Message-ID: <mhng-08bff01a-ca15-4bbc-8454-2ca3e823fef8@palmerdabbelt-glaptop1>
Date:   Tue, 21 Jul 2020 12:05:40 -0700 (PDT)
From:   Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@...belt.com>
To:     alex@...ti.fr
CC:     mpe@...erman.id.au, benh@...nel.crashing.org, paulus@...ba.org,
        Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@...ive.com>,
        aou@...s.berkeley.edu, Anup Patel <Anup.Patel@....com>,
        Atish Patra <Atish.Patra@....com>, zong.li@...ive.com,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linuxppc-dev@...ts.ozlabs.org,
        linux-riscv@...ts.infradead.org, linux-mm@...ck.org
Subject:     Re: [PATCH v5 1/4] riscv: Move kernel mapping to vmalloc zone

On Tue, 21 Jul 2020 11:36:10 PDT (-0700), alex@...ti.fr wrote:
> Let's try to make progress here: I add linux-mm in CC to get feedback on
> this patch as it blocks sv48 support too.

Sorry for being slow here.  I haven't replied because I hadn't really fleshed
out the design yet, but just so everyone's on the same page my problems with
this are:

* We waste vmalloc space on 32-bit systems, where there isn't a lot of it.
* On 64-bit systems the VA space around the kernel is precious because it's the
  only place we can place text (modules, BPF, whatever).  If we start putting
  the kernel in the vmalloc space then we either have to pre-allocate a bunch
  of space around it (essentially making it a fixed mapping anyway) or it
  becomes likely that we won't be able to find space for modules as they're
  loaded into running systems.
* Relying on a relocatable kernel for sv48 support introduces a fairly large
  performance hit.

Roughly, my proposal would be to:

* Leave the 32-bit memory map alone.  On 32-bit systems we can load modules
  anywhere and we only have one VA width, so we're not really solving any
  problems with these changes.
* Staticly allocate a 2GiB portion of the VA space for all our text, as its own
  region.  We'd link/relocate the kernel here instead of around PAGE_OFFSET,
  which would decouple the kernel from the physical memory layout of the system.
  This would have the side effect of sorting out a bunch of bootloader headaches
  that we currently have.
* Sort out how to maintain a linear map as the canonical hole moves around
  between the VA widths without adding a bunch of overhead to the virt2phys and
  friends.  This is probably going to be the trickiest part, but I think if we
  just change the page table code to essentially lie about VAs when an sv39
  system runs an sv48+sv39 kernel we could make it work -- there'd be some
  logical complexity involved, but it would remain fast.

This doesn't solve the problem of virtually relocatable kernels, but it does
let us decouple that from the sv48 stuff.  It also lets us stop relying on a
fixed physical address the kernel is loaded into, which is another thing I
don't like.

I know this may be a more complicated approach, but there aren't any sv48
systems around right now so I just don't see the rush to support them,
particularly when there's a cost to what already exists (for those who haven't
been watching, so far all the sv48 patch sets have imposed a significant
performance penalty on all systems).

>
> Alex
>
> Le 7/9/20 à 7:11 AM, Alex Ghiti a écrit :
>> Hi Palmer,
>>
>> Le 7/9/20 à 1:05 AM, Palmer Dabbelt a écrit :
>>> On Sun, 07 Jun 2020 00:59:46 PDT (-0700), alex@...ti.fr wrote:
>>>> This is a preparatory patch for relocatable kernel.
>>>>
>>>> The kernel used to be linked at PAGE_OFFSET address and used to be
>>>> loaded
>>>> physically at the beginning of the main memory. Therefore, we could use
>>>> the linear mapping for the kernel mapping.
>>>>
>>>> But the relocated kernel base address will be different from PAGE_OFFSET
>>>> and since in the linear mapping, two different virtual addresses cannot
>>>> point to the same physical address, the kernel mapping needs to lie
>>>> outside
>>>> the linear mapping.
