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Message-ID: <20200608114047.26589-12-sjpark@amazon.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Jun 2020 13:40:44 +0200
From: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.com>
To: <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
CC: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>, <Jonathan.Cameron@...wei.com>,
<aarcange@...hat.com>, <acme@...nel.org>,
<alexander.shishkin@...ux.intel.com>, <amit@...nel.org>,
<benh@...nel.crashing.org>, <brendan.d.gregg@...il.com>,
<brendanhiggins@...gle.com>, <cai@....pw>,
<colin.king@...onical.com>, <corbet@....net>, <dwmw@...zon.com>,
<foersleo@...zon.de>, <irogers@...gle.com>, <jolsa@...hat.com>,
<kirill@...temov.name>, <mark.rutland@....com>, <mgorman@...e.de>,
<minchan@...nel.org>, <mingo@...hat.com>, <namhyung@...nel.org>,
<peterz@...radead.org>, <rdunlap@...radead.org>,
<riel@...riel.com>, <rientjes@...gle.com>, <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
<sblbir@...zon.com>, <shakeelb@...gle.com>, <shuah@...nel.org>,
<sj38.park@...il.com>, <snu@...zon.de>, <vbabka@...e.cz>,
<vdavydov.dev@...il.com>, <yang.shi@...ux.alibaba.com>,
<ying.huang@...el.com>, <david@...hat.com>,
<linux-damon@...zon.com>, <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
<linux-doc@...r.kernel.org>, <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: [PATCH v15 11/14] Documentation/admin-guide/mm: Add a document for DAMON
From: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>
This commit adds a simple document for DAMON under
`Documentation/admin-guide/mm`.
Signed-off-by: SeongJae Park <sjpark@...zon.de>
---
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/api.rst | 20 ++
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_heatmap.png | Bin 0 -> 8366 bytes
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_wss_change.png | Bin 0 -> 7211 bytes
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_wss_dist.png | Bin 0 -> 6173 bytes
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/eval.rst | 215 ++++++++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/faq.rst | 46 +++
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_heatmap.png | Bin 0 -> 8687 bytes
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_wss_sz.png | Bin 0 -> 4986 bytes
.../mm/damon/freqmine_wss_time.png | Bin 0 -> 6283 bytes
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst | 196 +++++++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst | 36 +++
.../admin-guide/mm/damon/mechanisms.rst | 111 +++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst | 49 +++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst | 119 +++++++
.../mm/damon/streamcluster_heatmap.png | Bin 0 -> 37916 bytes
.../mm/damon/streamcluster_wss_sz.png | Bin 0 -> 5522 bytes
.../mm/damon/streamcluster_wss_time.png | Bin 0 -> 6322 bytes
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst | 305 ++++++++++++++++++
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst | 1 +
19 files changed, 1098 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/api.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_heatmap.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_wss_change.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_wss_dist.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/eval.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/faq.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_heatmap.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_wss_sz.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_wss_time.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/mechanisms.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/streamcluster_heatmap.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/streamcluster_wss_sz.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/streamcluster_wss_time.png
create mode 100644 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/api.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/api.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..649409828eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/api.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+=============
+API Reference
+=============
+
+Kernel space programs can use every feature of DAMON using below APIs. All you
+need to do is including ``damon.h``, which is located in ``include/linux/`` of
+the source tree.
+
+Structures
+==========
+
+.. kernel-doc:: include/linux/damon.h
+
+
+Functions
+=========
+
+.. kernel-doc:: mm/damon.c
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_heatmap.png b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/damon_heatmap.png
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/eval.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/eval.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02a36a0d6145
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/eval.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========
+Evaluation
+==========
+
+DAMON is lightweight. It increases system memory usage by only -0.39% and
+consumes less than 1% CPU time in most case. It slows target workloads down by
+only 0.63%.
+
+DAMON is accurate and useful for memory management optimizations. An
+experimental DAMON-based operation scheme for THP, 'ethp', removes 69.43% of
+THP memory overheads while preserving 37.11% of THP speedup. Another
+experimental DAMON-based 'proactive reclamation' implementation, 'prcl',
+reduces 89.30% of residential sets and 22.40% of system memory footprint while
+incurring only 1.98% runtime overhead in the best case (parsec3/freqmine).
+
+Setup
+=====
+
+On a QEMU/KVM based virtual machine hosted by an Intel i7 host machine running
+Ubuntu 18.04, I measure runtime and consumed system memory while running
+various realistic workloads with several configurations. I use 13 and 12
+workloads in PARSEC3 [3]_ and SPLASH-2X [4]_ benchmark suites, respectively. I
+use another wrapper scripts [5]_ for convenient setup and run of the workloads.
+
+Measurement
+-----------
+
+For the measurement of the amount of consumed memory in system global scope, I
+drop caches before starting each of the workloads and monitor 'MemFree' in the
+'/proc/meminfo' file. To make results more stable, I repeat the runs 5 times
+and average results.
+
+Configurations
+--------------
+
+The configurations I use are as below.
+
+- orig: Linux v5.5 with 'madvise' THP policy
+- rec: 'orig' plus DAMON running with record feature
+- thp: same with 'orig', but use 'always' THP policy
+- ethp: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme, 'efficient THP'
+- prcl: 'orig' plus a DAMON operation scheme, 'proactive reclaim [6]_'
+
+I use 'rec' for measurement of DAMON overheads to target workloads and system
+memory. The remaining configs including 'thp', 'ethp', and 'prcl' are for
+measurement of DAMON monitoring accuracy.
+
+'ethp' and 'prcl' are simple DAMON-based operation schemes developed for
+proof of concepts of DAMON. 'ethp' reduces memory space waste of THP by using
+DAMON for the decision of promotions and demotion for huge pages, while 'prcl'
+is as similar as the original work. Those are implemented as below::
+
+ # format: <min/max size> <min/max frequency (0-100)> <min/max age> <action>
+ # ethp: Use huge pages if a region >2MB shows >5% access rate, use regular
+ # pages if a region >2MB shows <5% access rate for >2 seconds
+ 2M null 5 null null null hugepage
+ 2M null null 5 13s null nohugepage
+
+ # prcl: If a region >4KB shows <5% access rate for >7 seconds, page out.
+ 4K null null 5 7s null pageout
+
+Note that both 'ethp' and 'prcl' are designed with my only straightforward
+intuition because those are for only proof of concepts and monitoring accuracy
+of DAMON. In other words, those are not for production. For production use,
+those should be more tuned.
