Date:   Wed, 11 Aug 2021 12:07:11 +0200
From:   Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@...ntu.com>
To:     "Michael Kerrisk (man-pages)" <mtk.manpages@...il.com>
Cc:     Alejandro Colomar <alx.manpages@...il.com>,
        linux-fsdevel <linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org>,
        lkml <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        linux-man <linux-man@...r.kernel.org>,
        Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>
Subject: Re: Questions re the new mount_setattr(2) manual page

On Tue, Aug 10, 2021 at 11:06:52PM +0200, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) wrote:
> Hello Christian,
> 
> On 8/10/21 4:32 PM, Christian Brauner wrote:
> > On Tue, Aug 10, 2021 at 03:38:00AM +0200, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) wrote:
> >> Hi Christian,
> >>
> >> Thanks for the very nice manual page that you wrote. I have
> > 
> > Thank you!
> > 
> >> made a large number of (mostly trivial) edits. If you could
> >> read the page closely, to check that I introduced no errors,
> >> I would appreciate it.
> > 
> > Happy to!
> 
> Thanks for the feedback. I've made some changes, and pushed to Git.
> 
> There's still a few open questions. Please see "????" below.

Sure.

> 
> >> I have various questions below, marked ???. Could you please take
> >> a look at these, and I will then make further edits based on your
> >> answers.
> > 
> > I've answered all questions, I think. Feel free to just reformulate
> > where my suggestions weren't adequate. Since most things you ask about
> > are minor adaptions there's no need from my end for you to resend with
> > those reformulations. You can just make them directly. :) I'll peruse
> > the man-pages git repo anyway after you apply them and will send changes
> > if I spot issues.
> > 
> > Thank you for the review!
> > Christian
> > 
> >>
> >> The current version of the page is already pushed to the man-pages
> >> Git repo.
> >>
> >>>   MOUNT_SETATTR(2)      Linux Programmer's Manual     MOUNT_SETATTR(2)
> >>>
> >>>   NAME
> >>>       mount_setattr - change mount properties of a mount or mount
> >>
> >> ???
> >> s/mount properties/properties ?
> >>
> >> (Just bcause more concise.)
> > 
> > Sounds good.
> 
> Done.
> 
> >>
> >>>       tree
> >>>
> >>>   SYNOPSIS
> >>>       #include <linux/fcntl.h> /* Definition of AT_* constants */
> >>>       #include <linux/mount.h> /* Definition of MOUNT_ATTR_* constants */
> >>>       #include <sys/syscall.h> /* Definition of SYS_* constants */
> >>>       #include <unistd.h>
> >>>
> >>>       int syscall(SYS_mount_setattr, int dirfd, const char *path,
> >>>               unsigned int flags, struct mount_attr *attr, size_t size);
> >>>
> >>>       Note: glibc provides no wrapper for mount_setattr(),
> >>>       necessitating the use of syscall(2).
> >>>
> >>>   DESCRIPTION
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       The size argument should usually be specified as
> >>>       sizeof(struct mount_attr).  However, if the caller does not
> >>>       intend to make use of features that got introduced after the
> >>>       initial version of struct mount_attr, it is possible to pass
> >>>       the size of the initial struct together with the larger
> >>>       struct.  This allows the kernel to not copy later parts of
> >>>       the struct that aren't used anyway.  With each extension that
> >>>       changes the size of struct mount_attr, the kernel will expose
> >>>       a definition of the form MOUNT_ATTR_SIZE_VERnumber.  For
> >>>       example, the macro for the size of the initial version of
> >>>       struct mount_attr is MOUNT_ATTR_SIZE_VER0.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> I think I understand the above paragraph, but I wonder if it could
> >> be improved a little. The general principle is that one can always
> >> pass the size of an earlier, smaller structure to the kernel, right?
> > 
> > Yes.
> > 
> >> My point is that it need not be the size of the initial structure,
> >> right? So, I wonder whether a little rewording might be need above.
> > 
> > Yes, the initial structure size is just an example because that will be
> > very common.
> > 
> >> What do you think?
> > 
> > Sure, I'm proposing something here but please, fell free to reformulate
> > or come up with something completely new:
> > 
> > 	[...]
> > 	However, if the caller is using a kernel that supports an