>>>
>>> I know it's been a while, but I keep opening this up to review it and
>>> just
>>> can't get over how ugly it is to put the kernel's linear map in the
>>> vmalloc
>>> region.
>>>
>>> I guess I don't understand why this is necessary at all.
>>> Specifically: why
>>> can't we just relocate the kernel within the linear map?  That would
>>> let the
>>> bootloader put the kernel wherever it wants, modulo the physical
>>> memory size we
>>> support.  We'd need to handle the regions that are coupled to the
>>> kernel's
>>> execution address, but we could just put them in an explicit memory
>>> region
>>> which is what we should probably be doing anyway.
>>
>> Virtual relocation in the linear mapping requires to move the kernel
>> physically too. Zong implemented this physical move in its KASLR RFC
>> patchset, which is cumbersome since finding an available physical spot
>> is harder than just selecting a virtual range in the vmalloc range.
>>
>> In addition, having the kernel mapping in the linear mapping prevents
>> the use of hugepage for the linear mapping resulting in performance loss
>> (at least for the GB that encompasses the kernel).
>>
>> Why do you find this "ugly" ? The vmalloc region is just a bunch of
>> available virtual addresses to whatever purpose we want, and as noted by
>> Zong, arm64 uses the same scheme.
>>
>>>
>>>> In addition, because modules and BPF must be close to the kernel (inside
>>>> +-2GB window), the kernel is placed at the end of the vmalloc zone minus
>>>> 2GB, which leaves room for modules and BPF. The kernel could not be
>>>> placed at the beginning of the vmalloc zone since other vmalloc
>>>> allocations from the kernel could get all the +-2GB window around the
>>>> kernel which would prevent new modules and BPF programs to be loaded.
>>>
>>> Well, that's not enough to make sure this doesn't happen -- it's just
>>> enough to
>>> make sure it doesn't happen very quickily.  That's the same boat we're
>>> already
>>> in, though, so it's not like it's worse.
>>
>> Indeed, that's not worse, I haven't found a way to reserve vmalloc area
>> without actually allocating it.
>>
>>>
>>>> Signed-off-by: Alexandre Ghiti <alex@...ti.fr>
>>>> Reviewed-by: Zong Li <zong.li@...ive.com>
>>>> ---
>>>>  arch/riscv/boot/loader.lds.S     |  3 +-
>>>>  arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h    | 10 +++++-
>>>>  arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h | 38 ++++++++++++++-------
>>>>  arch/riscv/kernel/head.S         |  3 +-
>>>>  arch/riscv/kernel/module.c       |  4 +--
>>>>  arch/riscv/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S  |  3 +-
>>>>  arch/riscv/mm/init.c             | 58 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
>>>>  arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c         |  2 +-
>>>>  8 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/boot/loader.lds.S b/arch/riscv/boot/loader.lds.S
>>>> index 47a5003c2e28..62d94696a19c 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/boot/loader.lds.S
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/boot/loader.lds.S
>>>> @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
