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Message-ID: <CAKwvOdm=sDLVvwOAc34Q8O85SCHL-NWFjkMeAeLZ4gYRr4aE9A@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Jun 2020 13:53:52 -0700
From: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@...gle.com>
To: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@...gle.com>
Cc: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@...nel.org>,
Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@...uxfoundation.org>,
"Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@...nel.org>,
Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
clang-built-linux <clang-built-linux@...glegroups.com>,
Kernel Hardening <kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com>,
linux-arch <linux-arch@...r.kernel.org>,
Linux ARM <linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org>,
Linux Kbuild mailing list <linux-kbuild@...r.kernel.org>,
LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>, linux-pci@...r.kernel.org,
"maintainer:X86 ARCHITECTURE (32-BIT AND 64-BIT)" <x86@...nel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 02/22] kbuild: add support for Clang LTO
On Wed, Jun 24, 2020 at 1:32 PM Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@...gle.com> wrote:
>
> This change adds build system support for Clang's Link Time
> Optimization (LTO). With -flto, instead of ELF object files, Clang
> produces LLVM bitcode, which is compiled into native code at link
> time, allowing the final binary to be optimized globally. For more
> details, see:
>
> https://llvm.org/docs/LinkTimeOptimization.html
>
> The Kconfig option CONFIG_LTO_CLANG is implemented as a choice,
> which defaults to LTO being disabled. To use LTO, the architecture
> must select ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG and support:
>
> - compiling with Clang,
> - compiling inline assembly with Clang's integrated assembler,
> - and linking with LLD.
>
> While using full LTO results in the best runtime performance, the
> compilation is not scalable in time or memory. CONFIG_THINLTO
> enables ThinLTO, which allows parallel optimization and faster
> incremental builds. ThinLTO is used by default if the architecture
> also selects ARCH_SUPPORTS_THINLTO:
>
> https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThinLTO.html
>
> To enable LTO, LLVM tools must be used to handle bitcode files. The
> easiest way is to pass the LLVM=1 option to make:
>
> $ make LLVM=1 defconfig
> $ scripts/config -e LTO_CLANG
> $ make LLVM=1
>
> Alternatively, at least the following LLVM tools must be used:
>
> CC=clang LD=ld.lld AR=llvm-ar NM=llvm-nm
>
> To prepare for LTO support with other compilers, common parts are
> gated behind the CONFIG_LTO option, and LTO can be disabled for
> specific files by filtering out CC_FLAGS_LTO.
>
> Note that support for DYNAMIC_FTRACE and MODVERSIONS are added in
> follow-up patches.
>
> Signed-off-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@...gle.com>
> ---
> Makefile | 16 ++++++++
> arch/Kconfig | 66 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 11 ++++--
> scripts/Makefile.build | 9 ++++-
> scripts/Makefile.modfinal | 9 ++++-
> scripts/Makefile.modpost | 24 ++++++++++-
> scripts/link-vmlinux.sh | 32 +++++++++++----
> 7 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
> index ac2c61c37a73..0c7fe6fb2143 100644
> --- a/Makefile
> +++ b/Makefile
> @@ -886,6 +886,22 @@ KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(CC_FLAGS_SCS)
> export CC_FLAGS_SCS
> endif
>
> +ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
> +ifdef CONFIG_THINLTO
> +CC_FLAGS_LTO_CLANG := -flto=thin $(call cc-option, -fsplit-lto-unit)
The kconfig change gates this on clang-11; do we still need the
cc-option check here, or can we hardcode the use of -fsplit-lto-unit?
Playing with the flag in godbolt, it looks like clang-8 had support
for this flag.
> +KBUILD_LDFLAGS += --thinlto-cache-dir=.thinlto-cache
It might be nice to have `make distclean` or even `make clean` scrub
the .thinlto-cache? Also, I verified that the `.gitignore` rule for
`.*` properly ignores this dir.
> +else
> +CC_FLAGS_LTO_CLANG := -flto
> +endif
> +CC_FLAGS_LTO_CLANG += -fvisibility=default
> +endif
> +
> +ifdef CONFIG_LTO
> +CC_FLAGS_LTO := $(CC_FLAGS_LTO_CLANG)
> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(CC_FLAGS_LTO)
> +export CC_FLAGS_LTO
> +endif
> +
> # arch Makefile may override CC so keep this after arch Makefile is included
> NOSTDINC_FLAGS += -nostdinc -isystem $(shell $(CC) -print-file-name=include)
>
> diff --git a/arch/Kconfig b/arch/Kconfig
> index 8cc35dc556c7..e00b122293f8 100644
> --- a/arch/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/Kconfig
> @@ -552,6 +552,72 @@ config SHADOW_CALL_STACK
> reading and writing arbitrary memory may be able to locate them
> and hijack control flow by modifying the stacks.
>
> +config LTO
> + bool
> +
> +config ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG
> + bool
> + help
> + An architecture should select this option if it supports:
> + - compiling with Clang,
> + - compiling inline assembly with Clang's integrated assembler,
> + - and linking with LLD.
