Date:   Mon, 14 Mar 2022 23:57:35 -0700
From:   Minchan Kim <minchan@...nel.org>
To:     Ivan Babrou <ivan@...udflare.com>
Cc:     Linux MM <linux-mm@...ck.org>,
        linux-kernel <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>,
        Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Nitin Gupta <ngupta@...are.org>,
        Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@...omium.org>,
        Jens Axboe <axboe@...nel.dk>, linux-block@...r.kernel.org,
        kernel-team <kernel-team@...udflare.com>
Subject: Re: zram corruption due to uninitialized do_swap_page fault

On Mon, Mar 14, 2022 at 09:18:43PM -0700, Ivan Babrou wrote:
> On Fri, Mar 11, 2022 at 11:51 AM Ivan Babrou <ivan@...udflare.com> wrote:
> >
> > Hello,
> >
> > We're looking into using zram, but unfortunately we ran into some
> > corruption issues. We've seen rocksdb complaining about "Corruption:
> > bad entry in block", and we've also seen some coredumps that point at
> > memory being zeroed out. One of our Rust processes coredumps contains
> > a non-null pointer pointing at zero, among other things:
> >
> > * core::ptr::non_null::NonNull<u8> {pointer: 0x0}
> >
> > In fact, a whole bunch of memory around this pointer was all zeros.
> >
> > Disabling zram resolves all issues, and we can't reproduce any of
> > these issues with other swap setups. I've tried adding crc32
> > checksumming for pages that are compressed, but it didn't catch the
> > issue either, even though userspace facing symptoms were present. My
> > crc32 code doesn't touch ZRAM_SAME pages, though.
> >
> > Unfortunately, this isn't trivial to replicate, and I believe that it
> > depends on zram used for swap specifically, not for zram as a block
> > device. Specifically, swap_slot_free_notify looks suspicious.
> >
> > Here's a patch that I have to catch the issue in the act:
> >
> > diff --git a/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c b/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c
> > index 438ce34ee760..fea46a70a3c9 100644
> > --- a/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c
> > +++ b/drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c
> > @@ -1265,6 +1265,9 @@ static int __zram_bvec_read(struct zram *zram,
> > struct page *page, u32 index,
> >   unsigned long value;
> >   void *mem;
> >
> > + if (WARN_ON(!handle && !zram_test_flag(zram, index, ZRAM_SAME)))
> > + pr_warn("Page %u read from zram without previous write\n", index);
> > +
> >   value = handle ? zram_get_element(zram, index) : 0;
> >   mem = kmap_atomic(page);
> >   zram_fill_page(mem, PAGE_SIZE, value);
> >
> > In essence, it warns whenever a page is read from zram that was not
> > previously written to. To make this work, one needs to zero out zram
> > prior to running mkswap on it.
> >
> > I have prepared a GitHub repo with my observations and a reproduction:
> >
> > * https://github.com/bobrik/zram-corruptor
> >
> > I'm able to trigger the following in an aarch64 VM with two threads
> > reading the same memory out of swap:
> >
> > [ 512.651752][ T7285] ------------[ cut here ]------------
> > [ 512.652279][ T7285] WARNING: CPU: 0 PID: 7285 at
> > drivers/block/zram/zram_drv.c:1285 __zram_bvec_read+0x28c/0x2e8 [zram]
> > [ 512.653923][ T7285] Modules linked in: zram zsmalloc kheaders nfsv3
> > nfs lockd grace sunrpc xt_conntrack nft_chain_nat xt_MASQUERADE nf_nat
> > nf_conntrack_netlink nf_conntrack nf_defrag_ipv6 nf_defrag_ipv4
> > nft_counter xt_addrtype nft_compat nf_tables nfnetlink bridge stp llc