+
+.. [1] "Redis latency problems troubleshooting", https://redis.io/topics/latency
+.. [2] "Disable Transparent Huge Pages (THP)",
+ https://docs.mongodb.com/manual/tutorial/transparent-huge-pages/
+.. [3] "The PARSEC Becnhmark Suite", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/index.htm
+.. [4] "SPLASH-2x", https://parsec.cs.princeton.edu/parsec3-doc.htm#splash2x
+.. [5] "parsec3_on_ubuntu", https://github.com/sjp38/parsec3_on_ubuntu
+.. [6] "Proactively reclaiming idle memory", https://lwn.net/Articles/787611/
+
+Results
+=======
+
+Below two tables show the measurement results. The runtimes are in seconds
+while the memory usages are in KiB. Each configuration except 'orig' shows
+its overhead relative to 'orig' in percent within parenthesizes.::
+
+ runtime orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 106.888 108.158 (1.19) 107.082 (0.18) 107.429 (0.51) 115.307 (7.88)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 79.235 79.631 (0.50) 79.379 (0.18) 79.368 (0.17) 80.493 (1.59)
+ parsec3/canneal 139.014 140.668 (1.19) 122.524 (-11.86) 134.214 (-3.45) 143.914 (3.52)
+ parsec3/dedup 11.883 11.933 (0.42) 11.737 (-1.23) 11.904 (0.18) 13.236 (11.39)
+ parsec3/facesim 208.675 209.123 (0.21) 205.758 (-1.40) 207.150 (-0.73) 210.075 (0.67)
+ parsec3/ferret 190.099 191.667 (0.82) 190.354 (0.13) 191.256 (0.61) 192.305 (1.16)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 211.297 212.724 (0.68) 209.383 (-0.91) 212.653 (0.64) 212.622 (0.63)
+ parsec3/freqmine 290.441 292.775 (0.80) 289.952 (-0.17) 291.501 (0.36) 296.205 (1.98)
+ parsec3/raytrace 119.029 119.661 (0.53) 119.551 (0.44) 120.368 (1.12) 133.943 (12.53)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 323.952 328.647 (1.45) 284.653 (-12.13) 289.881 (-10.52) 328.274 (1.33)
+ parsec3/swaptions 154.964 155.210 (0.16) 155.238 (0.18) 155.839 (0.56) 156.107 (0.74)
+ parsec3/vips 59.052 58.983 (-0.12) 58.950 (-0.17) 58.967 (-0.14) 59.978 (1.57)
+ parsec3/x264 72.536 69.273 (-4.50) 63.240 (-12.82) 71.688 (-1.17) 68.089 (-6.13)
+ splash2x/barnes 80.328 81.241 (1.14) 74.921 (-6.73) 78.784 (-1.92) 110.985 (38.16)
+ splash2x/fft 33.250 33.527 (0.83) 23.007 (-30.81) 32.634 (-1.85) 40.968 (23.21)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 85.438 85.634 (0.23) 85.112 (-0.38) 85.972 (0.63) 90.131 (5.49)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 92.407 93.775 (1.48) 90.297 (-2.28) 93.443 (1.12) 94.041 (1.77)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 44.578 44.827 (0.56) 43.087 (-3.35) 43.977 (-1.35) 45.840 (2.83)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 82.248 81.990 (-0.31) 51.128 (-37.84) 64.951 (-21.03) 112.929 (37.30)
+ splash2x/radiosity 91.234 91.869 (0.70) 90.466 (-0.84) 91.623 (0.43) 104.004 (14.00)
+ splash2x/radix 31.340 31.533 (0.61) 25.151 (-19.75) 29.634 (-5.44) 41.771 (33.28)
+ splash2x/raytrace 84.232 84.939 (0.84) 82.813 (-1.69) 83.432 (-0.95) 85.422 (1.41)
+ splash2x/volrend 87.056 88.313 (1.44) 86.126 (-1.07) 87.473 (0.48) 88.180 (1.29)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 232.762 234.777 (0.87) 220.799 (-5.14) 222.883 (-4.24) 235.231 (1.06)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 89.835 89.925 (0.10) 89.730 (-0.12) 89.643 (-0.21) 97.167 (8.16)
+ total 3001.780 3020.810 (0.63) 2860.450 (-4.71) 2936.640 (-2.17) 3157.220 (5.18)
+
+
+ memused.avg orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 1820134.000 1830056.000 (0.55) 1820762.000 (0.03) 1833280.400 (0.72) 1620112.200 (-10.99)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 1419200.200 1430358.200 (0.79) 1415382.400 (-0.27) 1431830.400 (0.89) 1428315.400 (0.64)
+ parsec3/canneal 1041700.200 1054783.600 (1.26) 1039941.200 (-0.17) 1049565.600 (0.76) 1051594.600 (0.95)
+ parsec3/dedup 2403454.400 2413097.800 (0.40) 2411733.600 (0.34) 2404252.000 (0.03) 2412274.600 (0.37)
+ parsec3/facesim 539662.800 552780.800 (2.43) 540933.200 (0.24) 550971.400 (2.10) 548370.000 (1.61)
+ parsec3/ferret 320565.800 331712.000 (3.48) 319322.600 (-0.39) 332973.200 (3.87) 331142.000 (3.30)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 572426.400 584585.200 (2.12) 575249.600 (0.49) 584782.000 (2.16) 574169.400 (0.30)
+ parsec3/freqmine 985943.600 998553.400 (1.28) 1028516.600 (4.32) 998298.000 (1.25) 765104.200 (-22.40)
+ parsec3/raytrace 1747157.200 1757628.000 (0.60) 1743396.200 (-0.22) 1754790.600 (0.44) 1569932.000 (-10.14)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 121307.000 134103.200 (10.55) 118746.200 (-2.11) 133971.600 (10.44) 132233.400 (9.01)
+ parsec3/swaptions 14363.400 26875.400 (87.11) 14055.000 (-2.15) 26496.200 (84.47) 27033.800 (88.21)
+ parsec3/vips 2945431.400 2963379.200 (0.61) 2956226.200 (0.37) 2943295.800 (-0.07) 2957360.400 (0.41)
+ parsec3/x264 3191271.200 3196683.800 (0.17) 3161188.400 (-0.94) 3200352.000 (0.28) 3184628.600 (-0.21)
+ splash2x/barnes 1213799.200 1216094.000 (0.19) 1217834.800 (0.33) 1212186.200 (-0.13) 928636.400 (-23.49)
+ splash2x/fft 9462681.600 9183411.000 (-2.95) 9265091.400 (-2.09) 9166673.600 (-3.13) 9424556.600 (-0.40)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 515952.400 521722.600 (1.12) 520563.600 (0.89) 520948.600 (0.97) 335968.400 (-34.88)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 515638.000 522689.600 (1.37) 521192.200 (1.08) 523513.600 (1.53) 523046.000 (1.44)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 3349483.000 3290003.000 (-1.78) 3380084.400 (0.91) 3340689.800 (-0.26) 3292473.200 (-1.70)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 3895485.600 3871371.400 (-0.62) 7066323.600 (81.40) 4970278.200 (27.59) 3637734.400 (-6.62)
+ splash2x/radiosity 1472652.200 1470431.600 (-0.15) 1482235.000 (0.65) 1471199.800 (-0.10) 513667.600 (-65.12)
+ splash2x/radix 1692530.000 1686171.200 (-0.38) 1382322.000 (-18.33) 1583722.600 (-6.43) 1892434.400 (11.81)
+ splash2x/raytrace 46488.400 58600.600 (26.05) 51538.200 (10.86) 60059.400 (29.19) 55203.000 (18.75)
+ splash2x/volrend 150022.400 166788.400 (11.18) 151466.000 (0.96) 163678.600 (9.10) 161593.400 (7.71)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 49073.200 62559.000 (27.48) 60601.800 (23.49) 64762.800 (31.97) 53323.000 (8.66)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 666074.200 672698.600 (0.99) 668054.000 (0.30) 673098.200 (1.05) 536452.200 (-19.46)
+ total 40152600.000 39997300.000 (-0.39) 42912754.000 (6.87) 40995700.000 (2.10) 37957300.000 (-5.47)
+
+
+DAMON Overheads
+---------------
+
+In total, DAMON recording feature incurs 0.63% runtime overhead and -0.39%
+memory space overhead.