> > 	extended struct mount_attr but the caller does not intend to
> > 	make use of these features they can pass the size of an earlier
> > 	version of the struct together with the extended structure.
> > 	[...]
> 
> Perfect! I took that text pretty much exactly as you gave it.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       The attr_set and attr_clr members are used to specify the
> >>>       mount properties that are supposed to be set or cleared for a
> >>>       mount or mount tree.  Flags set in attr_set enable a property
> >>>       on a mount or mount tree, and flags set in attr_clr remove a
> >>>       property from a mount or mount tree.
> >>>
> >>>       When changing mount properties, the kernel will first clear
> >>>       the flags specified in the attr_clr field, and then set the
> >>>       flags specified in the attr_set field:
> >>
> >> ???
> >> I find the following example a bit confusing. See below.
> >>
> >>>
> >>>           struct mount_attr attr = {
> >>>               .attr_clr = MOUNT_ATTR_NOEXEC | MOUNT_ATTR_NODEV,
> >>>               .attr_set = MOUNT_ATTR_RDONLY | MOUNT_ATTR_NOSUID,
> >>>           };
> >>
> >> ???
> >> I *think* that what you are trying to show is that the above initializer
> >> resuts in the equivalent of the following code. Is that correct? If so, 
> >> I think the text needs some work to make this clearer. Let me know.
> > 
> > Yes, exactly. Feel free to remove that code and just explain it in text
> > if that's better.
> 
> I've done some rewording to say that the code snippet shows
> the effect of the initializer.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>   RETURN VALUE
> >>>       On success, mount_setattr() returns zero.  On error, -1 is
> >>>       returned and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
> >>>
> >>>   ERRORS
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       EINVAL A valid file descriptor value was specified in
> >>>              userns_fd, but the file descriptor wasn't a namespace
> >>>              file descriptor or did not refer to a user namespace.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Could the above not be simplified to
> >>
> >>       EINVAL A valid file descriptor value was specified in
> >>              userns_fd, but the file descriptor did not refer
> >>              to a user namespace.
> > 
> > Sounds good.
> > 
> >> ?
> 
> Done.
> 
> >>>
> >>>       EINVAL The underlying filesystem does not support ID-mapped
> >>>              mounts.
> >>>
> >>>       EINVAL The mount that is to be ID mapped is not a
> >>>              detached/anonymous mount; that is, the mount is
> >>
> >> ???
> >> What is a the distinction between "detached" and "anonymous"?
> >> Or do you mean them to be synonymous? If so, then let's use
> >> just one term, and I think "detached" is preferable.
> > 
> > Yes, they are synonymous here. I list both because detached can
> > potentially be confusing. A detached mount is a mount that has not been
> > visible in the filesystem. But if you attached it an then unmount it
> > right after and keep the fd for the mountpoint open it's a detached
> > mount purely on a natural language level, I'd argue. But it's not a
> > detached mount from the kernel's view anymore because it has been
> > exposed in the filesystem and is thus not detached anymore.
> > But I do prefer "detached" to "anonymous" and that confusion is very
> > unlikely to occur.
> 
> Thanks. I made it "detached". Elsewhere, the page already explains
> that a detached mount is one that:
> 
>           must have been created by calling open_tree(2) with the
>           OPEN_TREE_CLONE flag and it must not already have been
>           visible in the filesystem.
> 
> Which seems a fine explanation. 
> 
> ????
> But, just a thought... "visible in the filesystem" seems not quite accurate. 
> What you really mean I guess is that it must not already have been
> /visible in the filesystem hierarchy/previously mounted/something else/,
> right?

A detached mount is created via the OPEN_TREE_CLONE flag. It is a
separate new mount so "previously mounted" is not applicable.
A detached mount is _related_ to what the MS_BIND flag gives you with
mount(2). However, they differ conceptually and technically. A MS_BIND
mount(2) is always visible in the fileystem when mount(2) returns, i.e.
it is discoverable by regular path-lookup starting within the
filesystem.

