Date:   Mon, 4 Oct 2021 09:21:42 -0700
From:   Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@...gle.com>
To:     Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>
Cc:     Colin Cross <ccross@...gle.com>,
        Sumit Semwal <sumit.semwal@...aro.org>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...el.com>,
        Kees Cook <keescook@...omium.org>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
        "Kirill A . Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@...ux.intel.com>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>,
        Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
        Al Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
        Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@...radead.org>,
        Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@...gle.com>,
        Peter Xu <peterx@...hat.com>, rppt@...nel.org,
        Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
        Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
        vincenzo.frascino@....com,
        Chinwen Chang (張錦文) 
        <chinwen.chang@...iatek.com>,
        Axel Rasmussen <axelrasmussen@...gle.com>,
        Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
        Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>, apopple@...dia.com,
        John Hubbard <jhubbard@...dia.com>,
        Yu Zhao <yuzhao@...gle.com>, Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
        fenghua.yu@...el.com, thunder.leizhen@...wei.com,
        Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>, feng.tang@...el.com,
        Jason Gunthorpe <jgg@...pe.ca>, Roman Gushchin <guro@...com>,
        Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>, krisman@...labora.com,
        chris.hyser@...cle.com, Peter Collingbourne <pcc@...gle.com>,
        "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@...ssion.com>,
        Jens Axboe <axboe@...nel.dk>, legion@...nel.org,
        Rolf Eike Beer <eb@...ix.com>,
        Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@...il.com>,
        Pavel Machek <pavel@....cz>,
        Muchun Song <songmuchun@...edance.com>,
        Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@...aro.org>,
        Thomas Cedeno <thomascedeno@...gle.com>, sashal@...nel.org,
        cxfcosmos@...il.com, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@...musvillemoes.dk>,
        LKML <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-mm <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
        kernel-team <kernel-team@...roid.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v10 2/3] mm: add a field to store names for private
 anonymous memory

On Fri, Oct 1, 2021 at 5:52 PM Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@...gle.com> wrote:
>
> On Fri, Oct 1, 2021 at 4:08 PM Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org> wrote:
> >
> > On Fri,  1 Oct 2021 13:56:56 -0700 Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@...gle.com> wrote:
> >
> > > From: Colin Cross <ccross@...gle.com>
> > >
> > > In many userspace applications, and especially in VM based applications
> > > like Android uses heavily, there are multiple different allocators in use.
> > >  At a minimum there is libc malloc and the stack, and in many cases there
> > > are libc malloc, the stack, direct syscalls to mmap anonymous memory, and
> > > multiple VM heaps (one for small objects, one for big objects, etc.).
> > > Each of these layers usually has its own tools to inspect its usage;
> > > malloc by compiling a debug version, the VM through heap inspection tools,
> > > and for direct syscalls there is usually no way to track them.
> > >
> > > On Android we heavily use a set of tools that use an extended version of
> > > the logic covered in Documentation/vm/pagemap.txt to walk all pages mapped
> > > in userspace and slice their usage by process, shared (COW) vs.  unique
> > > mappings, backing, etc.  This can account for real physical memory usage
> > > even in cases like fork without exec (which Android uses heavily to share
> > > as many private COW pages as possible between processes), Kernel SamePage
> > > Merging, and clean zero pages.  It produces a measurement of the pages
> > > that only exist in that process (USS, for unique), and a measurement of
> > > the physical memory usage of that process with the cost of shared pages
> > > being evenly split between processes that share them (PSS).
> > >
> > > If all anonymous memory is indistinguishable then figuring out the real
> > > physical memory usage (PSS) of each heap requires either a pagemap walking
> > > tool that can understand the heap debugging of every layer, or for every
> > > layer's heap debugging tools to implement the pagemap walking logic, in
> > > which case it is hard to get a consistent view of memory across the whole
> > > system.
> > >
> > > Tracking the information in userspace leads to all sorts of problems.