+
+For a convenience test run of 'rec', I use a Python wrapper. The wrapper
+constantly consumes about 10-15MB of memory. This becomes a high memory
+overhead if the target workload has a small memory footprint. Nonetheless, the
+overheads are not from DAMON, but from the wrapper, and thus should be ignored.
+This fake memory overhead continues in 'ethp' and 'prcl', as those
+configurations are also using the Python wrapper.
+
+
+Efficient THP
+-------------
+
+THP 'always' enabled policy achieves 4.71% speedup but incurs 6.87% memory
+overhead. It achieves 37.84% speedup in the best case, but 81.40% memory
+overhead in the worst case. Interestingly, both the best and worst-case are
+with 'splash2x/ocean_ncp').
+
+The 2-lines implementation of data access monitoring based THP version ('ethp')
+shows 2.17% speedup and 2.10% memory overhead. In other words, 'ethp' removes
+69.43% of THP memory waste while preserving 46.07% of THP speedup in total. In
+the case of the 'splash2x/ocean_ncp', 'ethp' removes 66.10% of THP memory waste
+while preserving 55.57% of THP speedup.
+
+
+Proactive Reclamation
+---------------------
+
+As same to the original work, I use 'zram' swap device for this configuration.
+
+In total, our 1 line implementation of Proactive Reclamation, 'prcl', incurred
+5.18% runtime overhead in total while achieving 5.47% system memory usage
+reduction.
+
+Nonetheless, as the memory usage is calculated with 'MemFree' in
+'/proc/meminfo', it contains the SwapCached pages. As the swapcached pages can
+be easily evicted, I also measured the residential set size of the workloads::
+
+ rss.avg orig rec (overhead) thp (overhead) ethp (overhead) prcl (overhead)
+ parsec3/blackscholes 590255.400 590427.600 (0.03) 592919.200 (0.45) 589924.600 (-0.06) 272620.800 (-53.81)
+ parsec3/bodytrack 32331.400 32280.200 (-0.16) 32304.600 (-0.08) 32295.600 (-0.11) 25386.400 (-21.48)
+ parsec3/canneal 839327.800 840517.600 (0.14) 837729.400 (-0.19) 839485.000 (0.02) 838981.200 (-0.04)
+ parsec3/dedup 1214897.200 1205565.200 (-0.77) 1231421.600 (1.36) 1206902.400 (-0.66) 909662.200 (-25.12)
+ parsec3/facesim 311656.600 310912.800 (-0.24) 314467.200 (0.90) 312564.200 (0.29) 308407.800 (-1.04)
+ parsec3/ferret 99738.600 99711.000 (-0.03) 101068.200 (1.33) 100018.200 (0.28) 90036.000 (-9.73)
+ parsec3/fluidanimate 531879.200 531871.200 (-0.00) 531891.000 (0.00) 532066.000 (0.04) 521523.000 (-1.95)
+ parsec3/freqmine 552169.800 553773.200 (0.29) 556495.800 (0.78) 553485.800 (0.24) 59071.000 (-89.30)
+ parsec3/raytrace 894327.600 894141.000 (-0.02) 890956.000 (-0.38) 892035.400 (-0.26) 303397.200 (-66.08)
+ parsec3/streamcluster 110943.200 110954.000 (0.01) 111407.400 (0.42) 111340.000 (0.36) 109841.000 (-0.99)
+ parsec3/swaptions 5680.000 5563.800 (-2.05) 5660.200 (-0.35) 5658.200 (-0.38) 3846.000 (-32.29)
+ parsec3/vips 31890.400 32098.200 (0.65) 32154.600 (0.83) 32321.600 (1.35) 29437.400 (-7.69)
+ parsec3/x264 81907.200 81854.000 (-0.06) 83120.400 (1.48) 82805.600 (1.10) 81796.200 (-0.14)
+ splash2x/barnes 1216312.800 1215561.000 (-0.06) 1224936.000 (0.71) 1219227.600 (0.24) 576351.600 (-52.61)
+ splash2x/fft 9587848.800 9587352.000 (-0.01) 9646184.400 (0.61) 9625447.600 (0.39) 7134239.600 (-25.59)
+ splash2x/lu_cb 510697.400 510591.800 (-0.02) 514411.400 (0.73) 510292.400 (-0.08) 314724.000 (-38.37)
+ splash2x/lu_ncb 510252.600 510340.200 (0.02) 513900.400 (0.71) 510359.200 (0.02) 510247.400 (-0.00)
+ splash2x/ocean_cp 3411545.800 3408327.400 (-0.09) 3441360.800 (0.87) 3394161.600 (-0.51) 3333649.000 (-2.28)
+ splash2x/ocean_ncp 3931731.200 3921194.600 (-0.27) 7178746.200 (82.58) 5099068.400 (29.69) 3157059.400 (-19.70)
+ splash2x/radiosity 1476138.800 1472629.200 (-0.24) 1485801.000 (0.65) 1477227.000 (0.07) 229545.600 (-84.45)
+ splash2x/radix 1757003.200 1760448.800 (0.20) 1435953.000 (-18.27) 1661870.000 (-5.41) 1456666.000 (-17.09)
+ splash2x/raytrace 23309.600 23310.400 (0.00) 28946.400 (24.18) 26803.600 (14.99) 15641.800 (-32.90)
+ splash2x/volrend 44090.600 44095.800 (0.01) 44491.400 (0.91) 44292.200 (0.46) 32785.000 (-25.64)
+ splash2x/water_nsquared 29437.600 29428.000 (-0.03) 29851.200 (1.41) 29746.600 (1.05) 26154.600 (-11.15)
+ splash2x/water_spatial 656379.400 656150.200 (-0.03) 656559.000 (0.03) 656055.200 (-0.05) 484139.600 (-26.24)
+ total 28451700.000 28429000.000 (-0.08) 31522759.000 (10.79) 29545600.000 (3.84) 20825100.000 (-26.81)
+
+In total, 26.81% of residential sets were reduced.