>>>>  /* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
>>>>
>>>>  #include <asm/page.h>
>>>> +#include <asm/pgtable.h>
>>>>
>>>>  OUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)
>>>>  ENTRY(_start)
>>>>
>>>>  SECTIONS
>>>>  {
>>>> -    . = PAGE_OFFSET;
>>>> +    . = KERNEL_LINK_ADDR;
>>>>
>>>>      .payload : {
>>>>          *(.payload)
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h
>>>> b/arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h
>>>> index 2d50f76efe48..48bb09b6a9b7 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/page.h
>>>> @@ -90,18 +90,26 @@ typedef struct page *pgtable_t;
>>>>
>>>>  #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
>>>>  extern unsigned long va_pa_offset;
>>>> +extern unsigned long va_kernel_pa_offset;
>>>>  extern unsigned long pfn_base;
>>>>  #define ARCH_PFN_OFFSET        (pfn_base)
>>>>  #else
>>>>  #define va_pa_offset        0
>>>> +#define va_kernel_pa_offset    0
>>>>  #define ARCH_PFN_OFFSET        (PAGE_OFFSET >> PAGE_SHIFT)
>>>>  #endif /* CONFIG_MMU */
>>>>
>>>>  extern unsigned long max_low_pfn;
>>>>  extern unsigned long min_low_pfn;
>>>> +extern unsigned long kernel_virt_addr;
>>>>
>>>>  #define __pa_to_va_nodebug(x)    ((void *)((unsigned long) (x) +
>>>> va_pa_offset))
>>>> -#define __va_to_pa_nodebug(x)    ((unsigned long)(x) - va_pa_offset)
>>>> +#define linear_mapping_va_to_pa(x)    ((unsigned long)(x) -
>>>> va_pa_offset)
>>>> +#define kernel_mapping_va_to_pa(x)    \
>>>> +    ((unsigned long)(x) - va_kernel_pa_offset)
>>>> +#define __va_to_pa_nodebug(x)        \
>>>> +    (((x) >= PAGE_OFFSET) ?        \
>>>> +        linear_mapping_va_to_pa(x) : kernel_mapping_va_to_pa(x))
>>>>
>>>>  #ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_VIRTUAL
>>>>  extern phys_addr_t __virt_to_phys(unsigned long x);
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
>>>> b/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
>>>> index 35b60035b6b0..94ef3b49dfb6 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/include/asm/pgtable.h
>>>> @@ -11,23 +11,29 @@
>>>>
>>>>  #include <asm/pgtable-bits.h>
>>>>
>>>> -#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
>>>> -
>>>> -/* Page Upper Directory not used in RISC-V */
>>>> -#include <asm-generic/pgtable-nopud.h>
>>>> -#include <asm/page.h>
>>>> -#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
>>>> -#include <linux/mm_types.h>
>>>> -
>>>> -#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
>>>> +#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
>>>> +#define KERNEL_VIRT_ADDR    PAGE_OFFSET
>>>> +#define KERNEL_LINK_ADDR    PAGE_OFFSET
>>>> +#else
>>>> +/*
>>>> + * Leave 2GB for modules and BPF that must lie within a 2GB range
>>>> around
>>>> + * the kernel.
>>>> + */
>>>> +#define KERNEL_VIRT_ADDR    (VMALLOC_END - SZ_2G + 1)
>>>> +#define KERNEL_LINK_ADDR    KERNEL_VIRT_ADDR
>>>
>>> At a bare minimum this is going to make a mess of the 32-bit port, as
>>> non-relocatable kernels are now going to get linked at 1GiB which is
>>> where user
>>> code is supposed to live.  That's an easy fix, though, as the 32-bit
>>> stuff
>>> doesn't need any module address restrictions.
>>
>> Indeed, I will take a look at that.