> > > It either needs to be stored inside the process, which means every
> > > process has to have an API to export its current heap information upon
> > > request, or it has to be stored externally in a filesystem that
> > > somebody needs to clean up on crashes.  It needs to be readable while
> > > the process is still running, so it has to have some sort of
> > > synchronization with every layer of userspace.  Efficiently tracking
> > > the ranges requires reimplementing something like the kernel vma
> > > trees, and linking to it from every layer of userspace.  It requires
> > > more memory, more syscalls, more runtime cost, and more complexity to
> > > separately track regions that the kernel is already tracking.
> > >
> > > This patch adds a field to /proc/pid/maps and /proc/pid/smaps to show a
> > > userspace-provided name for anonymous vmas.  The names of named anonymous
> > > vmas are shown in /proc/pid/maps and /proc/pid/smaps as [anon:<name>].
> > >
> > > Userspace can set the name for a region of memory by calling
> > > prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, start, len, (unsigned long)name);
> >
> > So this can cause a vma to be split, if [start,len] doesn't exactly
> > describe an existing vma?  If so, is this at all useful?  If not then
> > `len' isn't needed - just pass in some address within an existing vma?
>
> Technically one could mmap a large chunk of memory and then assign
> different names to its parts to use for different purposes, which
> would cause the vma to split. I don't think Android uses it that way
> but I'll have to double-check. I think one advantage of doing this
> could be to minimize the number of mmap syscalls.
>
> > > Setting the name to NULL clears it. The name length limit is 80 bytes
> > > including NUL-terminator and is checked to contain only printable ascii
> > > characters (including space), except '[',']','\','$' and '`'.
> > >
> > > The name is stored in a pointer in the shared union in vm_area_struct
> > > that points to a null terminated string. Anonymous vmas with the same
> > > name (equivalent strings) and are otherwise mergeable will be merged.
> >
> > So this can prevent vma merging if used incorrectly (or maliciously -
> > can't think how)?  What are the potential impacts of this?
>
> Potential impact would be that otherwise mergeable vmas would not be
> merged due to the name difference. This is a known downside of naming
> an anon vma which I documented in my manual pages description as "Note
> that assigning an  attribute to a virtual memory area might prevent it
> from being merged with adjacent virtual memory areas due to the
> difference in that attribute's value.". In Android we see an increase
> in the number of VMAs due to this feature but it was not significant.
> I'll try to dig up the numbers or will rerun the test to get them.
> If a process maliciously wants to increase the number of vmas in the
> system it could generate lots of vmas with different names in its
> address space, however this can be done even without this feature by
> mapping vmas while toggling a protection bit. Something like this:
>
> int prot = PROT_WRITE;
> for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
>     mmap(NULL, size_bytes, prot, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
>     prot = (prot ^ PROT_READ) & (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
> }
>
> > > The name pointers are not shared between vmas even if they contain the
> > > same name. The name pointer is stored in a union with fields that are
> > > only used on file-backed mappings, so it does not increase memory usage.
> > >
> > > The patch is based on the original patch developed by Colin Cross, more
> > > specifically on its latest version [1] posted upstream by Sumit Semwal.
> > > It used a userspace pointer to store vma names. In that design, name
> > > pointers could be shared between vmas. However during the last upstreaming
> > > attempt, Kees Cook raised concerns [2] about this approach and suggested
> > > to copy the name into kernel memory space, perform validity checks [3]
> > > and store as a string referenced from vm_area_struct.
> > > One big concern is about fork() performance which would need to strdup
> > > anonymous vma names. Dave Hansen suggested experimenting with worst-case
> > > scenario of forking a process with 64k vmas having longest possible names
> > > [4]. I ran this experiment on an ARM64 Android device and recorded a
> > > worst-case regression of almost 40% when forking such a process. This
> > > regression is addressed in the followup patch which replaces the pointer
> > > to a name with a refcounted structure that allows sharing the name pointer
> > > between vmas of the same name. Instead of duplicating the string during
> > > fork() or when splitting a vma it increments the refcount.
> >
> > Generally, the patch adds a bunch of code which a lot of users won't
> > want.  Did we bust a gut to reduce this impact?  Was a standalone
> > config setting considered?
