. In each pass at
> > > > least one sixteenth of each free list will be reported. By doing this we
> > > > avoid racing against other threads that may be causing a high amount of
> > > > memory churn.
> > > > 
> > > > The lowest page order currently scanned when reporting pages is
> > > > pageblock_order so that this feature will not interfere with the use of
> > > > Transparent Huge Pages in the case of virtualization.
> > > > 
> > > > Currently this is only in use by virtio-balloon however there is the hope
> > > > that at some point in the future other hypervisors might be able to make
> > > > use of it. In the virtio-balloon/QEMU implementation the hypervisor is
> > > > currently using MADV_DONTNEED to indicate to the host kernel that the page
> > > > is currently free. It will be zeroed and faulted back into the guest the
> > > > next time the page is accessed.
> > > > 
> > > > To track if a page is reported or not the Uptodate flag was repurposed and
> > > > used as a Reported flag for Buddy pages. We walk though the free list
> > > > isolating pages and adding them to the scatterlist until we either
> > > > encounter the end of the list, processed as many pages as were listed in
> > > > nr_free prior to us starting, or have filled the scatterlist with pages to
> > > > be reported. If we fill the scatterlist before we reach the end of the
> > > > list we rotate the list so that the first unreported page we encounter is
> > > > moved to the head of the list as that is where we will resume after we
> > > > have freed the reported pages back into the tail of the list.
> > > > 
> > > > Below are the results from various benchmarks. I primarily focused on two
> > > > tests. The first is the will-it-scale/page_fault2 test, and the other is
> > > > a modified version of will-it-scale/page_fault1 that was enabled to use
> > > > THP. I did this as it allows for better visibility into different parts
> > > > of the memory subsystem. The guest is running with 32G for RAM on one
> > > > node of a E5-2630 v3. The host has had some features such as CPU turbo
> > > > disabled in the BIOS.
> > > > 
> > > > Test                   page_fault1 (THP)    page_fault2
> > > > Name            tasks  Process Iter  STDEV  Process Iter  STDEV
> > > > Baseline            1    1012402.50  0.14%     361855.25  0.81%
> > > >                     16    8827457.25  0.09%    3282347.00  0.34%
> > > > 
> > > > Patches Applied     1    1007897.00  0.23%     361887.00  0.26%
> > > >                     16    8784741.75  0.39%    3240669.25  0.48%
> > > > 
> > > > Patches Enabled     1    1010227.50  0.39%     359749.25  0.56%
> > > >                     16    8756219.00  0.24%    3226608.75  0.97%
> > > > 
> > > > Patches Enabled     1    1050982.00  4.26%     357966.25  0.14%
> > > >   page shuffle      16    8672601.25  0.49%    3223177.75  0.40%
> > > > 
> > > > Patches enabled     1    1003238.00  0.22%     360211.00  0.22%
> > > >   shuffle w/ RFC    16    8767010.50  0.32%    3199874.00  0.71%
> > > > 
> > > > The results above are for a baseline with a linux-next-20191219 kernel,
> > > > that kernel with this patch set applied but page reporting disabled in
> > > > virtio-balloon, the patches applied and page reporting fully enabled, the
> > > > patches enabled with page shuffling enabled, and the patches applied with
> > > > page shuffling enabled and an RFC patch that makes used of MADV_FREE in
> > > > QEMU. These results include the deviation seen between the average value
> > > > reported here versus the high and/or low value. I observed that during the
> > > > test memory usage for the first three tests never dropped whereas with the
> > > > patches fully enabled the VM would drop to using only a few GB of the
> > > > host's memory when switching from memhog to page fault tests.
> > > > 
> > > > Any of the overhead visible with this patch set enabled seems due to page
> > > > faults caused by accessing the reported pages and the host zeroing the page
> > > > before giving it back to the guest. This overhead is much more visible when
> > > > using THP than with standard 4K pages. In addition page shuffling seemed to
> > > > increase the amount of faults generated due to an increase in memory churn.
> > > > The overhead is reduced when using MADV_FREE as we can avoid the extra
> > > > zeroing of the pages when they are reintroduced to the host, as can be seen
> > > > when the RFC is applied with shuffling enabled.
> > > > 
> > > > The overall guest size is kept fairly small to only a few GB while the test
