Date:   Tue, 25 Feb 2020 18:30:27 -0800
From:   Luigi Rizzo <lrizzo@...gle.com>
To:     linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, mhiramat@...nel.org,
        akpm@...ux-foundation.org, gregkh@...uxfoundation.org,
        naveen.n.rao@...ux.ibm.com, changbin.du@...el.com, ardb@...nel.org,
        rizzo@....unipi.it, pabeni@...hat.com, toke@...hat.com,
        hawk@...nel.org
Cc:     Luigi Rizzo <lrizzo@...gle.com>
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] quickstats: user commands to trace execution time of code

Debugfs helpers to add runtime monitoring of the execution time of a
block of code (a function, a section between two function entry points
or tracepoints) _and_ the interval between calls to the block.

Use as follows:

  echo "trace S bits B start X end Y" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control

	creates node /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/S, traces time between X and Y
	with 2^B buckets. Arguments after S are optional, X defaults to S,
	bits defaults to 3, end defaults to empty. X and Y can be function
	names or __tracepoint_T where T is a tracepoint name.

	Also creates a node /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/GAP-S that tracks
	the time between calls to the block of code on the same CPU.

  echo "remove S" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control

	removes the nodes created by the trace command.

The code uses 3 different methods to track start and end of the block:
  1. if end is not specified, uses kretprobe to attach to function X.
     Only possible for global functions.
     kretprobe overhead is ~250ns with hot cache, 1500ns with cold cache,
     and possibly much worse under contention (kretprobe has a single
     lock on entry; this is fixed in an upcoming patch).

  2. use kprobe to attach to a function on entry and one on exit.
     Only possible when the two functions are global and uniquely identify
     a path.

  3. attach to tracepoints on entry and exit.
     The name passed to start= and end= should be __tracepoint_XXX

Tracing introduces several out of line code and data accesses so the
overhead and the minimum reported time (e.g. for an empty function)
depend on cache state. They can be easily tested calling the function at
a low rate (e.g. more than 1ms apart) or at high rate (< 20us apart).

On a modern high end CPU:
- the overhead is ~250ns with hot cache, 1500ns with cold cache. This
  includes the 5/250ns spent in kstats_record(), and the 20-40ns spent
  in reading the clock.
  Additionally, kretprobe uses a single lock in the entry path so performance
  under concurrent calls is much worse (this is addressed with another patch
  that introduces percpu optimizations in kretprobe)

- The minimum time reported (for an empty function) is ~90ns with hot
  cache, 500ns with cold cache.

Signed-off-by: Luigi Rizzo <lrizzo@...gle.com>
---
 lib/kstats.c | 360 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 358 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/lib/kstats.c b/lib/kstats.c
index b8d8c9e60f222..6c0815199d801 100644
--- a/lib/kstats.c
+++ b/lib/kstats.c
@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@
  *	slot 12  CPU  243  count        1 avg       12 p 0.000097
  *	slot 12  CPUS 256  count    19977 avg       12 p 0.006153
  *	...
+ *
+ * Besides manual code annotations, the following two commands add and remove
+ * tracing of the execution time of a function or a section of code, see more
+ * details later in this file:
+ *
+ *	echo "trace some_function" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control
+ *	echo "remove some_function" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control
  */
 
 #include <linux/kstats.h>
@@ -66,6 +73,11 @@ static void ks_print(struct seq_file *p, int slot, int cpu, u64 sum,
 		   samples, avg, sum == tot ? '1' : '0', frac);
 }
 