> +
> +config ARCH_SUPPORTS_THINLTO
> + bool
> + help
> + An architecture should select this option if it supports Clang's
> + ThinLTO.
> +
> +config THINLTO
> + bool "Clang ThinLTO"
> + depends on LTO_CLANG && ARCH_SUPPORTS_THINLTO
> + default y
> + help
> + This option enables Clang's ThinLTO, which allows for parallel
> + optimization and faster incremental compiles. More information
> + can be found from Clang's documentation:
> +
> + https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThinLTO.html
> +
> +choice
> + prompt "Link Time Optimization (LTO)"
> + default LTO_NONE
> + help
> + This option enables Link Time Optimization (LTO), which allows the
> + compiler to optimize binaries globally.
> +
> + If unsure, select LTO_NONE.
> +
> +config LTO_NONE
> + bool "None"
> +
> +config LTO_CLANG
> + bool "Clang's Link Time Optimization (EXPERIMENTAL)"
> + depends on CC_IS_CLANG && CLANG_VERSION >= 110000 && LD_IS_LLD
> + depends on $(success,$(NM) --help | head -n 1 | grep -qi llvm)
> + depends on $(success,$(AR) --help | head -n 1 | grep -qi llvm)
> + depends on ARCH_SUPPORTS_LTO_CLANG
> + depends on !FTRACE_MCOUNT_RECORD
> + depends on !KASAN
> + depends on !MODVERSIONS
> + select LTO
> + help
> + This option enables Clang's Link Time Optimization (LTO), which
> + allows the compiler to optimize the kernel globally. If you enable
> + this option, the compiler generates LLVM bitcode instead of ELF
> + object files, and the actual compilation from bitcode happens at
> + the LTO link step, which may take several minutes depending on the
> + kernel configuration. More information can be found from LLVM's
> + documentation:
> +
> + https://llvm.org/docs/LinkTimeOptimization.html
> +
> + To select this option, you also need to use LLVM tools to handle
> + the bitcode by passing LLVM=1 to make.
> +
> +endchoice
> +
> config HAVE_ARCH_WITHIN_STACK_FRAMES
> bool
> help
> diff --git a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> index db600ef218d7..78079000c05a 100644
> --- a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> +++ b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> @@ -89,15 +89,18 @@
> * .data. We don't want to pull in .data..other sections, which Linux
> * has defined. Same for text and bss.
> *
> + * With LTO_CLANG, the linker also splits sections by default, so we need
> + * these macros to combine the sections during the final link.
> + *
> * RODATA_MAIN is not used because existing code already defines .rodata.x
> * sections to be brought in with rodata.
> */
> -#ifdef CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION
> +#if defined(CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION) || defined(CONFIG_LTO_CLANG)
> #define TEXT_MAIN .text .text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> -#define DATA_MAIN .data .data.[0-9a-zA-Z_]* .data..LPBX*
> +#define DATA_MAIN .data .data.[0-9a-zA-Z_]* .data..L* .data..compoundliteral*
> #define SDATA_MAIN .sdata .sdata.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> -#define RODATA_MAIN .rodata .rodata.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> -#define BSS_MAIN .bss .bss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> +#define RODATA_MAIN .rodata .rodata.[0-9a-zA-Z_]* .rodata..L*
> +#define BSS_MAIN .bss .bss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]* .bss..compoundliteral*
> #define SBSS_MAIN .sbss .sbss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> #else
> #define TEXT_MAIN .text
> diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.build b/scripts/Makefile.build
> index 2e8810b7e5ed..f307e708a1b7 100644
> --- a/scripts/Makefile.build
> +++ b/scripts/Makefile.build
> @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ endif
> # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
> quiet_cmd_cc_s_c = CC $(quiet_modtag) $@
> - cmd_cc_s_c = $(CC) $(filter-out $(DEBUG_CFLAGS), $(c_flags)) $(DISABLE_LTO) -fverbose-asm -S -o $@ $<
> + cmd_cc_s_c = $(CC) $(filter-out $(DEBUG_CFLAGS) $(CC_FLAGS_LTO), $(c_flags)) -fverbose-asm -S -o $@ $<
>
> $(obj)/%.s: $(src)/%.c FORCE
> $(call if_changed_dep,cc_s_c)
> @@ -424,8 +424,15 @@ $(obj)/lib.a: $(lib-y) FORCE
> # Do not replace $(filter %.o,^) with $(real-prereqs). When a single object
> # module is turned into a multi object module, $^ will contain header file
> # dependencies recorded in the .*.cmd file.
