Message-Id: <20201025134540.3770-3-john.wood@gmx.com>
Date:   Sun, 25 Oct 2020 14:45:34 +0100
From:   John Wood <john.wood@....com>
To:     Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>, Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>
Cc:     John Wood <john.wood@....com>, Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
        James Morris <jmorris@...ei.org>,
        "Serge E. Hallyn" <serge@...lyn.com>, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org,
        kernel-hardening@...ts.openwall.com
Subject: [PATCH v2 2/8] security/brute: Define a LSM and manage statistical data

Add a new Kconfig file to define a menu entry under "Security options"
to enable the "Fork brute force attack detection and mitigation"
feature.

For a correct management of a fork brute force attack it is necessary
that all the tasks hold statistical data. The same statistical data
needs to be shared between all the tasks that hold the same memory
contents or in other words, between all the tasks that have been forked
without any execve call. So, define a statistical data structure to hold
all the necessary information shared by all the fork hierarchy
processes. This info is basically a list of the last crashes timestamps
and a reference counter.

When a forked task calls the execve system call, the memory contents are
set with new values. So, in this scenario the parent's statistical data
no need to be shared. Instead, a new statistical data structure must be
allocated to start a new hierarchy.

The statistical data that is shared between all the fork hierarchy
processes needs to be freed when this hierarchy disappears.

So, based in all the previous information define a LSM with three hooks
to manage all the commented cases. These hooks are "task_alloc" to do
the fork management, "bprm_committing_creds" for do the execve
management and "task_free" to release the resources.

Also, add to the task_struct's security blob the pointer to the
statistical data. This way, all the tasks will have access to this
information.

Signed-off-by: John Wood <john.wood@....com>
---
 security/Kconfig        |  11 +-
 security/Makefile       |   4 +
 security/brute/Kconfig  |  12 ++
 security/brute/Makefile |   2 +
 security/brute/brute.c  | 339 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 363 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 security/brute/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/brute/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/brute/brute.c

diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 7561f6f99f1d..204bb311b1f1 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@ source "security/safesetid/Kconfig"
 source "security/lockdown/Kconfig"

 source "security/integrity/Kconfig"
+source "security/brute/Kconfig"

 choice
 	prompt "First legacy 'major LSM' to be initialized"
@@ -277,11 +278,11 @@ endchoice