+/* Helpers for user-created nodes via _control */
+static int ks_list_nodes(struct seq_file *p);
+static int ks_control_write(char *buf, int ret);
+static bool ks_delete_nodes(const char *name);
+
 /* Read handler */
 static int ks_show_entry(struct seq_file *p, void *v)
 {
@@ -76,7 +88,7 @@ static int ks_show_entry(struct seq_file *p, void *v)
 	const size_t rowsize = ks ? ks->n_slots * sizeof(struct ks_slot) : 0;
 
 	if (!ks)
-		return -ENOENT;
+		return ks_list_nodes(p);
 	if (!rowsize)
 		return 0;
 	/* Counters are updated while we read them, so make a copy first.
@@ -149,7 +161,7 @@ static ssize_t ks_write(struct file *fp, const char __user *user_buffer,
 		buf[count - 1] = '\0';
 
 	if (ks == NULL)
-		return -EINVAL;
+		return ks_control_write(buf, ret);
 
 	if (!strcasecmp(buf, "START")) {
 		ks->active = 1;
@@ -203,6 +215,7 @@ static int __init ks_init(void)
 
 static void __exit ks_exit(void)
 {
+	ks_delete_nodes(NULL);
 	debugfs_remove_recursive(ks_root);
 }
 
@@ -301,3 +314,346 @@ void kstats_record(struct kstats *ks, u64 val)
 	preempt_enable();
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL(kstats_record);
+
+/* The following code supports runtime monitoring of the execution time of
+ * a block of code (a function, a section between two function entry points
+ * or tracepoints) with the following command:
+ *
+ * echo "trace S bits B start X end Y" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control
+ *
+ *    creates node /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/S, traces time between X and Y
+ *    with 2^B buckets. Arguments after S are optional, X defaults to S,
+ *    bits defaults to 3, end defaults to empty. X and Y can be function names
+ *    or __tracepoint_T where T is a tracepoint name.
+ *
+ * echo "remove S" > /sys/kernel/debug/kstats/_control
+ *
+ *    removes the node
+ *
+ * The code uses 3 different methods to track start and end of the block:
+ *
+ * 1. if end is not specified, uses kretprobe to attach to function X.
+ *    Only possible for global functions.
+ *    kretprobe overhead is ~500ns with hot cache, 1500ns with cold cache,
+ *    and possibly much worse under contention (all instances contend on
+ *    a single lock on entry).
+ *
+ * 2. use kprobe to attach to a function on entry and one on exit.
+ *    Only possible when the two functions are global and uniquely identify
+ *    a path.
+ *    The hooks are slightly cheaper than kretprobe in the cold state,
+ *    roughly 500ns hot, 1200ns cold.
+ *
+ * 3. attach to tracepoints on entry and exit.
+ *    The name passed to start= and end= should be __tracepoint_XXX
+ *    The cost is similar to #2.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/kprobes.h>
+#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
+
+/* Manually added entries are in a list protected by ks_mutex */
+static LIST_HEAD(ks_user_nodes);
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(ks_mutex);
+
+/* Manually added nodes */
+enum node_type { KSN_NONE = 0, KSN_KPROBE, KSN_RETPROBE, KSN_TRACEPOINT };
+struct ks_node {
+	struct kstats *ks;	/* record time for a call */
+	struct kstats *ks_gap;	/* record gap between calls */
+	struct list_head link;	/* Set for nodes added to the main list */
+	enum node_type type;
+	/* These could do in a union */
+	struct kprobe kp1;
+	struct kprobe kp2;
+	struct kretprobe kret;
+	struct tracepoint *tp1;
+	struct tracepoint *tp2;
+	char name[0];
+};
+
+/* Address of the temporary storage for starting timestamp */
+static u64 *ts_addr(struct kstats *ks)
+{
+	return &((this_cpu_ptr(ks->slots) + ks->n_slots + 1)->sum);
+}
+
+/* Store value in slot if not set already */