> +ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
> +quiet_cmd_link_multi-m = AR [M] $@
> +cmd_link_multi-m = \
> + rm -f $@; \
> + $(AR) rcsTP$(KBUILD_ARFLAGS) $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
> +else
> quiet_cmd_link_multi-m = LD [M] $@
> cmd_link_multi-m = $(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@ $(filter %.o,$^)
> +endif
>
> $(multi-used-m): FORCE
> $(call if_changed,link_multi-m)
> diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modfinal b/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
> index 411c1e600e7d..1005b147abd0 100644
> --- a/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
> +++ b/scripts/Makefile.modfinal
> @@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
> PHONY := __modfinal
> __modfinal:
>
> +include $(objtree)/include/config/auto.conf
> include $(srctree)/scripts/Kbuild.include
>
> # for c_flags
> @@ -29,6 +30,12 @@ quiet_cmd_cc_o_c = CC [M] $@
>
> ARCH_POSTLINK := $(wildcard $(srctree)/arch/$(SRCARCH)/Makefile.postlink)
>
> +ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
> +# With CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, reuse the object file we compiled for modpost to
> +# avoid a second slow LTO link
> +prelink-ext := .lto
> +endif
> +
> quiet_cmd_ld_ko_o = LD [M] $@
> cmd_ld_ko_o = \
> $(LD) -r $(KBUILD_LDFLAGS) \
> @@ -37,7 +44,7 @@ quiet_cmd_ld_ko_o = LD [M] $@
> -o $@ $(filter %.o, $^); \
> $(if $(ARCH_POSTLINK), $(MAKE) -f $(ARCH_POSTLINK) $@, true)
>
> -$(modules): %.ko: %.o %.mod.o $(KBUILD_LDS_MODULE) FORCE
> +$(modules): %.ko: %$(prelink-ext).o %.mod.o $(KBUILD_LDS_MODULE) FORCE
> +$(call if_changed,ld_ko_o)
>
> targets += $(modules) $(modules:.ko=.mod.o)
> diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modpost b/scripts/Makefile.modpost
> index 3651cbf6ad49..9ced8aecd579 100644
> --- a/scripts/Makefile.modpost
> +++ b/scripts/Makefile.modpost
> @@ -102,12 +102,32 @@ $(input-symdump):
> @echo >&2 'WARNING: Symbol version dump "$@" is missing.'
> @echo >&2 ' Modules may not have dependencies or modversions.'
>
> +ifdef CONFIG_LTO_CLANG
> +# With CONFIG_LTO_CLANG, .o files might be LLVM bitcode, so we need to run
> +# LTO to compile them into native code before running modpost
> +prelink-ext = .lto
> +
> +quiet_cmd_cc_lto_link_modules = LTO [M] $@
> +cmd_cc_lto_link_modules = \
> + $(LD) $(ld_flags) -r -o $@ \
> + --whole-archive $(filter-out FORCE,$^)
> +
> +%.lto.o: %.o FORCE
> + $(call if_changed,cc_lto_link_modules)
> +
> +PHONY += FORCE
> +FORCE:
> +
> +endif
> +
> +modules := $(sort $(shell cat $(MODORDER)))
> +
> # Read out modules.order to pass in modpost.
> # Otherwise, allmodconfig would fail with "Argument list too long".
> quiet_cmd_modpost = MODPOST $@
> - cmd_modpost = sed 's/ko$$/o/' $< | $(MODPOST) -T -
> + cmd_modpost = sed 's/\.ko$$/$(prelink-ext)\.o/' $< | $(MODPOST) -T -
>
> -$(output-symdump): $(MODORDER) $(input-symdump) FORCE
> +$(output-symdump): $(MODORDER) $(input-symdump) $(modules:.ko=$(prelink-ext).o) FORCE
> $(call if_changed,modpost)
>
> targets += $(output-symdump)
> diff --git a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
> index 92dd745906f4..a681b3b6722e 100755
> --- a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
> +++ b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
> @@ -52,6 +52,14 @@ modpost_link()
> ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS} \
> --end-group"
>
> + if [ -n "${CONFIG_LTO_CLANG}" ]; then
> + # This might take a while, so indicate that we're doing
> + # an LTO link
> + info LTO ${1}
> + else
> + info LD ${1}
> + fi
> +
> ${LD} ${KBUILD_LDFLAGS} -r -o ${1} ${objects}
> }
>
> @@ -99,13 +107,22 @@ vmlinux_link()
> fi
>
> if [ "${SRCARCH}" != "um" ]; then
> - objects="--whole-archive \
> - ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS} \
> - --no-whole-archive \
> - --start-group \
> - ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS} \
> - --end-group \
> - ${@}"
> + if [ -n "${CONFIG_LTO_CLANG}" ]; then
> + # Use vmlinux.o instead of performing the slow LTO
> + # link again.
> + objects="--whole-archive \
> + vmlinux.o \
> + --no-whole-archive \
> + ${@}"
> + else
> + objects="--whole-archive \
> + ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_OBJS} \
> + --no-whole-archive \
> + --start-group \
> + ${KBUILD_VMLINUX_LIBS} \
> + --end-group \
> + ${@}"
> + fi
>
> ${LD} ${KBUILD_LDFLAGS} ${LDFLAGS_vmlinux} \
> ${strip_debug#-Wl,} \
> @@ -270,7 +287,6 @@ fi;
> ${MAKE} -f "${srctree}/scripts/Makefile.build" obj=init need-builtin=1
>
> #link vmlinux.o
> -info LD vmlinux.o
> modpost_link vmlinux.o
> objtool_link vmlinux.o
>
> --
> 2.27.0.212.ge8ba1cc988-goog
>
--
Thanks,
~Nick Desaulniers
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