>
> I didn't consider a standalone config for this feature because when
> not used it has no memory impact at runtime. As for the image size, I
> built Linus' ToT with and without this patchset with allmodconfig and
> the sizes are:
> Without the patchset:
> $ size vmlinux
>    text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
> 40763556 58424519 29016228 128204303 7a43e0f vmlinux
>
> With the patchset:
> $ size vmlinux
>    text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
> 40765068 58424671 29016228 128205967 7a4448f vmlinux
>
> The increase seems quite small, so I'm not sure if it warrants a
> separate config option.

Andrew, do you still think we need a separate CONFIG option? I fixed
the build issue when CONFIG_ADVISE_SYSCALLS=n and would like to post
the update but if you want to have a separate config then I can post
that together with the fix. Please let me know.
Thanks,
Suren.

>
> > And what would be the impact of making this feature optional?  Is a
> > proliferation of formats in /proc/pid/maps going to make userspace
> > parsers harder to develop and test?
>
> I'm guessing having one format is simpler and therefore preferable?
>
> > I do think that saying "The names of named anonymous vmas are shown in
> > /proc/pid/maps and /proc/pid/smaps as [anon:<name>]." is a bit thin.
> > Please provide sample output so we can consider these things better.
>
> Sure. Here is a sample /proc/$pid/maps output (partial):
>
> 6ffacb6000-6ffacd6000 r--s 00000000 00:10 361
>   /dev/__properties__/properties_serial
> 6ffacd6000-6ffacd9000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:System property context nodes]
> 6ffacd9000-6ffaceb000 r--s 00000000 00:10 79
>   /dev/__properties__/property_info
> 6ffaceb000-6ffad4f000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:linker_alloc]
> 6ffad4f000-6ffad51000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:bionic_alloc_small_objects]
> 6ffad51000-6ffad52000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:atexit handlers]
> 6ffad52000-6ffbc2c000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
> 6ffbc2c000-6ffbc2e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
> 6ffbc2e000-6ffbd52000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
> 6ffbd52000-6ffbd53000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
> 6ffbd53000-6ffbd5b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:thread signal stack]
> 6ffbd5b000-6ffbd5c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:arc4random data]
> 6ffbd5c000-6ffbd5d000 r--p 0000d000 07:90 59
>   /apex/com.android.art/javalib/arm64/boot-okhttp.art
> 6ffbd5d000-6ffbd5e000 r--p 00014000 07:90 56
>   /apex/com.android.art/javalib/arm64/boot-core-libart.art
> 6ffbd5e000-6ffbd5f000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:arc4random data]
> 6ffbd5f000-6ffbd61000 r--p 00000000 00:00 0                              [vvar]
> 6ffbd61000-6ffbd62000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0                              [vdso]
>
> and sample /proc/$pid/smaps output (partial):
>
> 6ffad4f000-6ffad51000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
>   [anon:bionic_alloc_small_objects]
> Size:                  8 kB
> KernelPageSize:        4 kB
> MMUPageSize:           4 kB
> Rss:                   0 kB
> Pss:                   0 kB
> Shared_Clean:          0 kB
> Shared_Dirty:          0 kB
> Private_Clean:         0 kB
> Private_Dirty:         0 kB
> Referenced:            0 kB
> Anonymous:             0 kB
> LazyFree:              0 kB
> AnonHugePages:         0 kB
> ShmemPmdMapped:        0 kB
> FilePmdMapped:         0 kB
> Shared_Hugetlb:        0 kB
> Private_Hugetlb:       0 kB
> Swap:                  8 kB
> SwapPss:               8 kB
> Locked:                0 kB
> THPeligible:    0
> VmFlags: rd wr mr mw me ac
>
> >
> > What are the risks that existing parsers will be broken by such changes?
>
> That I can't really answer. It would depend on how the parser is
> written. The implementation follows the same pattern as [stack],
> [vdso] and other non-filebacked sections are named, however if a
> parser is written so that it does not ignore an unknown entry then it
> would fail to parse [anon:...] name if some process decides to name
> its anonymous vmas.

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