+static void ks_ts_start(struct kstats *ks, u64 value)
+{
+	u64 *addr = ts_addr(ks);
+
+	if (!*addr)
+		*addr = value;
+}
+
+/* Record value if previous was non zero */
+static void ks_ts_record(struct kstats *ks, u64 value)
+{
+	u64 *addr = ts_addr(ks);
+
+	if (*addr) {
+		kstats_record(ks, value - *addr);
+		*addr = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Method 3, tracepoints. The first argument of the tracepoint callback
+ * comes from tracepoint_probe_register, others as defined in the proto.
+ */
+static int ks_tp_start(struct ks_node *cur)
+{
+	u64 now;
+
+	preempt_disable();
+	now = ktime_get_ns();
+	ks_ts_start(cur->ks, now);
+	if (cur->ks_gap)
+		ks_ts_record(cur->ks_gap, now);
+	preempt_enable();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int ks_tp_end(struct ks_node *cur)
+{
+	u64 now;
+
+	preempt_disable();
+	now = ktime_get_ns();
+	ks_ts_record(cur->ks, now);
+	if (cur->ks_gap)
+		ks_ts_start(cur->ks_gap, now);
+	preempt_enable();
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Method 1: use kretprobe */
+static int ks_kretp_start(struct kretprobe_instance *r, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	return ks_tp_start(container_of(r->rp, struct ks_node, kret));
+}
+
+static int ks_kretp_end(struct kretprobe_instance *r, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	return ks_tp_end(container_of(r->rp, struct ks_node, kret));
+}
+
+/* Method 2, kprobes */
+static int ks_kprobe_start(struct kprobe *f, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	return ks_tp_start(container_of(f, struct ks_node, kp1));
+}
+
+static int ks_kprobe_end(struct kprobe *f, struct pt_regs *regs)
+{
+	return ks_tp_end(container_of(f, struct ks_node, kp2));
+}
+
+/* Destroy a user-defined node */
+static void ks_node_delete(struct ks_node *cur)
+{
+	if (!cur)
+		return;
+#ifdef CONFIG_TRACEPOINTS
+	if (cur->tp2)
+		tracepoint_probe_unregister(cur->tp2, ks_tp_end, cur);
+	if (cur->tp1)
+		tracepoint_probe_unregister(cur->tp1, ks_tp_start, cur);
+	tracepoint_synchronize_unregister();
+#endif
+	unregister_kretprobe(&cur->kret);
+	unregister_kprobe(&cur->kp1);
+	unregister_kprobe(&cur->kp2);
+	kstats_delete(cur->ks);
+	kstats_delete(cur->ks_gap);
+	kfree(cur);
+}
+
+/* Some names cannot be attached to */
+static bool blacklisted(const char *name)
+{
+	static const char * const blacklist[] = {
+		"kstats_record",
+		NULL
+	};
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; name && blacklist[i]; i++) {
+		if (!strcmp(name, blacklist[i])) {
+			pr_info("%s is blacklisted\n", name);
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+static const char gap[] = "GAP-";
+static char *ksn_name(struct ks_node *cur)
+{
+	return cur->name + sizeof(gap) - 1;
+}
+
+/* Create a new user-defined node */
+static struct ks_node *ks_node_new(int n, char *argv[])
+{
+	static const char *tp_prefix = "__tracepoint_";
+	char *name = argv[1], *start = name, *end = NULL;
+	struct ks_node *cur;
+	u64 bits = 3;
+	int i, ret;
+
+	/* 'arg value' pairs may override defaults */
+	for (i = 2; i < n - 1; i += 2) {
+		if (!strcasecmp(argv[i], "bits")) {
+			if (kstrtou64(argv[i + 1], 0, &bits) || bits > 4) {
+				pr_info("invalid bits %d\n", (int)bits);
+				break;
+			}
+		} else if (!strcasecmp(argv[i], "start")) {
+			start = argv[i + 1];
+		} else if (!strcasecmp(argv[i], "end")) {
+			end = argv[i + 1];
+		} else {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (i != n)
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	cur = kzalloc(sizeof(*cur) + strlen(name) + sizeof(gap), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!cur) {
+		pr_info("%s: no memory to add %s\n", __func__, name);