+
+With parsec3/freqmine, 'prcl' reduced 89.30% of residential sets and 22.40% of
+system memory usage while incurring only 1.98% runtime overhead.
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/faq.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/faq.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..02f7581b05f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/faq.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========================
+Frequently Asked Questions
+==========================
+
+Why a new module, instead of extending perf or other user space tools?
+======================================================================
+
+First, because it needs to be lightweight as much as possible so that it can be
+used online, any unnecessary overhead such as kernel - user space context
+switching cost should be avoided. Second, DAMON aims to be used by other
+programs including the kernel. Therefore, having a dependency on specific
+tools like perf is not desirable. These are the two biggest reasons why DAMON
+is implemented in the kernel space.
+
+
+Can 'idle pages tracking' or 'perf mem' substitute DAMON?
+=========================================================
+
+Idle page tracking is a low level primitive for access check of each physical
+page frame. 'perf mem' is similar, though it can use sampling to minimize the
+overhead. DAMON is a higher-level framework for access patterns of data objects
+that focused on memory management optimization and providing sophisticated
+features for that including the overhead handling. Therefore, 'idle pages
+tracking' and 'perf mem' could provide a subset of DAMON's output, but cannot
+substitute DAMON. Rather than that, DAMON could use those as it's low-level
+primitives.
+
+
+How can I optimize my system's memory management using DAMON?
+=============================================================
+
+Because there are several ways for the DAMON-based optimizations, we wrote a
+separate document, :doc:`guide`. Please refer to that.
+
+
+Does DAMON support virtual memory only?
+========================================
+
+For now, yes. But, DAMON will be able to support various address spaces
+including physical memory in near future. An RFC patchset [1]_ for this
+extension is already available. Please refer :doc:`plans` for detailed plan
+for this.
+
+.. [1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200409094232.29680-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_heatmap.png b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/freqmine_heatmap.png
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diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4a840d1b02d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/guide.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+====================
+The Beginner's Guide
+====================
+
+This document is to help you estimating the amount of benefit that you could
+get from DAMON, and to let you know how you could maximize the improvement.
+You are assumed to already read :doc:`start`.
+
+
+Check The Signs
+===============
+
+DAMON cannot provide the same amount of benefit to every workload. Therefore
+you should first guess how much improvements you could get using DAMON. If
+some of the below conditions match your situation, you could consider the use
+of DAMON.
+
+
+- *Low IPC and High Cache Miss Ratios.* Low IPC means most of the CPU time is
+ spent waiting for the completion of time-consuming operations such as memory
+ access, while high cache miss ratios mean the caches don't help it well.
+ DAMON is not for cache level optimization, but DRAM level. However,
+ improving DRAM management will also help this case by reducing the memory
+ operation latency.
+- *Memory Over-commitment and Unknown Users.* If you are doing memory
+ overcommitment and you cannot control every user of your system, a memory
+ bank run could happen at any time. You can estimate when it will happen
+ based on DAMON's monitoring results and act earlier to avoid or deal better
+ with the crisis.
+- *Frequent Memory Pressure.* Frequent memory pressure means the wrong
+ configuration or existence of memory hogs. DAMON will help you find the
+ right configuration and/or the criminals.
+- *Heterogeneous Memory System.* If your system is utilizing memory devices
+ that placed between DRAM and traditional hard disks, such as non-volatile
+ memory or fast SSDs, DAMON could help you utilizing the devices more
+ efficiently.
+
+
+Profile
+=======
+
+If you found some positive signals, you could start by profiling your workloads
+using DAMON. Find major workloads on your systems and analyze their data
+access pattern to find something wrong or can be improved. The DAMON user
+space tool (``damo``) will be enough for this.
+
+We recommend you to start from working set size distribution check using ``damo
+report wss``. If the distribution is ununiform or quite different from what
+you estimated, you could consider `Memory Configuration`_ optimization.
+
+Then, review the overall access pattern in heatmap form using ``damo report
+heats``. If it shows a simple pattern consists of a small number of memory
+regions having high contrast of access temperature, you could consider `Manual
+Program Optimization`_.
+
+You don't need to take only one approach among the above plans, but you could
+use multiple of the above approaches to maximize the benefit. If you still
+want to absorb more benefits, you should develop `Personalized DAMON
+Application`_ for your special case.
+
+
+Optimize
+========
+
+If the profiling result also says it's worth trying some optimization, you
+could consider the below approaches. Note that some of the below approaches
+assume that your systems are configured with swap devices or other types of
+auxiliary memory so that you don't need to accommodate the whole working set in
+the main memory. Most of the detailed optimization should be made on your
+concrete understanding of your swap and/or your auxiliary memory performance.
+
+
+Memory Configuration
+--------------------
+
+DRAM is highly performance critical but expensive and heavily consumes the
+power. However, knowing the real important working set size is hard and thus
+people usually equips unnecessarily large or too small DRAM. So many problems
+come from such wrong configurations.
+
+Using the working set size distribution report provided by ``damo report wss``,
+you can know the real needs and make reasonable tradeoffs. For example,
+roughly speaking, if you worry about only 95 percentile latency, you don't need
+to equip DRAM of a size larger than 95 percentile working set size. If you
+were suffered from frequent memory pressure, you will also easily know how much
+DRAM you should buy.
+
+Let's see a real example. Below are the heatmap and the working set size
+distributions/changes of ``freqmine`` workload in PARSEC3 benchmark suite. The
+working set size spikes up to 700 MiB, but keeps smaller than 100 MiB for more
+than 95% of the time. Even though you give only 100 MiB of memory space to the
+workload, it will work well for 95% of the time. Meanwhile, you can save the
+600 MiB of memory space.
