Date:   Sun, 20 Dec 2020 22:12:36 -0700
From:   Yu Zhao <yuzhao@...gle.com>
To:     Nadav Amit <nadav.amit@...il.com>
Cc:     Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
        linux-mm <linux-mm@...ck.org>, Peter Xu <peterx@...hat.com>,
        lkml <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@...nvz.org>,
        Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@...cle.com>,
        Mike Rapoport <rppt@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
        stable@...r.kernel.org, minchan@...nel.org,
        Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>,
        Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] mm/userfaultfd: fix memory corruption due to writeprotect

On Sun, Dec 20, 2020 at 08:36:15PM -0800, Nadav Amit wrote:
> > On Dec 19, 2020, at 6:20 PM, Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com> wrote:
> > 
> > On Sat, Dec 19, 2020 at 02:06:02PM -0800, Nadav Amit wrote:
> >>> On Dec 19, 2020, at 1:34 PM, Nadav Amit <nadav.amit@...il.com> wrote:
> >>> 
> >>> [ cc’ing some more people who have experience with similar problems ]
> >>> 
> >>>> On Dec 19, 2020, at 11:15 AM, Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com> wrote:
> >>>> 
> >>>> Hello,
> >>>> 
> >>>> On Fri, Dec 18, 2020 at 08:30:06PM -0800, Nadav Amit wrote:
> >>>>> Analyzing this problem indicates that there is a real bug since
> >>>>> mmap_lock is only taken for read in mwriteprotect_range(). This might
> >>>> 
> >>>> Never having to take the mmap_sem for writing, and in turn never
> >>>> blocking, in order to modify the pagetables is quite an important
> >>>> feature in uffd that justifies uffd instead of mprotect. It's not the
> >>>> most important reason to use uffd, but it'd be nice if that guarantee
> >>>> would remain also for the UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT API, not only for the
> >>>> other pgtable manipulations.
> >>>> 
> >>>>> Consider the following scenario with 3 CPUs (cpu2 is not shown):
> >>>>> 
> >>>>> cpu0				cpu1
> >>>>> ----				----
> >>>>> userfaultfd_writeprotect()
> >>>>> [ write-protecting ]
> >>>>> mwriteprotect_range()
> >>>>> mmap_read_lock()
> >>>>> change_protection()
> >>>>> change_protection_range()
> >>>>> ...
> >>>>> change_pte_range()
> >>>>> [ defer TLB flushes]
> >>>>> 				userfaultfd_writeprotect()
> >>>>> 				 mmap_read_lock()
> >>>>> 				 change_protection()
> >>>>> 				 [ write-unprotect ]
> >>>>> 				 ...
> >>>>> 				  [ unprotect PTE logically ]
> > 
> > Is the uffd selftest failing with upstream or after your kernel
> > modification that removes the tlb flush from unprotect?
> 
> Please see my reply to Yu. I was wrong in this analysis, and I sent a
> correction to my analysis. The problem actually happens when
> userfaultfd_writeprotect() unprotects the memory.
> 
> > 			} else if (uffd_wp_resolve) {
> > 				/*
> > 				 * Leave the write bit to be handled
> > 				 * by PF interrupt handler, then
> > 				 * things like COW could be properly
> > 				 * handled.
> > 				 */
> > 				ptent = pte_clear_uffd_wp(ptent);
> > 			}
> > 
> > Upstraem this will still do pages++, there's a tlb flush before
> > change_protection can return here, so I'm confused.
> > 
> 
> You are correct. The problem I encountered with userfaultfd_writeprotect()
> is during unprotecting path.
> 
> Having said that, I think that there are additional scenarios that are
> problematic. Consider for instance madvise_dontneed_free() that is racing
> with userfaultfd_writeprotect(). If madvise_dontneed_free() completed
> removing the PTEs, but still did not flush, change_pte_range() will see
> non-present PTEs, say a flush is not needed, and then
> change_protection_range() will not do a flush, and return while
> the memory is still not protected.
> 
> > I don't share your concern. What matters is the PT lock, so it
> > wouldn't be one per pte, but a least an order 9 higher, but let's
> > assume one flush per pte.
> > 
> > It's either huge mapping and then it's likely running without other
> > tlb flushing in background (postcopy snapshotting), or it's a granular
> > protect with distributed shared memory in which case the number of
> > changd ptes or huge_pmds tends to be always 1 anyway. So it doesn't
> > matter if it's deferred.
> > 
> > I agree it may require a larger tlb flush review not just mprotect
> > though, but it didn't sound particularly complex. Note the
> > UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT is still relatively recent so backports won't
> > risk to reject so heavy as to require a band-aid.
> > 
> > My second thought is, I don't see exactly the bug and it's not clear
> > if it's upstream reproducing this, but assuming this happens on
> > upstream, even ignoring everything else happening in the tlb flush
> > code, this sounds like purely introduced by userfaultfd_writeprotect()
> > vs userfaultfd_writeprotect() (since it's the only place changing
> > protection with mmap_sem for reading and note we already unmap and
> > flush tlb with mmap_sem for reading in MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE clears
> > the dirty bit etc..). Flushing tlbs with mmap_sem for reading is
> > nothing new, the only new thing is the flush after wrprotect.
> > 
> > So instead of altering any tlb flush code, would it be possible to
> > just stick to mmap_lock for reading and then serialize
> > userfaultfd_writeprotect() against itself with an additional
> > mm->mmap_wprotect_lock mutex? That'd be a very local change to
> > userfaultfd too.
> > 
> > Can you look if the rule mmap_sem for reading plus a new
> > mm->mmap_wprotect_lock mutex or the mmap_sem for writing, whenever
> > wrprotecting ptes, is enough to comply with the current tlb flushing
> > code, so not to require any change non local to uffd (modulo the
> > additional mutex).
> 
> So I did not fully understand your solution, but I took your point and
> looked again on similar cases. To be fair, despite my experience with these
> deferred TLB flushes as well as Peter Zijlstra’s great documentation, I keep
> getting confused (e.g., can’t we somehow combine tlb_flush_batched and
> tlb_flush_pending ?)
> 
> As I said before, my initial scenario was wrong, and the problem is not
> userfaultfd_writeprotect() racing against itself. This one seems actually
> benign to me.
> 
> Nevertheless, I do think there is a problem in change_protection_range().
> Specifically, see the aforementioned scenario of a race between
> madvise_dontneed_free() and userfaultfd_writeprotect().
> 
> So an immediate solution for such a case can be resolve without holding
> mmap_lock for write, by just adding a test for mm_tlb_flush_nested() in
> change_protection_range():
> 
>         /*
> 	 * Only flush the TLB if we actually modified any entries
> 	 * or if there are pending TLB flushes.
> 	 */
>         if (pages || mm_tlb_flush_nested(mm))
>                 flush_tlb_range(vma, start, end);
>  
> To be fair, I am not confident I did not miss other problematic cases.
> 
> But for now, this change, with the preserve_write change should address the
> immediate issues. Let me know if you agree.
> 
> Let me know whether you agree.

The problem starts in UFD, and is related to tlb flush. But its focal
point is in do_wp_page(). I'd suggest you look at function and see
what it does before and after the commits I listed, with the following
conditions

PageAnon(), !PageKsm(), !PageSwapCache(), !pte_write(),
page_mapcount() = 1, page_count() > 1 or PageLocked()

when it runs against the two UFD examples you listed.

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