However, a detached mount can be seen as a split of MS_BIND into two
distinct steps:
1. fd_tree = open_tree(OPEN_TREE_CLONE): create a new mount
2. move_mount(fd_tree, <somewhere>):     attach the mount to the filesystem

1. and 2. together give you the equivalent of MS_BIND.
In between 1. and 2. however the mount is detached. For the kernel
"detached" means that an anonymous mount namespace is attached to it
which doen't appear in proc and has a 0 sequence number (Technically,
there's a bit of semantical argument to be made that "attached" and
"detached" are ambiguous as they could also be taken to mean "does or
does not have a parent mount". This ambiguity e.g. appears in
do_move_mount(). That's why the kernel itself calls it an "anonymous
mount". However, an OPEN_TREE_CLONE-detached mount of course doesn't
have a parent mount so it works.).

For userspace it's better to think of detached and attached in terms of
visibility in the filesystem or in a mount namespace. That's more
straightfoward, more relevant, and hits the target in 90% of the cases.

However, the better and clearer picture is to say that a
OPEN_TREE_CLONE-detached mount is a mount that has never been
move_mount()ed. Which in turn can be defined as the detached mount has
never been made visible in a mount namespace. Once that has happened the
mount is irreversibly an attached mount.

I keep thinking that maybe we should just say "anonymous mount"
everywhere. So changing the wording to:

[...]
EINVAL The mount that is to be ID mapped is not an anonymous mount; that is, the mount has already been visible in a mount namespace.
[...]

[...]
The mount must be an anonymous mount; that is, it must have been created by calling open_tree(2) with the OPEN_TREE_CLONE flag and it must not already have been visible in a mount namespace, i.e. it must not have been attached to the filesystem hierarchy with syscalls such as move_mount() syscall.
[...]

(I'm using the formulation "with syscalls such as move_mount()" to
future proof this. :)).