>>
>>>
>>>>  #define VMALLOC_SIZE     (KERN_VIRT_SIZE >> 1)
>>>>  #define VMALLOC_END      (PAGE_OFFSET - 1)
>>>>  #define VMALLOC_START    (PAGE_OFFSET - VMALLOC_SIZE)
>>>>
>>>>  #define BPF_JIT_REGION_SIZE    (SZ_128M)
>>>> -#define BPF_JIT_REGION_START    (PAGE_OFFSET - BPF_JIT_REGION_SIZE)
>>>> -#define BPF_JIT_REGION_END    (VMALLOC_END)
>>>> +#define BPF_JIT_REGION_START    PFN_ALIGN((unsigned long)&_end)
>>>> +#define BPF_JIT_REGION_END    (BPF_JIT_REGION_START +
>>>> BPF_JIT_REGION_SIZE)
>>>> +
>>>> +#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
>>>> +#define VMALLOC_MODULE_START    BPF_JIT_REGION_END
>>>> +#define VMALLOC_MODULE_END    (((unsigned long)&_start & PAGE_MASK)
>>>> + SZ_2G)
>>>> +#endif
>>>>
>>>>  /*
>>>>   * Roughly size the vmemmap space to be large enough to fit enough
>>>> @@ -57,9 +63,16 @@
>>>>  #define FIXADDR_SIZE     PGDIR_SIZE
>>>>  #endif
>>>>  #define FIXADDR_START    (FIXADDR_TOP - FIXADDR_SIZE)
>>>> -
>>>>  #endif
>>>>
>>>> +#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
>>>> +
>>>> +/* Page Upper Directory not used in RISC-V */
>>>> +#include <asm-generic/pgtable-nopud.h>
>>>> +#include <asm/page.h>
>>>> +#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
>>>> +#include <linux/mm_types.h>
>>>> +
>>>>  #ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
>>>>  #include <asm/pgtable-64.h>
>>>>  #else
>>>> @@ -483,6 +496,7 @@ static inline void __kernel_map_pages(struct page
>>>> *page, int numpages, int enabl
>>>>
>>>>  #define kern_addr_valid(addr)   (1) /* FIXME */
>>>>
>>>> +extern char _start[];
>>>>  extern void *dtb_early_va;
>>>>  void setup_bootmem(void);
>>>>  void paging_init(void);
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/head.S b/arch/riscv/kernel/head.S
>>>> index 98a406474e7d..8f5bb7731327 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/head.S
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/head.S
>>>> @@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ ENTRY(_start)
>>>>  #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
>>>>  relocate:
>>>>      /* Relocate return address */
>>>> -    li a1, PAGE_OFFSET
>>>> +    la a1, kernel_virt_addr
>>>> +    REG_L a1, 0(a1)
>>>>      la a2, _start
>>>>      sub a1, a1, a2
>>>>      add ra, ra, a1
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/module.c b/arch/riscv/kernel/module.c
>>>> index 8bbe5dbe1341..1a8fbe05accf 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/module.c
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/module.c
>>>> @@ -392,12 +392,10 @@ int apply_relocate_add(Elf_Shdr *sechdrs, const
>>>> char *strtab,
>>>>  }
>>>>
>>>>  #if defined(CONFIG_MMU) && defined(CONFIG_64BIT)
>>>> -#define VMALLOC_MODULE_START \
>>>> -     max(PFN_ALIGN((unsigned long)&_end - SZ_2G), VMALLOC_START)
>>>>  void *module_alloc(unsigned long size)
>>>>  {
>>>>      return __vmalloc_node_range(size, 1, VMALLOC_MODULE_START,
>>>> -                    VMALLOC_END, GFP_KERNEL,
>>>> +                    VMALLOC_MODULE_END, GFP_KERNEL,
>>>>                      PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC, 0, NUMA_NO_NODE,
>>>>                      __builtin_return_address(0));
>>>>  }
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
>>>> b/arch/riscv/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
>>>> index 0339b6bbe11a..a9abde62909f 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
>>>> @@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
>>>>   * Copyright (C) 2017 SiFive
>>>>   */
>>>>
>>>> -#define LOAD_OFFSET PAGE_OFFSET
>>>> +#include <asm/pgtable.h>
>>>> +#define LOAD_OFFSET KERNEL_LINK_ADDR
>>>>  #include <asm/vmlinux.lds.h>
>>>>  #include <asm/page.h>
>>>>  #include <asm/cache.h>
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/mm/init.c b/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
>>>> index 736de6c8739f..71da78914645 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/mm/init.c