+
+.. list-table::
+
+ * - .. kernel-figure:: freqmine_heatmap.png
+ :alt: the access pattern in heatmap format
+ :align: center
+
+ The access pattern in heatmap format.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: freqmine_wss_sz.png
+ :alt: the distribution of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The distribution of working set size.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: freqmine_wss_time.png
+ :alt: the chronological changes of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The chronological changes of working set size.
+
+
+Program Modification
+--------------------
+
+If the data access pattern heatmap plotted using ``damo report heats`` is quite
+simple and clear, you could be able to know how the thing is going in the
+workload, and how you could make optimize memory management.
+
+For example, suppose that the workload has two big memory object but only one
+object is frequently accessed while the other is only occasionally scanned.
+Then, you could modify the program source code to invoke ``mlock()`` or
+``madvise()`` with ``WILLNEED`` system call for the hot object. Or, you could
+use ``madvise()`` with ``MADV_COLD`` or ``MADV_PAGEOUT`` for the cold objects.
+Using both together would be also worth trying.
+
+A previous work [1]_ using the ``mlock()`` achieved up to 2.55x performance
+speedup.
+
+Let's see another realistic example access pattern for this kind of
+optimizations. Below are the visualized access patterns of streamcluster
+workload in PARSEC3 benchmark suite. We can easily see a 100 MiB sized memory
+object is the hot object.
+
+.. list-table::
+
+ * - .. kernel-figure:: streamcluster_heatmap.png
+ :alt: the access pattern in heatmap format
+ :align: center
+
+ The access pattern in heatmap format.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: streamcluster_wss_sz.png
+ :alt: the distribution of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The distribution of working set size.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: streamcluster_wss_time.png
+ :alt: the chronological changes of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The chronological changes of working set size.
+
+
+Personalized DAMON Application
+------------------------------
+
+Below approaches will work well for many cases, but would not be able to
+squeeze the last benefit in some special cases because only very simple
+optimizations are available.
+
+If this is the case, it might be the time to forget the comfortable use of the
+user space tool and dive into the debugfs interface (refer to :doc:`usage` for
+the detail) of DAMON. Using the interface, you can control the DAMON more
+flexibly. Therefore, you can write your personalized DAMON application that
+controls the monitoring via the debugfs interface, analyzes the result, and
+apply complex optimizations itself. Using this, you will be able to make more
+creative and wise optimizations.
+
+If you are kernel space programmer, writing kernel space DAMON applications
+using the API (refer to :doc:`api` for more detail) would be also an option.
+
+
+Reference Practices
+===================
+
+Referencing previously done successful practices could help you getting the
+sense for this kind of optimizations. There is an academic paper [1]_
+previously reported the visualized access pattern and `Manual Program
+Optimization`_ results for a number of realistic workloads. You can also get
+the visualized access pattern [4]_, [5]_, [6]_ and `Automated DAMON-based
+Memory Operations`_ results for other realistic workloads that collected with
+latest version of DAMON [2]_, [3]_.
+
+.. [1] https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366626.3368125
+.. [2] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/perf/latest/html/
+.. [3] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200512115343.27699-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
+.. [4] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/heatmap.1.html
+.. [5] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/wss_sz.html
+.. [6] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/wss_time.html
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4d128e4fd9c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/index.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========================
+DAMON: Data Access MONitor
+==========================
+
+DAMON is a data access monitoring framework subsystem for the Linux kernel.
+The core mechanisms of DAMON called 'region based sampling' and 'adaptive
+regions adjustment' (refer to :doc:`mechanisms` for the detail) make it
+
+ - *accurate* (The monitored information is useful for DRAM level memory
+ management; It might not appropriate for Cache-level accuracy, though),
+ - *ligfht-weight* (The monitoring overhead is low enough to be applied online
+ while making no impact on the performance of the target workloads), and
+ - *scalable* (The upper-bound of the instrumentation overhead is controllable
+ regardless of the size of target workloads).
+
+Using this framework, therefore, the kernel's core memory management mechanisms
+including reclamation and THP can be optimized for better memory management.
+The experimental memory management optimization works that incurring high
+instrumentation overhead will be able to have another try. In user space,
+meanwhile, users who have some special workloads will be able to write
+personalized tools or applications for deeper understanding and specialized
+optimizations of their systems.
+
+.. toctree::
+ :maxdepth: 2
+
+ start
+ guide
+ usage
+ api
+ faq
+ mechanisms
+ eval
+ plans
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/mechanisms.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/mechanisms.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f0bc52c698a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/mechanisms.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+==========
+Mechanisms
+==========
+
+This document describes the core mechanisms of DAMON and the five knobs for
+tuning, that is, ``sampling interval``, ``aggregation interval``, ``regions
+update interval``, ``minimum number of regions``, and ``maximum number of
+regions``.
+
+
+Basic Access Check
+==================
+
+The output of DAMON says what pages are how frequently accessed for a given
+duration. The resolution of the access frequency is controlled by setting
+``sampling interval`` and ``aggregation interval``. In detail,
+DAMON checks access to each page per ``sampling interval``, aggregates the
+results. In other words, counts the number of the accesses to each page.
+After each ``aggregation interval`` passes, DAMON signals users to read and
+save the aggregated access frequency if they want and then clears those. For
+the access check of each page, DAMON uses the Accessed bits of PTEs. This can
+be described in below simple pseudo-code::
+
+ while monitoring_on:
+ for page in monitoring_target:
+ if accessed(page):
+ nr_accesses[page] += 1
+ if time() % aggregation_interval == 0:
+ for page in monitoring_target:
+ nr_accesses[page] = 0
+ sleep(sampling interval)
+
+The monitoring overhead of this mechanism will arbitrarily increase as the
+size of the target workload grows.
+
+
+Region Based Sampling
+=====================
+
+To avoid the unbounded increase of the overhead, DAMON groups adjacent pages
+that assumed to have the same access frequencies into a region. As long as the
+assumption (pages in a region have the same access frequencies) is kept, only
+one page in the region is required to be checked. Thus, for each ``sampling
+interval``, DAMON randomly picks one page in each region, waits for one
+``sampling interval``, checks whether the page is accessed meanwhile, and
+increases the access frequency of the region if so. Therefore, the monitoring
+overhead is controllable by setting the number of regions. DAMON allows users
+to set the minimum and the maximum number of regions for the trade-off.
+
+This scheme, however, cannot preserve the quality of the output if the
+assumption is not guaranteed.