> > overlay xfs libcrc32c zstd zstd_compress af_packet aes_ce_blk
> > aes_ce_cipher ghash_ce gf128mul virtio_net sha3_ce net_failover
> > sha3_generic failover sha512_ce sha512_arm64 sha2_ce sha256_arm64
> > virtio_mmio virtio_ring qemu_fw_cfg rtc_pl031 virtio fuse ip_tables
> > x_tables ext4 mbcache crc16 jbd2 nvme nvme_core pci_host_generic
> > pci_host_common unix [last unloaded: zsmalloc]
> > [ 512.659238][ T7285] CPU: 0 PID: 7285 Comm: zram-corruptor Tainted: G
> > W 5.16.0-ivan #1 0877d306c6dc0716835d43cafe4399473d09e406
> > [ 512.660413][ T7285] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
> > [ 512.661077][ T7285] pstate: 80400005 (Nzcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT
> > -SSBS BTYPE=--)
> > [ 512.661788][ T7285] pc : __zram_bvec_read+0x28c/0x2e8 [zram]
> > [ 512.662099][ T7285] lr : zram_bvec_rw+0x70/0x204 [zram]
> > [ 512.662422][ T7285] sp : ffffffc01018bac0
> > [ 512.662720][ T7285] x29: ffffffc01018bae0 x28: ffffff9e4e725280 x27:
> > ffffff9e4e725280
> > [ 512.663122][ T7285] x26: ffffff9e4e725280 x25: 00000000000001f6 x24:
> > 0000000100033e6c
> > [ 512.663601][ T7285] x23: 00000000000001f6 x22: 0000000000000000 x21:
> > fffffffe7a36d840
> > [ 512.664252][ T7285] x20: 00000000000001f6 x19: ffffff9e69423c00 x18:
> > ffffffc010711068
> > [ 512.664812][ T7285] x17: 0000000000000008 x16: ffffffd34aed51bc x15:
> > 0000000000000000
> > [ 512.665507][ T7285] x14: 0000000000000a88 x13: 0000000000000000 x12:
> > 0000000000000000
> > [ 512.666183][ T7285] x11: 0000000100033e6c x10: ffffffc01091d000 x9 :
> > 0000000001000000
> > [ 512.666627][ T7285] x8 : 0000000000002f10 x7 : 80b75f8fb90b52c4 x6 :
> > 051609fe50833de3
> > [ 512.667276][ T7285] x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 0000000000000000 x3 :
> > 0000000000000000
> > [ 512.667875][ T7285] x2 : 00000000000001f6 x1 : 00000000000001f6 x0 :
> > ffffffd305b746af
> > [ 512.668483][ T7285] Call trace:
> > [ 512.668682][ T7285] __zram_bvec_read+0x28c/0x2e8 [zram
> > 745969ed35ea0fb382bfd518d6f70e13966e9b52]
> > [ 512.669405][ T7285] zram_bvec_rw+0x70/0x204 [zram
> > 745969ed35ea0fb382bfd518d6f70e13966e9b52]
> > [ 512.670066][ T7285] zram_rw_page+0xb4/0x16c [zram
> > 745969ed35ea0fb382bfd518d6f70e13966e9b52]
> > [ 512.670584][ T7285] bdev_read_page+0x74/0xac
> > [ 512.670843][ T7285] swap_readpage+0x5c/0x2e4
> > [ 512.671243][ T7285] do_swap_page+0x2f4/0x988
> > [ 512.671560][ T7285] handle_pte_fault+0xcc/0x1fc
> > [ 512.671935][ T7285] handle_mm_fault+0x284/0x4a8
> > [ 512.672412][ T7285] do_page_fault+0x274/0x428
> > [ 512.672704][ T7285] do_translation_fault+0x5c/0xf8
> > [ 512.673083][ T7285] do_mem_abort+0x50/0xc8
> > [ 512.673293][ T7285] el0_da+0x3c/0x74
> > [ 512.673549][ T7285] el0t_64_sync_handler+0xc4/0xec
> > [ 512.673972][ T7285] el0t_64_sync+0x1a4/0x1a8
> > [ 512.674495][ T7285] ---[ end trace cf983b7507c20343 ]---
> > [ 512.675359][ T7285] zram: Page 502 read from zram without previous write
> >
> > I can also trace accesses to zram to catch the unfortunate sequence:
> >
> > zram_bvec_write index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> > zram_free_page index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> > zram_bvec_read index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> > zram_free_page index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286] <-- problematic free
> > zram_bvec_read index = 502 [cpu = 0, tid = 7285] <-- problematic read
> >
> > With stacks for zram_free_page:
> >