>>>> @@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
>>>>
>>>>  #include "../kernel/head.h"
>>>>
>>>> +unsigned long kernel_virt_addr = KERNEL_VIRT_ADDR;
>>>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(kernel_virt_addr);
>>>> +
>>>>  unsigned long empty_zero_page[PAGE_SIZE / sizeof(unsigned long)]
>>>>                              __page_aligned_bss;
>>>>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(empty_zero_page);
>>>> @@ -178,8 +181,12 @@ void __init setup_bootmem(void)
>>>>  }
>>>>
>>>>  #ifdef CONFIG_MMU
>>>> +/* Offset between linear mapping virtual address and kernel load
>>>> address */
>>>>  unsigned long va_pa_offset;
>>>>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(va_pa_offset);
>>>> +/* Offset between kernel mapping virtual address and kernel load
>>>> address */
>>>> +unsigned long va_kernel_pa_offset;
>>>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(va_kernel_pa_offset);
>>>>  unsigned long pfn_base;
>>>>  EXPORT_SYMBOL(pfn_base);
>>>>
>>>> @@ -271,7 +278,7 @@ static phys_addr_t __init alloc_pmd(uintptr_t va)
>>>>      if (mmu_enabled)
>>>>          return memblock_phys_alloc(PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
>>>>
>>>> -    pmd_num = (va - PAGE_OFFSET) >> PGDIR_SHIFT;
>>>> +    pmd_num = (va - kernel_virt_addr) >> PGDIR_SHIFT;
>>>>      BUG_ON(pmd_num >= NUM_EARLY_PMDS);
>>>>      return (uintptr_t)&early_pmd[pmd_num * PTRS_PER_PMD];
>>>>  }
>>>> @@ -372,14 +379,30 @@ static uintptr_t __init
>>>> best_map_size(phys_addr_t base, phys_addr_t size)
>>>>  #error "setup_vm() is called from head.S before relocate so it
>>>> should not use absolute addressing."
>>>>  #endif
>>>>
>>>> +static uintptr_t load_pa, load_sz;
>>>> +
>>>> +static void __init create_kernel_page_table(pgd_t *pgdir, uintptr_t
>>>> map_size)
>>>> +{
>>>> +    uintptr_t va, end_va;
>>>> +
>>>> +    end_va = kernel_virt_addr + load_sz;
>>>> +    for (va = kernel_virt_addr; va < end_va; va += map_size)
>>>> +        create_pgd_mapping(pgdir, va,
>>>> +                   load_pa + (va - kernel_virt_addr),
>>>> +                   map_size, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
>>>> +}
>>>> +
>>>>  asmlinkage void __init setup_vm(uintptr_t dtb_pa)
>>>>  {
>>>>      uintptr_t va, end_va;
>>>> -    uintptr_t load_pa = (uintptr_t)(&_start);
>>>> -    uintptr_t load_sz = (uintptr_t)(&_end) - load_pa;
>>>>      uintptr_t map_size = best_map_size(load_pa,
>>>> MAX_EARLY_MAPPING_SIZE);
>>>>
>>>> +    load_pa = (uintptr_t)(&_start);
>>>> +    load_sz = (uintptr_t)(&_end) - load_pa;
>>>> +
>>>>      va_pa_offset = PAGE_OFFSET - load_pa;
>>>> +    va_kernel_pa_offset = kernel_virt_addr - load_pa;
>>>> +
>>>>      pfn_base = PFN_DOWN(load_pa);
>>>>
>>>>      /*
>>>> @@ -402,26 +425,22 @@ asmlinkage void __init setup_vm(uintptr_t dtb_pa)
>>>>      create_pmd_mapping(fixmap_pmd, FIXADDR_START,
>>>>                 (uintptr_t)fixmap_pte, PMD_SIZE, PAGE_TABLE);
>>>>      /* Setup trampoline PGD and PMD */
>>>> -    create_pgd_mapping(trampoline_pg_dir, PAGE_OFFSET,
>>>> +    create_pgd_mapping(trampoline_pg_dir, kernel_virt_addr,
>>>>                 (uintptr_t)trampoline_pmd, PGDIR_SIZE, PAGE_TABLE);
>>>> -    create_pmd_mapping(trampoline_pmd, PAGE_OFFSET,
>>>> +    create_pmd_mapping(trampoline_pmd, kernel_virt_addr,
>>>>                 load_pa, PMD_SIZE, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
>>>>  #else
>>>>      /* Setup trampoline PGD */
>>>> -    create_pgd_mapping(trampoline_pg_dir, PAGE_OFFSET,
>>>> +    create_pgd_mapping(trampoline_pg_dir, kernel_virt_addr,
>>>>                 load_pa, PGDIR_SIZE, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
>>>>  #endif
>>>>
>>>>      /*
>>>> -     * Setup early PGD covering entire kernel which will allows
>>>> +     * Setup early PGD covering entire kernel which will allow
>>>>       * us to reach paging_init(). We map all memory banks later
>>>>       * in setup_vm_final() below.