 config LSM
 	string "Ordered list of enabled LSMs"
-	default "lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,smack,selinux,tomoyo,apparmor,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
-	default "lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,apparmor,selinux,smack,tomoyo,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
-	default "lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,tomoyo,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
-	default "lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
-	default "lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,selinux,smack,tomoyo,apparmor,bpf"
+	default "brute,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,smack,selinux,tomoyo,apparmor,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
+	default "brute,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,apparmor,selinux,smack,tomoyo,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "brute,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,tomoyo,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
+	default "brute,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,bpf" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
+	default "brute,lockdown,yama,loadpin,safesetid,integrity,selinux,smack,tomoyo,apparmor,bpf"
 	help
 	  A comma-separated list of LSMs, in initialization order.
 	  Any LSMs left off this list will be ignored. This can be
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index 3baf435de541..1236864876da 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -36,3 +36,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_LSM)			+= bpf/
 # Object integrity file lists
 subdir-$(CONFIG_INTEGRITY)		+= integrity
 obj-$(CONFIG_INTEGRITY)			+= integrity/
+
+# Object brute file lists
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_FORK_BRUTE)	+= brute
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_FORK_BRUTE)	+= brute/
diff --git a/security/brute/Kconfig b/security/brute/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1bd2df1e2dec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/brute/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+config SECURITY_FORK_BRUTE
+	bool "Fork brute force attack detection and mitigation"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	help
+	  This is an LSM that stops any fork brute force attack against
+	  vulnerable userspace processes. The detection method is based on
+	  the application crash period and as a mitigation procedure all the
+	  offending tasks are killed. Like capabilities, this security module
+	  stacks with other LSMs.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/brute/Makefile b/security/brute/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d3f233a132a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/brute/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_FORK_BRUTE) += brute.o
diff --git a/security/brute/brute.c b/security/brute/brute.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..307d07bf9d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/brute/brute.c
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
+
+#include <asm/current.h>
+#include <linux/bug.h>
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <linux/errno.h>
+#include <linux/gfp.h>
+#include <linux/init.h>
+#include <linux/jiffies.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/list.h>
+#include <linux/lsm_hooks.h>
+#include <linux/printk.h>
+#include <linux/refcount.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/spinlock.h>
+
+/**
+ * struct brute_stats - Fork brute force attack statistics.
+ * @lock: Lock to protect the brute_stats structure.
+ * @refc: Reference counter.
+ * @timestamps: Last crashes timestamps list.
+ * @timestamps_size: Last crashes timestamps list size.
+ *
+ * This structure holds the statistical data shared by all the fork hierarchy
+ * processes.
+ */
+struct brute_stats {
+	spinlock_t lock;
+	refcount_t refc;
+	struct list_head timestamps;
+	unsigned char timestamps_size;
+};
+
+/**
+ * struct brute_timestamp - Last crashes timestamps list entry.
+ * @jiffies: Crash timestamp.
+ * @node: Entry list head.
+ *
+ * This structure holds a crash timestamp.
+ */
+struct brute_timestamp {
+	u64 jiffies;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+/**
+ * brute_blob_sizes - LSM blob sizes.
+ *
+ * To share statistical data among all the fork hierarchy processes, define a
+ * pointer to the brute_stats structure as a part of the task_struct's security
+ * blob.
+ */
+static struct lsm_blob_sizes brute_blob_sizes __lsm_ro_after_init = {
+	.lbs_task = sizeof(struct brute_stats *),
+};
+
+/**
+ * brute_stats_ptr() - Get the pointer to the brute_stats structure.
+ * @task: Task that holds the statistical data.
+ *
+ * Return: A pointer to a pointer to the brute_stats structure.
+ */
+static inline struct brute_stats **brute_stats_ptr(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	return task->security + brute_blob_sizes.lbs_task;
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_new_timestamp() - Allocate a new timestamp structure.
+ *
+ * If the allocation is successful the timestamp is set to now.
+ *
+ * Return: NULL if the allocation fails. A pointer to the new allocated
+ *         timestamp structure if it success.
+ */
+static struct brute_timestamp *brute_new_timestamp(void)
+{
+	struct brute_timestamp *timestamp;
+
+	timestamp = kmalloc(sizeof(struct brute_timestamp), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (timestamp)
+		timestamp->jiffies = get_jiffies_64();
+
+	return timestamp;
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_new_stats() - Allocate a new statistics structure.
+ *
+ * If the allocation is successful the reference counter is set to one to
+ * indicate that there will be one task that points to this structure. The last
+ * crashes timestamps list is initialized with one entry set to now. This way,
+ * its possible to compute the application crash period at the first fault.
+ *
+ * Return: NULL if the allocation fails. A pointer to the new allocated
+ *         statistics structure if it success.
+ */
+static struct brute_stats *brute_new_stats(void)
+{
+	struct brute_stats *stats;
+	struct brute_timestamp *timestamp;
+
+	stats = kmalloc(sizeof(struct brute_stats), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!stats)
+		return NULL;
+
+	timestamp = brute_new_timestamp();
+	if (!timestamp) {
+		kfree(stats);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	spin_lock_init(&stats->lock);
+	refcount_set(&stats->refc, 1);
+	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&stats->timestamps);
+	list_add_tail(&timestamp->node, &stats->timestamps);
+	stats->timestamps_size = 1;
+
+	return stats;
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_share_stats() - Share the statistical data between processes.
+ * @src: Source of statistics to be shared.
+ * @dst: Destination of statistics to be shared.
+ *
+ * Copy the src's pointer to the statistical data structure to the dst's pointer
+ * to the same structure. Since there is a new process that shares the same