> > > > is running. If the host memory were oversubscribed this patch set should
> > > > result in a performance improvement as swapping memory in the host can be
> > > > avoided.
> > > 
> > > I really like the approach overall. Voluntarily propagating free memory 
> > > from a guest to the host has been a sore point ever since KVM was 
> > > around. This solution looks like a very elegant way to do so.
> > > 
> > > The big piece I'm missing is the page cache. Linux will by default try 
> > > to keep the free list as small as it can in favor of page cache, so most 
> > > of the benefit of this patch set will be void in real world scenarios.
> > 
> > Agreed. This is a the next piece of this I plan to work on once this is
> > accepted. For now the quick and dirty approach is to essentially make use
> > of the /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches interface in the guest by either putting
> > it in a cronjob somewhere or to have it after memory intensive workloads.
> > 
> > > Traditionally, this was solved by creating pressure from the host 
> > > through virtio-balloon: Exactly the piece that this patch set gets away 
> > > with. I never liked "ballooning", because the host has very limited 
> > > visibility into the actual memory utility of its guests. So leaving the 
> > > decision on how much memory is actually needed at a given point in time 
> > > should ideally stay with the guest.
> > > 
> > > What would keep us from applying the page hinting approach to inactive, 
> > > clean page cache pages? With writeback in place as well, we would slowly 
> > > propagate pages from
> > > 
> > >    dirty -> clean -> clean, inactive -> free -> host owned
> > > 
> > > which gives a guest a natural path to give up "not important" memory.
> > 
> > I considered something similar. Basically one thought I had was to
> > essentially look at putting together some sort of epoch. When the host is
> > under memory pressure it would need to somehow notify the guest and then
> > the guest would start moving the epoch forward so that we start evicting
> > pages out of the page cache when the host is under memory pressure.
> > 
> > > The big problem I see is that what I really want from a user's point of 
> > > view is a tuneable that says "Automatically free clean page cache pages 
> > > that were not accessed in the last X minutes". Otherwise we may run into 
> > > the risk of evicting some times in use page cache pages.
> > > 
> > > I have a hard time grasping the mm code to understand how hard that 
> > > would be to implement that though :).
> > > 
> > > 
> > > Alex
> > 
> > Yeah, I am not exactly an expert on this either as I have only been
> > working int he MM tree for about a year now.
> > 
> > I have submitted this as a topic for LSF/MM summit[1] and I am hoping to
> > get some feedback on the best way to apply proactive memory pressure as
> > one of the subtopics if iti s selected.
> 
> I've been working on a proactive reclaim project that shrinks
> workloads to their smallest, still healthy, memory footprint.
> 
> Because we (FB) have a similar problem with containers: in order to
> know how many workloads can be safely combined on a host, we first
> need to know how much memory a given workload truly requires - as
> opposed to how many pages it would gobble up for one-off cache and
> cold anon regions if it had the whole machine to itself.
> 
> This userspace tool uses cgroups and psi to adjust the memory limits
> of workloads in a pressure feedback loop. It targets a minimal rate of
> refaults/swapping/reclaim activity to identify the point where all the
> cold pages have been evicted and we're *just* about to start eating
> into warmer memory.
> 
> With SSDs, control over pressure is fine-grained enough that we can
> run it on even highly latency-sensitive things like our web servers
> without impacting response time meaningfully.
> 
> It harnesses the VM's existing LRU/clock algorithm to identify the
> pages which are most likely to be cold, so the approach scales to
> large memory sizes (256G+) with only minor CPU overhead.
> 
> https://github.com/facebookincubator/senpai
> 
> The same concept could be applicable to shrinking guests proactively
> in virtualized environments?

Looking it over this kind of does what we would want to do, however we
would need to find a way to have this work without the cgroup requirement.
Essentially we would have the guest running this and then proactively
keeping its own resources in check.

- Alex

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