>>>>       */
>>>> -    end_va = PAGE_OFFSET + load_sz;
>>>> -    for (va = PAGE_OFFSET; va < end_va; va += map_size)
>>>> -        create_pgd_mapping(early_pg_dir, va,
>>>> -                   load_pa + (va - PAGE_OFFSET),
>>>> -                   map_size, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
>>>> +    create_kernel_page_table(early_pg_dir, map_size);
>>>>
>>>>      /* Create fixed mapping for early FDT parsing */
>>>>      end_va = __fix_to_virt(FIX_FDT) + FIX_FDT_SIZE;
>>>> @@ -441,6 +460,7 @@ static void __init setup_vm_final(void)
>>>>      uintptr_t va, map_size;
>>>>      phys_addr_t pa, start, end;
>>>>      struct memblock_region *reg;
>>>> +    static struct vm_struct vm_kernel = { 0 };
>>>>
>>>>      /* Set mmu_enabled flag */
>>>>      mmu_enabled = true;
>>>> @@ -467,10 +487,22 @@ static void __init setup_vm_final(void)
>>>>          for (pa = start; pa < end; pa += map_size) {
>>>>              va = (uintptr_t)__va(pa);
>>>>              create_pgd_mapping(swapper_pg_dir, va, pa,
>>>> -                       map_size, PAGE_KERNEL_EXEC);
>>>> +                       map_size, PAGE_KERNEL);
>>>>          }
>>>>      }
>>>>
>>>> +    /* Map the kernel */
>>>> +    create_kernel_page_table(swapper_pg_dir, PMD_SIZE);
>>>> +
>>>> +    /* Reserve the vmalloc area occupied by the kernel */
>>>> +    vm_kernel.addr = (void *)kernel_virt_addr;
>>>> +    vm_kernel.phys_addr = load_pa;
>>>> +    vm_kernel.size = (load_sz + PMD_SIZE - 1) & ~(PMD_SIZE - 1);
>>>> +    vm_kernel.flags = VM_MAP | VM_NO_GUARD;
>>>> +    vm_kernel.caller = __builtin_return_address(0);
>>>> +
>>>> +    vm_area_add_early(&vm_kernel);
>>>> +
>>>>      /* Clear fixmap PTE and PMD mappings */
>>>>      clear_fixmap(FIX_PTE);
>>>>      clear_fixmap(FIX_PMD);
>>>> diff --git a/arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c b/arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c
>>>> index e8e4dcd39fed..35703d5ef5fd 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c
>>>> +++ b/arch/riscv/mm/physaddr.c
>>>> @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(__virt_to_phys);
>>>>
>>>>  phys_addr_t __phys_addr_symbol(unsigned long x)
>>>>  {
>>>> -    unsigned long kernel_start = (unsigned long)PAGE_OFFSET;
>>>> +    unsigned long kernel_start = (unsigned long)kernel_virt_addr;
>>>>      unsigned long kernel_end = (unsigned long)_end;
>>>>
>>>>      /*
>>
>> Alex

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