+ * data, increase the reference counter. The src's pointer cannot be NULL.
+ *
+ * It's mandatory to disable interrupts before acquiring the lock since the
+ * task_free hook can be called from an IRQ context during the execution of the
+ * task_alloc hook.
+ */
+static void brute_share_stats(struct brute_stats **src,
+			      struct brute_stats **dst)
+{
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&(*src)->lock, flags);
+	refcount_inc(&(*src)->refc);
+	*dst = *src;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&(*src)->lock, flags);
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_task_alloc() - Target for the task_alloc hook.
+ * @task: Task being allocated.
+ * @clone_flags: Contains the flags indicating what should be shared.
+ *
+ * For a correct management of a fork brute force attack it is necessary that
+ * all the tasks hold statistical data. The same statistical data needs to be
+ * shared between all the tasks that hold the same memory contents or in other
+ * words, between all the tasks that have been forked without any execve call.
+ *
+ * To ensure this, if the current task doesn't have statistical data when forks,
+ * it is mandatory to allocate a new statistics structure and share it between
+ * this task and the new one being allocated. Otherwise, share the statistics
+ * that the current task already has.
+ *
+ * Return: -ENOMEM if the allocation of the new statistics structure fails. Zero
+ *         otherwise.
+ */
+static int brute_task_alloc(struct task_struct *task, unsigned long clone_flags)
+{
+	struct brute_stats **stats, **p_stats;
+
+	stats = brute_stats_ptr(task);
+	p_stats = brute_stats_ptr(current);
+
+	if (likely(*p_stats)) {
+		brute_share_stats(p_stats, stats);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	*stats = brute_new_stats();
+	if (!*stats)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	brute_share_stats(stats, p_stats);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_reset_stats() - Reset the statistical data.
+ * @stats: Statistics to be reset.
+ *
+ * Ensure that the last crashes timestamps list holds only one entry and set
+ * this timestamp to now. This way, its possible to compute the application
+ * crash period at the next fault. The statistics to be reset cannot be NULL.
+ *
+ * Context: Must be called with stats->lock held.
+ */
+static void brute_reset_stats(struct brute_stats *stats)
+{
+	unsigned char entries_to_delete;
+	struct brute_timestamp *timestamp, *next;
+
+	if (WARN(!stats->timestamps_size, "No last timestamps\n"))
+		return;
+
+	entries_to_delete = stats->timestamps_size - 1;
+	stats->timestamps_size = 1;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(timestamp, next, &stats->timestamps, node) {
+		if (unlikely(!entries_to_delete)) {
+			timestamp->jiffies = get_jiffies_64();
+			break;
+		}
+
+		list_del(&timestamp->node);
+		kfree(timestamp);
+		entries_to_delete -= 1;
+	}
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_task_execve() - Target for the bprm_committing_creds hook.
+ * @bprm: Points to the linux_binprm structure.
+ *
+ * When a forked task calls the execve system call, the memory contents are set
+ * with new values. So, in this scenario the parent's statistical data no need
+ * to be shared. Instead, a new statistical data structure must be allocated to
+ * start a new hierarchy. This condition is detected when the statistics
+ * reference counter holds a value greater than or equal to two (a fork always
+ * sets the statistics reference counter to a minimum of two since the parent
+ * and the child task are sharing the same data).
+ *
+ * However, if the execve function is called immediately after another execve
+ * call, althought the memory contents are reset, there is no need to allocate
+ * a new statistical data structure. This is possible because at this moment
+ * only one task (the task that calls the execve function) points to the data.
+ * In this case, the previous allocation is used but the statistics are reset.
+ *
+ * It's mandatory to disable interrupts before acquiring the lock since the
+ * task_free hook can be called from an IRQ context during the execution of the
+ * bprm_committing_creds hook.
+ */
+static void brute_task_execve(struct linux_binprm *bprm)
+{
+	struct brute_stats **stats;
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	stats = brute_stats_ptr(current);
+	if (WARN(!*stats, "No statistical data\n"))
+		return;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&(*stats)->lock, flags);
+
+	if (!refcount_dec_not_one(&(*stats)->refc)) {
+		/* execve call after an execve call */
+		brute_reset_stats(*stats);
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&(*stats)->lock, flags);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* execve call after a fork call */
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&(*stats)->lock, flags);
+	*stats = brute_new_stats();
+	WARN(!*stats, "Cannot allocate statistical data\n");
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_stats_free() - Deallocate a statistics structure.
+ * @stats: Statistics to be freed.
+ *
+ * Deallocate all the last crashes timestamps list entries and then the
+ * statistics structure. The statistics to be freed cannot be NULL.
+ *
+ * Context: Must be called with stats->lock held and this function releases it.
+ */
+static void brute_stats_free(struct brute_stats *stats)
+{
+	struct brute_timestamp *timestamp, *next;
+
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(timestamp, next, &stats->timestamps, node) {
+		list_del(&timestamp->node);
+		kfree(timestamp);
+	}
+
+	spin_unlock(&stats->lock);
+	kfree(stats);
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_task_free() - Target for the task_free hook.
+ * @task: Task about to be freed.
+ *
+ * The statistical data that is shared between all the fork hierarchy processes
+ * needs to be freed when this hierarchy disappears.
+ */
+static void brute_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	struct brute_stats **stats;
+
+	stats = brute_stats_ptr(task);
+	if (WARN(!*stats, "No statistical data\n"))
+		return;
+
+	spin_lock(&(*stats)->lock);
+
+	if (refcount_dec_and_test(&(*stats)->refc))
+		brute_stats_free(*stats);
+	else
+		spin_unlock(&(*stats)->lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * brute_hooks - Targets for the LSM's hooks.
+ */
+static struct security_hook_list brute_hooks[] __lsm_ro_after_init = {
+	LSM_HOOK_INIT(task_alloc, brute_task_alloc),
+	LSM_HOOK_INIT(bprm_committing_creds, brute_task_execve),
+	LSM_HOOK_INIT(task_free, brute_task_free),
+};
+
+/**
+ * brute_init() - Initialize the brute LSM.
+ *
+ * Return: Always returns zero.
+ */
+static int __init brute_init(void)
+{
+	pr_info("Brute initialized\n");
+	security_add_hooks(brute_hooks, ARRAY_SIZE(brute_hooks),
+			   KBUILD_MODNAME);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+DEFINE_LSM(brute) = {
+	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
+	.init = brute_init,
+	.blobs = &brute_blob_sizes,
+};
+
--
2.25.1

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