+		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
+	}
+	strcpy(ksn_name(cur), name);
+	if (blacklisted(start) || blacklisted(end))
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	cur->ks = kstats_new(name, bits);
+	if (!cur->ks)
+		goto fail;
+
+	if (!end || !*end) {
+		/* try to create an entry with the gap between calls */
+		memcpy(cur->name, gap, sizeof(gap) - 1);
+		cur->ks_gap = kstats_new(cur->name, bits);
+
+		cur->kret.entry_handler = ks_kretp_start;
+		cur->kret.handler = ks_kretp_end;
+		cur->kret.data_size = 0;
+		cur->kret.kp.symbol_name = start;
+		ret = register_kretprobe(&cur->kret);
+		if (ret)
+			goto fail;
+	} else if (strncmp(start, tp_prefix, strlen(tp_prefix)) != 0) {
+		pr_info("XXX use kprobe on '%s', '%s'\n", start, end);
+		cur->kp2.symbol_name = end;
+		cur->kp2.pre_handler = ks_kprobe_end;
+		if (register_kprobe(&cur->kp2))
+			goto fail;
+		cur->kp1.symbol_name = start;
+		cur->kp1.pre_handler = ks_kprobe_start;
+		if (register_kprobe(&cur->kp1))
+			goto fail;
+	} else {
+		cur->tp1 = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name(start);
+		cur->tp2 = (void *)kallsyms_lookup_name(end);
+		if (!cur->tp1 || !cur->tp2)
+			goto fail;
+#ifndef CONFIG_TRACEPOINTS
+		goto fail;
+#else
+		ret = tracepoint_probe_register(cur->tp1, ks_tp_start, cur);
+		if (ret)
+			goto fail;
+		ret = tracepoint_probe_register(cur->tp2, ks_tp_end, cur);
+		if (ret)
+			goto fail;
+#endif
+	}
+	return cur;
+
+fail:
+	ks_node_delete(cur);
+	return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+}
+
+static int ks_list_nodes(struct seq_file *p)
+{
+	struct ks_node *cur;
+	const char *sep = "";
+
+	mutex_lock(&ks_mutex);
+	list_for_each_entry(cur, &ks_user_nodes, link) {
+		seq_printf(p, "%s%s", sep, ksn_name(cur));
+		sep = " ";
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&ks_mutex);
+	seq_printf(p, "\n");
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* Split a string into words, returns number of words */
+static int ks_split_command(char *s, char *words[], int count)
+{
+	int i = 0, n;
+
+	for (n = 0; n < count; n++) {
+		/* Skip and clear leading whitespace */
+		while (s[i] && strchr(" \t\r\n", s[i]))
+			s[i++] = '\0';
+		words[n] = s + i; /* Tentative offset */
+		/* Find end of word */
+		while (s[i] && s[i] > ' ' && s[i] < 127)
+			i++;
+		if (s + i == words[n])
+			break;
+	}
+	return n;
+}
+
+/* Delete one/all nodes (name == NULL). Returns true if some are deleted */
+static bool ks_delete_nodes(const char *name)
+{
+	struct ks_node *tmp, *cur;
+	bool found = false;
+
+	mutex_lock(&ks_mutex);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(cur, tmp, &ks_user_nodes, link) {
+		if (name != NULL && strcmp(ksn_name(cur), name))
+			continue; /* no match */
+		found = true;
+		list_del(&cur->link);
+		ks_node_delete(cur);
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&ks_mutex);
+	return found;
+}
+
+static int ks_control_write(char *buf, int ret)
+{
+	char *args[10];	/* we don't need more than 8 */
+	struct ks_node *cur;
+	int n;
+
+	n = ks_split_command(buf, args, ARRAY_SIZE(args));
+	if (n < 2 || n == ARRAY_SIZE(args))
+		return -EINVAL;
+	if (!strcasecmp(args[0], "remove")) {
+		if (n != 2)
+			return -EINVAL;
+		if (!ks_delete_nodes(args[1]))
+			return -ENOENT;
+	} else if (!strcasecmp(args[0], "trace")) {
+		cur = ks_node_new(n, args);
+		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(cur))
+			return PTR_ERR(cur);
+		mutex_lock(&ks_mutex);
+		list_add(&cur->link, &ks_user_nodes);
+		mutex_unlock(&ks_mutex);
+	} else {
+		ret = -EINVAL;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
-- 
2.25.0.265.gbab2e86ba0-goog

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