+
+
+Adaptive Regions Adjustment
+===========================
+
+At the beginning of the monitoring, DAMON constructs the initial regions by
+evenly splitting the monitoring target memory region into the user-specified
+minimum number of regions. In this initial state, the assumption is normally
+not kept and therefore the quality would be low. To keep the assumption as
+much as possible, DAMON adaptively merges and splits each region based on their
+access frequency.
+
+For each ``aggregation interval``, it compares the access frequencies of
+adjacent regions and merges those if the frequency difference is small. Then,
+after it reports and clears the aggregated access frequency of each region, it
+splits each region into two or three regions if the total number of regions
+will not exceed the user-specified maximum number of regions after the split.
+
+In this way, DAMON provides its best-effort quality and minimal overhead while
+keeping the bounds users set for their trade-off.
+
+
+Handling Virtual Memory Mappings
+================================
+
+This is for monitoring of virtual memory address space only. It is the only
+one address space that supported by DAMON as of now, but other address spaces
+will be supported in the future.
+
+Only small parts in the super-huge virtual address space of the processes are
+mapped to physical memory and accessed. Thus, tracking the unmapped address
+regions is just wasteful. However, because DAMON can deal with some level of
+noise using the adaptive regions adjustment mechanism, tracking every mapping
+is not strictly required but could even incur a high overhead in some cases.
+That said, too huge unmapped areas inside the monitoring target should be
+removed to not take the time for the adaptive mechanism.
+
+For the reason, DAMON converts the complex mappings to three distinct regions
+that cover every mapped area of the address space. Also, the two gaps between
+the three regions are the two biggest unmapped areas in the given address
+space. The two biggest unmapped areas might be the gap between the heap and
+the uppermost mmap()-ed region, and the gap between the lowermost mmap()-ed
+region and the stack will be two biggest unmapped regions. Because these gaps
+are exceptionally huge areas in usual address space, excluding these two
+biggest unmapped regions will be sufficient to make a trade-off. Below shows
+this in detail::
+
+ <heap>
+ <BIG UNMAPPED REGION 1>
+ <uppermost mmap()-ed region>
+ (small mmap()-ed regions and munmap()-ed regions)
+ <lowermost mmap()-ed region>
+ <BIG UNMAPPED REGION 2>
+ <stack>
+
+To further minimize dynamic mapping changes applying overhead, DAMON checks the
+dynamic memory mapping changes and applies it to the abstracted target area
+only for each of a user-specified time interval (``regions update interval``).
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..96251752b3f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/plans.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+============
+Future Plans
+============
+
+DAMON is still on its first stage. Below plans are still under development.
+
+
+Automate Data Access Monitoring-based Memory Operation Schemes Execution
+========================================================================
+
+The ultimate goal of DAMON is being used as a building block of the data access
+pattern aware kernel memory management subsystem optimization. However, as
+always, some users having very special workloads will want to do their
+optimization. DAMON will automate most of the tasks for such manual
+optimizations soon. Users will be required to only describe what kind of data
+access pattern-based operation schemes they want in a simple form.
+
+By applying a very simple scheme for THP promotion/demotion with a prototype
+implementation, DAMON reduced 60% of THP memory footprint overhead while
+preserving 50% of the THP performance benefit. The detailed results can be
+seen on an external web page [1]_.
+
+Several RFC patchsets for this plan are available [2]_.
+
+
+Support Various Address Spaces
+==============================
+
+Currently, DAMON supports only virtual memory address spaces because it
+utilizes PTE Accessed bits as its low-level access check primitive and ``struct
+vma`` as a way to address the monitoring target regions. However, the core
+idea of DAMON is in a separate higher layer. Therefore, DAMON can support
+other various address spaces by changing the two low primitives to others for
+the address spaces.
+
+In the future, DAMON will make the lower level primitives configurable so that
+it can support various address spaces including physical memory. The
+configuration will be highly flexible so that users can even implement the
+primitives by themselves for their special use cases. Monitoring of
+clean/dirty/entire page cache, NUMA nodes, specific files, or block devices
+would be examples of such use cases.
+
+An RFC patchset for this plan is available [3]_.
+
+.. [1] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/perf/latest/html/
+.. [2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200429124540.32232-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
+.. [3] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20200409094232.29680-1-sjpark@amazon.com/
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f1a366ac245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/start.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+===============
+Getting Started
+===============
+
+This document briefly describes how you can use DAMON by demonstrating the user
+space tool. Please note that this document describes only a part of the
+features for brevity. Please refer to :doc:`usage` for more details.
+
+
+TL; DR
+======
+
+Simply follow below 5 commands. Don't forget replacing ``<your workload>``
+with your *real* workload, though. ::
+
+ $ git clone https://github.com/sjp38/linux -b damon/master
+ /* build the kernel with CONFIG_DAMON=y, install, reboot */
+ $ cd linux/tools/damon
+ $ ./damo record $(pidof <your workload>)
+ $ ./damo report heats --heatmap access_pattern.pdf
+ $ ./damo report wss --range 0 101 1 --plot wss_dist.pdf
+
+
+Prerequisites
+=============
+
+Kernel
+------
+
+You should first ensure your system is running on a kernel built with
+``CONFIG_DAMON``. If the value is set as ``m``, you should load the module
+first::
+
+ # modprobe damon
+
+
+User Space Tool
+---------------
+
+For the demonstration, we will use a user space tool for the convenient use of
+DAMON, called DAMON Operator (DAMO). It is located at ``tools/damon/damo`` of
+the kernel source tree. We assume that you set ``$PATH`` to point it. The
+``$PATH`` setting is not mandatory but we make the assumption here for the
+brevity of the below examples.
+
+Because DAMO is using the debugfs interface (refer to :doc:`usage` for the
+detail) of DAMON, you should also ensure debugfs is mounted. Mount it manually
+as below::
+
+ # mount -t debugfs none /sys/kernel/debug/
+
+or append below line to your ``/etc/fstab`` file so that your system can
+automatically mount debugfs from next booting::
+
+ debugfs /sys/kernel/debug debugfs defaults 0 0
+
+
+Recording Data Access Patterns
+==============================
+
+Below commands record memory access pattern of a program, ``masim``, and save
+it in a file, ``damon.data``. The program will access two 100 MiB memory
+regions one by one. ::
+
+ $ git clone https://github.com/sjp38/masim
+ $ cd masim; make; ./masim ./configs/zigzag.cfg &
+ $ sudo damo record -o damon.data $(pidof masim)
+
+The first two lines of commands start the monitoring target process in the
+background. You can substitute this with your real workload. The last line
+asks ``damo record`` to record the access pattern.