> > zram_bvec_write index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> > zram_free_page  index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> >
> >         zram_free_page+0
> >         $x.97+32
> >         zram_rw_page+180
> >         bdev_write_page+124
> >         __swap_writepage+116
> >         swap_writepage+160
> >         pageout+284
> >         shrink_page_list+2892
> >         shrink_inactive_list+688
> >         shrink_lruvec+360
> >         shrink_node_memcgs+148
> >         shrink_node+860
> >         shrink_zones+368
> >         do_try_to_free_pages+232
> >         try_to_free_mem_cgroup_pages+292
> >         try_charge_memcg+608
> >
> > zram_bvec_read  index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286]
> > zram_free_page  index = 502 [cpu = 3, tid = 7286] <-- problematic free
> >
> >         zram_free_page+0
> >         swap_range_free+220
> >         swap_entry_free+244
> >         swapcache_free_entries+152
> >         free_swap_slot+288
> >         __swap_entry_free+216
> >         swap_free+108
> >         do_swap_page+1776
> >         handle_pte_fault+204
> >         handle_mm_fault+644
> >         do_page_fault+628
> >         do_translation_fault+92
> >         do_mem_abort+80
> >         el0_da+60
> >         el0t_64_sync_handler+196
> >         el0t_64_sync+420
> >
> > zram_bvec_read  index = 502 [cpu = 0, tid = 7285] <-- problematic read
> >
> > The very last read is the same one that triggered the warning from my
> > patch in dmesg. You can see that the slot is freed before reading by
> > swapcache_free_entries. As far as I can see, only zram implements
> > swap_slot_free_notify. Swapping in an uninitialized zram page results
> > in all zeroes copied, which matches the symptoms.
> >
> > The issue doesn't reproduce if I pin both threads to the same CPU. It
> > also doesn't reproduce with a single thread. All of this seems to
> > point at some sort of race condition.
> >
> > I was able to reproduce this on x86_64 bare metal server as well.
> >
> > I'm happy to try out mitigation approaches for this. If my
> > understanding here is incorrect, I'm also happy to try out patches
> > that could help me catch the issue in the wild.
> 
> I poked around the swapping code a bit. In the failing read stack:
> 
> [ 1298.167823][ T7004]  swap_readpage+0x60/0x328
> [ 1298.168317][ T7004]  do_swap_page+0x438/0x904
> 
> You can see that swap_readpage is only called from do_swap_page for
> synchronous IO:
> 
> if (data_race(si->flags & SWP_SYNCHRONOUS_IO) &&
>     __swap_count(entry) == 1) {
>     // ...
>     if (page) {
>         // ...
>         swap_readpage(page, true);
> 
> See: https://elixir.bootlin.com/linux/v5.15.28/source/mm/memory.c#L3548
> 
> I looked around some more and found 0bcac06f27d7:
> 
> * mm, swap: skip swapcache for swapin of synchronous device
> 
> Zram is considered fast synchronous storage. Reverting that notion
> makes my reproduction not complain anymore:


Yeah, that was the part I was chasing since we had problem there

5df373e95689b, mm/page_io.c: do not free shared swap slots

Initially, I suspected __swap_count race(I still believe it has
swap_slot_free_notify and do_swap_page) and fixed the race
with workaround but the problem still happened. 

Looks like your test program clone the child with CLONE_VM
which never call swap_duplicate to increase swap_map count.
It means the 0bcac06f27d7 and 5df373e95689b couldn't work
with CLONE_VM.

I think reverting them is best at this moment unless someone
has an idea.

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