> 
> >>>              already visible in the filesystem.
> >>>
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       EPERM  An already ID-mapped mount was supposed to be ID
> >>>              mapped.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Better:
> >>     An attempt was made to add an ID mapping to a mount that is already
> >>     ID mapped.
> > 
> > Sounds good.
> > 
> >> ?
> 
> Done.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>   NOTES
> >>>   ID-mapped mounts
> >>>       Creating an ID-mapped mount makes it possible to change the
> >>>       ownership of all files located under a mount.  Thus, ID-
> >>>       mapped mounts make it possible to change ownership in a
> >>>       temporary and localized way.  It is a localized change
> >>>       because ownership changes are restricted to a specific mount.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Would it be clearer to say something like:
> >>
> >>     It is a localized change because ownership changes are
> >>     visible only via a specific mount.
> >> ?
> > 
> > Sounds good.
> 
> Done.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       The following conditions must be met in order to create an
> >>>       ID-mapped mount:
> >>>
> >>>       •  The caller must have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability in the
> >>>          initial user namespace.
> >>>
> >>>       •  The filesystem must be mounted in the initial user
> >>>          namespace.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Should this rather be written as:
> >>  
> >>      The filesystem must be mounted in a mount namespace 
> >>      that is owned by the initial user namespace.
> > 
> > Sounds good.
> 
> Done.
> 
> >>>       •  The underlying filesystem must support ID-mapped mounts.
> >>>          Currently, the xfs(5), ext4(5), and FAT filesystems
> >>>          support ID-mapped mounts with more filesystems being
> >>>          actively worked on.
> >>>
> >>>       •  The mount must not already be ID-mapped.  This also
> >>>          implies that the ID mapping of a mount cannot be altered.
> >>>
> >>>       •  The mount must be a detached/anonymous mount; that is, it
> >>
> >> ???
> >> See the above questionon "detached" vs "anonymous"
> > 
> > Yes, please use "detached" only.
> 
> Done.
> 
> >>>          must have been created by calling open_tree(2) with the
> >>>          OPEN_TREE_CLONE flag and it must not already have been
> >>>          visible in the filesystem.
> >>>
> >>>       ID mappings can be created for user IDs, group IDs, and
> >>>       project IDs.  An ID mapping is essentially a mapping of a
> >>>       range of user or group IDs into another or the same range of
> >>>       user or group IDs.  ID mappings are usually written as three
> >>>       numbers either separated by white space or a full stop.  The
> >>>       first two numbers specify the starting user or group ID in
> >>>       each of the two user namespaces.  The third number specifies
> >>>       the range of the ID mapping.  For example, a mapping for user
> >>>       IDs such as 1000:1001:1 would indicate that user ID 1000 in
> >>>       the caller's user namespace is mapped to user ID 1001 in its
> >>>       ancestor user namespace.  Since the map range is 1, only user
> >>>       ID 1000 is mapped.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> The details above seem wrong. When writing to map files, the
> >> fields must be white-space separated, AFAIK. But above you mention
> >> "full stops" and also show an example using colons (:). Those
> >> both seem wrong and confusing. Am I missing something?
> > 
> > This is more about notational conventions that exist and not about how
> > they are actually written. That's something I'm not touching on here as
> > it doesn't belong on this manpage. But feel free to only mention spaces.
> 
> Thanks for the explanation. In this context though, this could mislead
> the reader, so I've removed mention of "full stop" and ":".
> 
> >>>       It is possible to specify up to 340 ID mappings for each ID
> >>>       mapping type.  If any user IDs or group IDs are not mapped,
> >>>       all files owned by that unmapped user or group ID will appear
> >>>       as being owned by the overflow user ID or overflow group ID
> >>>       respectively.
> >>>
> >>>       Further details and instructions for setting up ID mappings
> >>>       can be found in the user_namespaces(7) man page.
> >>>
> >>>       In the common case, the user namespace passed in userns_fd
> >>>       together with MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP in attr_set to create an ID-
> >>>       mapped mount will be the user namespace of a container.  In
> >>>       other scenarios it will be a dedicated user namespace
> >>>       associated with a user's login session as is the case for
> >>>       portable home directories in systemd-homed.service(8)).  It
> >>>       is also perfectly fine to create a dedicated user namespace
> >>>       for the sake of ID mapping a mount.
> 
> I forgot to mention it earlier, but the following text on the
> rationale for ID-mapped mounts is what turns this from a good 
> manual page into a great manual page. Thank you for including it.

Thank you for saying that. Appreciate it.

> 
> >>>       ID-mapped mounts can be useful in the following and a variety
> >>>       of other scenarios:
> >>>
> >>>       •  Sharing files between multiple users or multiple machines,
> >>
> >> ???
> >> s/Sharing files/Sharing filesystems/ ?
> > 
> > [1]: But work. But feel free to use "sharing filesystems".
> 
> s/But/Both/
> 
> I made it "Sharing files or filesystsms"
> 
> >>
> >>>          especially in complex scenarios.  For example, ID-mapped
> >>>          mounts are used to implement portable home directories in
> >>>          systemd-homed.service(8), where they allow users to move
> >>>          their home directory to an external storage device and use
> >>>          it on multiple computers where they are assigned different
> >>>          user IDs and group IDs.  This effectively makes it
> >>>          possible to assign random user IDs and group IDs at login
> >>>          time.
> >>>
> >>>       •  Sharing files from the host with unprivileged containers.
> >>
> >> ???
> >> s/Sharing files/Sharing filesystems/ ?
> > 
> > See [1].
> 
> Same.
> 
> >>>          This allows a user to avoid having to change ownership
> >>>          permanently through chown(2).
> >>>
> >>>       •  ID mapping a container's root filesystem.  Users don't
> >>>          need to change ownership permanently through chown(2).
> >>>          Especially for large root filesystems, using chown(2) can
> >>>          be prohibitively expensive.
> >>>
> >>>       •  Sharing files between containers with non-overlapping ID
> >>
> >> ???
> >> s/Sharing files/Sharing filesystems/ ?
> > 
> > See [1].
> 
> Same.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       •  Locally and temporarily restricted ownership changes.  ID-
> >>>          mapped mounts make it possible to change ownership
> >>>          locally, restricting it to specific mounts, and
> >>
> >> ???
> >> The referent of "it" in the preceding line is not clear.
> >> Should it be "the ownership changes"? Or something else?
> > 
> > It should refer to ownership changes. I'd appreciate it if you could
> > reformulate.
> 
> Done.
> 
> >>>          temporarily as the ownership changes only apply as long as
> >>>          the mount exists.  By contrast, changing ownership via the
> >>>          chown(2) system call changes the ownership globally and
> >>>          permanently.
> >>>
> >>>   Extensibility
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>   EXAMPLES
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Do you have a (preferably simple) example piece of code
> >> somewhere for setting up an ID mapped mount?
> 
> ????
> I guess the best example is this:
> https://github.com/brauner/mount-idmapped/
> right?

