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Date: Wed, 10 Nov 2021 18:54:27 +0800
From: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@...edance.com>
To: akpm@...ux-foundation.org, tglx@...utronix.de,
kirill.shutemov@...ux.intel.com, mika.penttila@...tfour.com,
david@...hat.com, jgg@...dia.com
Cc: linux-doc@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org, songmuchun@...edance.com,
zhouchengming@...edance.com, Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@...edance.com>
Subject: [PATCH v3 14/15] Documentation: add document for pte_ref
This commit adds document for pte_ref under `Documentation/vm/`.
Signed-off-by: Qi Zheng <zhengqi.arch@...edance.com>
---
Documentation/vm/pte_ref.rst | 212 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 212 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/pte_ref.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/pte_ref.rst b/Documentation/vm/pte_ref.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c5323a263464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/pte_ref.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+.. _pte_ref:
+
+============================================================================
+pte_ref: Tracking about how many references to each user PTE page table page
+============================================================================
+
+.. contents:: :local:
+
+1. Preface
+==========
+
+Now in order to pursue high performance, applications mostly use some
+high-performance user-mode memory allocators, such as jemalloc or tcmalloc.
+These memory allocators use ``madvise(MADV_DONTNEED or MADV_FREE)`` to release
+physical memory for the following reasons::
+
+ First of all, we should hold as few write locks of mmap_lock as possible,since
+ the mmap_lock semaphore has long been a contention point in the memory
+ management subsystem. The mmap()/munmap() hold the write lock, and the
+ madvise(MADV_DONTNEED or MADV_FREE) hold the read lock, so using madvise()
+ instead of munmap() to released physical memory can reduce the competition of
+ the mmap_lock.
+
+ Secondly, after using madvise() to release physical memory, there is no need to
+ build vma and allocate page tables again when accessing the same virtual
+ address again, which can also save some time.
+
+The following is the largest user PTE page table memory that can be allocated by
+a single user process in a 32-bit and a 64-bit system.
+
++---------------------------+--------+---------+
+| | 32-bit | 64-bit |
++===========================+========+=========+
+| user PTE page table pages | 3 MiB | 512 GiB |
++---------------------------+--------+---------+
+| user PMD page table pages | 3 KiB | 1 GiB |
++---------------------------+--------+---------+
+
+(for 32-bit, take 3G user address space, 4K page size as an example; for 64-bit,
+take 48-bit address width, 4K page size as an example.)
+
+After using ``madvise()``, everything looks good, but as can be seen from the
+above table, a single process can create a large number of PTE page tables on a
+64-bit system, since both of the ``MADV_DONTNEED`` and ``MADV_FREE`` will not
+release page table memory. And before the process exits or calls ``munmap()``,
+the kernel cannot reclaim these pages even if these PTE page tables do not map
+anything.
+
+Therefore, we decided to introduce reference count to manage the PTE page table
+life cycle, so that some free PTE page table memory in the system can be
+dynamically released.
+
+2. The reference count of user PTE page table pages
+===================================================
+
+We introduce two members for the ``struct page`` of the user PTE page table
+page::
+
+ union {
+ pgtable_t pmd_huge_pte; /* protected by page->ptl */
+ pmd_t *pmd; /* PTE page only */
+ };
+ union {
+ struct mm_struct *pt_mm; /* x86 pgds only */
+ atomic_t pt_frag_refcount; /* powerpc */
+ atomic_t pte_refcount; /* PTE page only */
+ };
+
+The ``pmd`` member record the pmd entry that maps the user PTE page table page,
+the ``pte_refcount`` member keep track of how many references to the user PTE
+page table page.
+
+The following people will hold a reference on the user PTE page table page::
+
+ The !pte_none() entry, such as regular page table entry that map physical
+ pages, or swap entry, or migrate entry, etc.
+
+ Visitor to the PTE page table entries, such as page table walker.
+
+Any ``!pte_none()`` entry and visitor can be regarded as the user of its PTE
+page table page. When the ``pte_refcount`` is reduced to 0, it means that no one
+is using the PTE page table page, then this free PTE page table page can be
+released back to the system at this time.
