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Message-ID: <CAFf+5zjhdxHCEj9UgqFLJyGy59wiLAzq0RKS4EtOYbgGtV4kzA@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 Jul 2022 12:24:56 +0530
From: Amit <amitchoudhary0523@...il.com>
To: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: New String Search Algorithm (in case someone needs it).
New String Search Algorithm (in case someone needs it).
/*
* License: This file has been released under Apache 2.0 license. The
license can be
* found here: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.txt
*/
/* I have invented this new string search algorithm. */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#define ALPHABET_SIZE 256
#define ARRAY_SIZE 256
long new_string_search_algorithm(char *text, char *pattern);
static int show_menu_and_get_user_option(void);
static void do_manual_testing(void);
static void run_automated_tests(void);
static long get_random_number(long lower, long upper);
static char *get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(char
*str, long size);
/*
* long new_string_search_algorithm(char *text, char *pattern):
*
* Function new_string_search_algorithm() searches for the pattern string
* in the text string. If pattern is found in the text, then the starting
* index of the match (from the text string) is returned.
* If pattern is not found in the text then -1 is returned.
*/
long new_string_search_algorithm(char *text, char *pattern)
{
long skip_table[ALPHABET_SIZE];
long i = 0;
long j = 0;
long temp = 0;
long text_len = (long)(strlen(text));
long pattern_len = (long)(strlen(pattern));
long last_index_of_pattern = pattern_len - 1;
// initialize skip_table
for (i = 0; i < ALPHABET_SIZE; i++) {
skip_table[i] = -1;
}
// Preprocess pattern and fill the skip_table. An index of the skip_table
// represents the corresponding letter of the alphabet. So, index '65'
// represents letter 'A'. The value in the element at index 'i' of the
// skip_table is the distance of the last occurrence of that
letter (corresponding to index 'i')
// in the pattern from the last index of the pattern.
for (i = 0; i <= last_index_of_pattern; i++) {
skip_table[(long)(pattern[i])] = last_index_of_pattern - i;
}
// start searching
i = 0;
while (i < text_len) {
if ((text_len - i) < pattern_len) {
return -1;
}
temp = skip_table[(long)(text[i + last_index_of_pattern])];
// We are searching from last to first (right to left). If the last
// character of the pattern doesn't match character at index
// 'i + last_index_of_pattern' of the text then we check whether the
// character at index 'i + last_index_of_pattern' of the text occurs
// in the pattern or not. If not, then we skip forward a part
of the text string
// (part is equal to the pattern_len). Else, if yes then we skip temp
// number of characters in the text string if temp is greater than 0.
if (pattern[last_index_of_pattern] != text[i + last_index_of_pattern]) {
if (temp == -1) {
i = i + pattern_len;
} else if (temp > 0) {
i = i + temp;
}
continue;
}
for (j = last_index_of_pattern - 1; j >= 0; j = j - 1) {
if (pattern[j] != text[i + j]) {
if (skip_table[(long)(text[i + j])] == -1) {
i = i + j;
}
break;
}
} // end of inner for loop
if (j == -1) { //string matched
return i;
}
i = i + 1;
} // end of while loop
return -1;
} // end of new_string_search_algorithm
int main(void)
{
int option = 0;
while (1) {
option = show_menu_and_get_user_option();
switch (option) {
case 1:
do_manual_testing();
break;
case 2:
run_automated_tests();
break;
case 3:
printf("\n");
printf("Exiting..\n\n");
exit(0);
} // end of switch
} // end of while (1)
} // end of main
static int show_menu_and_get_user_option(void)
{
int option = 0;
do {
system("clear");
printf("\n\n");
printf("---------- Menu ----------\n\n");
printf("1. Do manual testing.\n");
printf("2. Run automated tests.\n");
printf("3. Exit.\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Please enter a valid option (1 - 3): ");
scanf("%d", &option);
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
} while ((option < 1) || (option > 3));
return option;
} // end of show_menu_and_get_user_option
static void do_manual_testing(void)
{
char text[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0};
char pattern[ARRAY_SIZE] = {0};
long index = -1;
while (1) {
system("clear");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Please input a text string in which to search the
pattern string"
" (max %d characters) (To go back to main menu, enter 0
and hit ENTER): ",
ARRAY_SIZE - 1);
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(text, ARRAY_SIZE);
if(strcmp(text, "0") == 0)
return;
if(!text[0]) {
printf("\n\n");
printf("Error: Text string is empty. This is invalid.