+
+
+Visualizing Recorded Patterns
+=============================
+
+Below three commands visualize the recorded access patterns into three
+image files, ``access_pattern_heatmap.png``, ``wss_dist.png``, and
+``wss_chron_change.png``. ::
+
+ $ damo report heats --heatmap -i damon.data access_pattern_heatmap.png
+ $ damo report wss --range 0 101 1 --plot wss_dist.png
+ $ damo report wss --range 0 101 1 --sortby time --plot wss_chron_change.png
+
+- ``access_pattern_heatmap.png`` will show the data access pattern in a
+ heatmap, which shows when (x-axis) what memory region (y-axis) is how
+ frequently accessed (color).
+- ``wss_dist.png`` will show the distribution of the working set size.
+- ``wss_chron_change.png`` will show how the working set size has
+ chronologically changed.
+
+Below are the three images. You can show those made with other realistic
+workloads at external web pages [1]_ [2]_ [3]_.
+
+.. list-table::
+
+ * - .. kernel-figure:: damon_heatmap.png
+ :alt: the access pattern in heatmap format
+ :align: center
+
+ The access pattern in heatmap format.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: damon_wss_dist.png
+ :alt: the distribution of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The distribution of working set size.
+
+ - .. kernel-figure:: damon_wss_change.png
+ :alt: the chronological changes of working set size
+ :align: center
+
+ The chronological changes of working set size.
+
+.. [1] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/heatmap.1.html
+.. [2] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/wss_sz.html
+.. [3] https://damonitor.github.io/test/result/visual/latest/wss_time.html
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/streamcluster_heatmap.png b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/streamcluster_heatmap.png
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diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1aa4f66e4320
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/damon/usage.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+===============
+Detailed Usages
+===============
+
+DAMON provides below three interfaces for various use cases.
+
+- *DAMON user space tool.*
+ This is for privileged people such as system administrators who want a
+ just-working human-friendly interface. This interface is a reference
+ implementation of the DAMON debugfs wrapper user space tool. Using this
+ tool, you can easily use the DAMON’s major features in a human-friendly way,
+ though it may not be highly tuned for your specific use-cases.
+- *debugfs interface.*
+ This is for user space programmers who want optimized use of DAMON. Using
+ this interface, you can use DAMON’s major features by reading from and
+ writing to specific debugfs files. Of course, you can write and use your
+ personalized DAMON debugfs wrapper user space tool that reads/writes the
+ debugfs files instead of you and provides a more human-friendly interface.
+- *Kernel Space Programming Interface.*
+ This is for kernel space programmers. Using this, you can utilize every
+ feature of DAMON most flexibly and efficiently by writing kernel space
+ DAMON application programs for you.
+
+We recommend you to start with the DAMON user space tool and move to debugfs
+interface only if the real requirement is found, and prohibit the use of the
+kernel space programming interface unless you need it, for the following
+reasons. First of all, there will be no big difference between the overheads
+of these three interfaces, unless the use case is so special. Also, all these
+three interfaces support all major features of DAMON.
+
+This document, therefore, does not describe the kernel space programming
+interface in detail. For the programming interface, please refer to :doc:`api`
+or ``include/linux/damon.h`` file in the kernel source tree.
+
+
+
+User Space Tool for DAMON
+=========================
+
+A reference implementation of the DAMON user space tool which provides a
+convenient user interface is located at ``tools/damon/damo`` in the kernel
+source tree. Please note that this is initially aimed to be used for minimal
+reference of the DAMON's debugfs interfaces and for tests of the DAMON itself.
+Based on the debugfs interface, you can create another cool and more convenient
+user space tools.
+
+The interface of the tool is basically subcommand based. You can almost always
+use ``-h`` option to get the help of the use of each subcommand. Currently, it
+supports two subcommands, ``record`` and ``report``.
+
+Below example commands assume you set ``$PATH`` to points ``tools/damon/`` for
+brevity. It is not mandatory for use of ``damo``, though.
+
+
+Recording Data Access Pattern
+-----------------------------
+
+The ``record`` subcommand records the data access pattern of target processes
+in a file (``./damon.data`` by default). You can specify the target as either
+pid of running target or a command for execution of the process. Below example
+shows a command target usage::
+
+ # cd <kernel>/tools/damon/
+ # damo record "sleep 5"
+
+The tool will execute ``sleep 5`` by itself and record the data access patterns
+of the process. Below example shows a pid target usage::
+
+ # sleep 5 &
+ # damo record `pidof sleep`
+
+You can tune this by setting the monitoring attributes and path to the record
+file using optional arguments to the subcommand. To know about the monitoring
+attributes in detail, please refer to :doc:`mechanisms`.
+
+
+Analyzing Data Access Pattern
+-----------------------------
+
+The ``report`` subcommand reads a data access pattern record file (if not
+explicitly specified, reads ``./damon.data`` file by default) and generates
+human-readable reports of various types. You can specify what type of report
+you want using a sub-subcommand to ``report`` subcommand. ``raw``, ``heats``,
+and ``wss`` report types are supported for now.
+
+
+raw
+~~~
+
+``raw`` sub-subcommand simply transforms the binary record into human-readable
+text. For example::
+
+ $ damo report raw
+ start_time: 193485829398
+ rel time: 0
+ nr_tasks: 1
+ pid: 1348
+ nr_regions: 4
+ 560189609000-56018abce000( 22827008): 0
+ 7fbdff59a000-7fbdffaf1a00( 5601792): 0
+ 7fbdffaf1a00-7fbdffbb5000( 800256): 1
+ 7ffea0dc0000-7ffea0dfd000( 249856): 0
+
+ rel time: 100000731
+ nr_tasks: 1
+ pid: 1348
+ nr_regions: 6
+ 560189609000-56018abce000( 22827008): 0
+ 7fbdff59a000-7fbdff8ce933( 3361075): 0
+ 7fbdff8ce933-7fbdffaf1a00( 2240717): 1
+ 7fbdffaf1a00-7fbdffb66d99( 480153): 0
+ 7fbdffb66d99-7fbdffbb5000( 320103): 1
+ 7ffea0dc0000-7ffea0dfd000( 249856): 0
+
+The first line shows the recording started timestamp (nanosecond). Records of
+data access patterns are following this. Each record is separated by a blank
+line. Each record first specifies the recorded time (``rel time``), the number
+of monitored tasks in this record (``nr_tasks``). A numbers of records of data
+access patterns for each task follow. Each data access pattern for each task
+shows it's pid (``pid``) and a number of monitored virtual address regions in
+this access pattern (``nr_regions``) first. After that, each line shows the
+start/end address, size, and the number of monitored accesses to the region for
+each of the regions.