Ah yes, sorry. I forgot to answer that yesterday. I sent you links via
another medium but I repeat it here.
There are two places. The link you have here is a private repo. But I've
also merged a program alongside the fstests testsuite I merged:
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfstests-dev.git/tree/src/idmapped-mounts/mount-idmapped.c
which should be nicer and has seen reviews by Amir and Christoph.

> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>       int
> >>>       main(int argc, char *argv[])
> >>>       {
> >>>           struct mount_attr *attr = &(struct mount_attr){};
> >>>           int fd_userns = -EBADF;
> >>
> >> ???
> >> Why this magic initializer here? Why not just "-1"?
> >> Using -EBADF makes it look this is value specifically is
> >> meaningful, although I don't think that's true.
> > 
> > [2]: I always use -EBADF to initialize fds in all my code. It makes it
> > pretty easy to grep for fd initialization etc. So it's pure visual
> > convenience. Freel free to just use -1.
> 
> Changed.
> 
> [...]
> 
> >>>           int fd_tree = open_tree(-EBADF, source,
> >>>                        OPEN_TREE_CLONE | OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC |
> >>>                        AT_EMPTY_PATH | (recursive ? AT_RECURSIVE : 0));
> >>
> >> ???
> >> What is the significance of -EBADF here? As far as I can tell, it
> >> is not meaningful to open_tree()?
> > 
> > I always pass -EBADF for similar reasons to [2]. Feel free to just use -1.
> 
> ????
> But here, both -EBADF and -1 seem to be wrong. This argument 
> is a dirfd, and so should either be a file descriptor or the
> value AT_FDCWD, right?

[1]: In this code "source" is expected to be absolute. If it's not
     absolute we should fail. This can be achieved by passing -1/-EBADF,
     afaict.

> 
> >>>           if (fd_tree == -1)
> >>>               exit_log("%m - Failed to open %s\n", source);
> >>>
> >>>           if (fd_userns >= 0) {
> >>>               attr->attr_set  |= MOUNT_ATTR_IDMAP;
> >>>               attr->userns_fd = fd_userns;
> >>>           }
> >>>
> >>>           ret = mount_setattr(fd_tree, "",
> >>>                       AT_EMPTY_PATH | (recursive ? AT_RECURSIVE : 0),
> >>>                       attr, sizeof(struct mount_attr));
> >>>           if (ret == -1)
> >>>               exit_log("%m - Failed to change mount attributes\n");
> >>>
> >>>           close(fd_userns);
> >>>
> >>>           ret = move_mount(fd_tree, "", -EBADF, target,
> >>>                            MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
> >>
> >> ???
> >> What is the significance of -EBADF here? As far as I can tell, it
> >> is not meaningful to move_mount()?
> > 
> > See [2].
> 
> ????
> As above, both -EBADF and -1 seem to be wrong. This argument 
> is a dirfd, and so should either be a file descriptor or the
> value AT_FDCWD, right?

See [1].

Thanks!
Christian

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