+
+3. Competitive relationship
+===========================
+
+Now, the user page table will only be released by calling ``free_pgtables()``
+when the process exits or ``unmap_region()`` is called (e.g. ``munmap()`` path).
+So other threads only need to ensure mutual exclusion with these paths to ensure
+that the page table is not released. For example::
+
+ thread A thread B
+ page table walker munmap
+ ================= ======
+
+ mmap_read_lock()
+ if (!pte_none() && pte_present() && !pmd_trans_unstable()) {
+ pte_offset_map_lock()
+ *walk page table*
+ pte_unmap_unlock()
+ }
+ mmap_read_unlock()
+
+ mmap_write_lock_killable()
+ detach_vmas_to_be_unmapped()
+ unmap_region()
+ --> free_pgtables()
+
+But after we introduce the reference count for the user PTE page table page,
+these existing balances will be broken. The page can be released at any time
+when its ``pte_refcount`` is reduced to 0. Therefore, the following case may
+happen::
+
+ thread A thread B thread C
+ page table walker madvise(MADV_DONTNEED) page fault
+ ================= ====================== ==========
+
+ mmap_read_lock()
+ if (!pte_none() && pte_present() && !pmd_trans_unstable()) {
+
+ mmap_read_lock()
+ unmap_page_range()
+ --> zap_pte_range()
+ *the pte_refcount is reduced to 0*
+ --> *free PTE page table page*
+
+ /* broken!! */ mmap_read_lock()
+ pte_offset_map_lock()
+
+As we can see, all of the thread A, B and C hold the read lock of mmap_lock, so
+they can execute concurrently. When thread B releases the PTE page table page,
+the value in the corresponding pmd entry will become unstable, which may be
+none or huge pmd, or map a new PTE page table page again. This will cause system
+chaos and even panic.
+
+So as described in the section "The reference count of user PTE page table
+pages", we need to try to take a reference to the PTE page table page before
+walking page table, then the system will become orderly again::
+
+ thread A thread B
+ page table walker madvise(MADV_DONTNEED)
+ ================= ======================
+
+ mmap_read_lock()
+ if (!pte_none() && pte_present() && !pmd_trans_unstable()) {
+ pte_try_get()
+ --> pte_get_unless_zero
+ *if successfully, then:*
+
+ mmap_read_lock()
+ unmap_page_range()
+ --> zap_pte_range()
+ *the pte_refcount is reduced to 1*
+
+ pte_offset_map_lock()
+ *walk page table*
+ pte_unmap_unlock()
+ pte_put()
+ --> *the pte_refcount is reduced to 0*
+ --> *free PTE page table page*
+
+There is also a lock-less scenario(such as fast GUP). Fortunately, we don't need
+to do any additional operations to ensure that the system is in order. Take fast
+GUP as an example::
+
+ thread A thread B
+ fast GUP madvise(MADV_DONTNEED)
+ ======== ======================
+
+ get_user_pages_fast_only()
+ --> local_irq_save();
+ *free PTE page table page*
+ --> unhook page
+ /* The CPU where thread A is located closed
+ * the local interrupt and cannot respond to
+ * IPI, so it will block here */
+ TLB invalidate page
+ gup_pgd_range();
+ local_irq_restore();
+ *free page*
+
+4. Helpers
+==========
+
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_ref_init | Initialize the pte_refcount and pmd |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_to_pmd | Get the corresponding pmd |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_update_pmd | Update the corresponding pmd |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_get | Increment a pte_refcount |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_get_many | Add a value to a pte_refcount |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_get_unless_zero | Increment a pte_refcount unless it is 0 |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_try_get | Try to increment a pte_refcount |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_tryget_map | Try to increment a pte_refcount before |
+| | pte_offset_map() |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_tryget_map_lock | Try to increment a pte_refcount before |
+| | pte_offset_map_lock() |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_put | Decrement a pte_refcount |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_put_many | Sub a value to a pte_refcount |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
+| pte_put_vmf | Decrement a pte_refcount in the page fault path |
++---------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
--
2.11.0
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