+
+
+heats
+~~~~~
+
+The ``raw`` output is very detailed but hard to manually read and analyze.
+``heats`` sub-subcommand plots the data in 3-dimensional form, which represents
+the time in x-axis, virtual address in y-axis, and the access frequency in
+z-axis. Users can set the resolution of the map (``--tres`` and ``--ares``)
+and start/end point of each axis (``--tmin``, ``--tmax``, ``--amin``, and
+``--amax``) via optional arguments. For example::
+
+ $ damo report heats --tres 3 --ares 3
+ 0 0 0.0
+ 0 7609002 0.0
+ 0 15218004 0.0
+ 66112620851 0 0.0
+ 66112620851 7609002 0.0
+ 66112620851 15218004 0.0
+ 132225241702 0 0.0
+ 132225241702 7609002 0.0
+ 132225241702 15218004 0.0
+
+This command shows a recorded access pattern in heatmap of 3x3 resolution.
+Therefore it shows 9 data points in total. Each line shows each of the data
+points. The three numbers in each line represent time in nanosecond, virtual
+address in bytes, and the observed access frequency.
+
+Users can easily convert this text output into a heatmap image (represent z-axis
+values with colors) or other 3D representations using various tools such as
+'gnuplot'. ``heats`` sub-subcommand also provides 'gnuplot' based heatmap
+image creation. For this, you can use ``--heatmap`` option. Also, note that
+because it uses 'gnuplot' internally, it will fail if 'gnuplot' is not
+installed on your system. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report heats --heatmap heatmap.png
+
+Creates ``heatmap.png`` file containing the heatmap image. It supports
+``pdf``, ``png``, ``jpeg``, and ``svg``.
+
+If the target address space is virtual memory address space and you plot the
+entire address space, the huge unmapped regions will make the picture looks
+only black. Therefore you should do proper zoom in / zoom out using the axis
+boundary-setting optional arguments. To make this effort minimal, you can use
+``--guide`` option. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report heats --guide
+ pid:1348
+ time: 193485829398-198337863555 (4852034157)
+ region 0: 00000094564599762944-00000094564622589952 (22827008)
+ region 1: 00000140454009610240-00000140454016012288 (6402048)
+ region 2: 00000140731597193216-00000140731597443072 (249856)
+
+The output shows unions of monitored regions (start and end addresses in byte)
+and union of monitored time duration (start and end time in nanoseconds) of
+each target task. Therefore, it would be wise to plot the data points in each
+union. If no axis boundary option is given, it will automatically find the
+biggest union in ``--guide`` output and plot for it.
+
+
+wss
+~~~
+
+The ``wss`` type extracts the distribution and chronological working set size
+changes from the records. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report wss
+ # <percentile> <wss>
+ # pid 1348
+ # avr: 66228
+ 0 0
+ 25 0
+ 50 0
+ 75 0
+ 100 1920615
+
+Without any option, it shows the distribution of the working set sizes as
+above. It shows 0th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 100th percentile and the average of
+the measured working set sizes in the access pattern records. In this case,
+the working set size was zero for 75th percentile but 1,920,615 bytes in max
+and 66,228 bytes on average.
+
+By setting the sort key of the percentile using '--sortby', you can show how
+the working set size has chronologically changed. For example::
+
+ $ ./damo report wss --sortby time
+ # <percentile> <wss>
+ # pid 1348
+ # avr: 66228
+ 0 0
+ 25 0
+ 50 0
+ 75 0
+ 100 0
+
+The average is still 66,228. And, because the access was spiked in very short
+duration but we use only 4 data points, we cannot show when the access spikes
+made. Users can specify the resolution of the distribution (``--range``). By
+giving more fine resolution, users will be able to see the short duration
+spikes.
+
+Similar to that of ``heats --heatmap``, it also supports 'gnuplot' based simple
+visualization of the distribution via ``--plot`` option.
+
+
+debugfs Interface
+=================
+
+DAMON exports four files, ``attrs``, ``pids``, ``record``, and ``monitor_on``
+under its debugfs directory, ``<debugfs>/damon/``.
+
+
+Attributes
+----------
+
+Users can get and set the ``sampling interval``, ``aggregation interval``,
+``regions update interval``, and min/max number of monitoring target regions by
+reading from and writing to the ``attrs`` file. To know about the monitoring
+attributes in detail, please refer to :doc:`mechanisms`. For example, below
+commands set those values to 5 ms, 100 ms, 1,000 ms, 10 and 1000, and then
+check it again::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000 > attrs
+ # cat attrs
+ 5000 100000 1000000 10 1000
+
+
+Target PIDs
+-----------
+
+Users can get and set the pids of monitoring target processes by reading from
+and writing to the ``pids`` file. For example, below commands set processes
+having pids 42 and 4242 as the processes to be monitored and check it again::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo 42 4242 > pids
+ # cat pids
+ 42 4242
+
+Note that setting the pids doesn't start the monitoring.
+
+
+Record
+------
+
+This debugfs file allows you to record monitored access patterns in a regular
+binary file. The recorded results are first written to an in-memory buffer and
+flushed to a file in batch. Users can get and set the size of the buffer and
+the path to the result file by reading from and writing to the ``record`` file.
+For example, below commands set the buffer to be 4 KiB and the result to be
+saved in ``/damon.data``. ::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo "4096 /damon.data" > record
+ # cat record
+ 4096 /damon.data
+
+
+Turning On/Off
+--------------
+
+Setting the attributes as described above doesn't incur effect unless you
+explicitly start the monitoring. You can start, stop, and check the current
+status of the monitoring by writing to and reading from the ``monitor_on``
+file. Writing ``on`` to the file make DAMON start monitoring of the target
+processes with the attributes. Recording will also start if requested before.
+Writing ``off`` to the file stops those. DAMON also stops if every target
+process is terminated. Below example commands turn on, off, and check the
+status of DAMON::
+
+ # cd <debugfs>/damon
+ # echo on > monitor_on
+ # echo off > monitor_on
+ # cat monitor_on
+ off
+
+Please note that you cannot write to the above-mentioned debugfs files while
+the monitoring is turned on. If you write to the files while DAMON is running,
+an error code such as ``-EBUSY`` will be returned.
diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
index 11db46448354..d3d0ba373eb6 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/index.rst
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ the Linux memory management.
concepts
cma_debugfs
+ data_access_monitor
hugetlbpage
idle_page_tracking
ksm
--
2.17.1
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