Please try again..\n");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Hit enter to continue...");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
continue;
}
printf("\n");
printf("Please input a pattern string to search in the text string"
" (max %d characters) (To go back to main menu, enter 0
and hit ENTER): ",
ARRAY_SIZE - 1);
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(pattern, ARRAY_SIZE);
if(strcmp(pattern, "0") == 0)
return;
if(!pattern[0]) {
printf("\n\n");
printf("Error: Pattern string is empty. This is invalid.
Please try again..\n");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Hit enter to continue...");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
continue;
}
index = new_string_search_algorithm(text, pattern);
printf("\n\n");
if (index == -1) {
printf("Output: Pattern not found in the text string.\n");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Hit enter to continue...");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
continue;
}
printf("Output: Pattern found in text string at index %ld of
text string. ", index);
if (memcmp(text + index, pattern, strlen(pattern)) == 0) {
printf("memcmp() also passed.\n");
} else {
printf("\n\n");
printf("Bug: memcmp() didn't pass.\n\n");
printf("Some bug in program. Crashing the program. File name: %s,"
" Line number: %d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
printf("\n\n");
*((int *)(-1)) = 123;
}
printf("\n\n");
printf("Please press ENTER to continue..");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
} // end of while (1) loop
} // end of do_manual_testing
static void run_automated_tests(void)
{
char *text = "The byte is a unit of digital information that most
commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number
of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer[1][2]
and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in
many computer architectures. To disambiguate arbitrarily sized bytes
from the common 8-bit definition, network protocol documents such as
The Internet Protocol (RFC 791) refer to an 8-bit byte as an octet.[3]
Those bits in an octet are usually counted with numbering from 0 to 7
or 7 to 0 depending on the bit endianness. The first bit is number 0,
making the eighth bit number 7. The size of the byte has historically
been hardware-dependent and no definitive standards existed that
mandated the size. Sizes from 1 to 48 bits have been used.[4][5][6][7]
The six-bit character code was an often-used implementation in early
encoding systems, and computers using six-bit and nine-bit bytes were
common in the 1960s. These systems often had memory words of 12, 18,
24, 30, 36, 48, or 60 bits, corresponding to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, or 10
six-bit bytes. In this era, bit groupings in the instruction stream
were often referred to as syllables[a] or slab, before the term byte
became common. The modern de facto standard of eight bits, as
documented in ISO/IEC 2382-1:1993, is a convenient power of two
permitting the binary-encoded values 0 through 255 for one byte - 2 to
the power of 8 is 256.[8] The international standard IEC 80000-13
codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use
information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor
designers commonly optimize for this usage. The popularity of major
commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous
acceptance of the 8-bit byte.[9] Modern architectures typically use
32- or 64-bit words, built of four or eight bytes, respectively. The
unit symbol for the byte was designated as the upper-case letter B by
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).[10] Internationally, the
unit octet, symbol o, explicitly defines a sequence of eight bits,
eliminating the potential ambiguity of the term byte.[11][12]";
long text_len = (long)(strlen(text));
char *pattern = NULL;
long pattern_len = -1;
long index_to_copy_pattern_from = -1;
long index = -1;
long test_num = 0;
long total_num_tests = 1000000;
pattern_len = get_random_number(1, text_len);
index_to_copy_pattern_from = get_random_number(0, text_len - pattern_len);
pattern = malloc((size_t)(text_len + 1)); // 1 extra for null byte
if (!pattern) {
printf("\n\n");
printf("No memory. Could not allocate memory for pattern.\n");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Please press ENTER to continue..");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
return;
}
memmove(pattern, text + index_to_copy_pattern_from, (size_t)(pattern_len));
pattern[pattern_len] = 0;
system("clear");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Running automated tests..\n\n\n");
while (test_num != total_num_tests) {
printf("\r");
printf("Running test %ld/%ld: ", test_num + 1, total_num_tests);
index = new_string_search_algorithm(text, pattern);
if (index == -1) {
printf("FAILED.%*s\n", 120, "");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Test should not fail. Crashing the program. File name: %s,"
" Line number: %d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
printf("\n\n");
*((int *)(-1)) = 123;
}
printf("PASSED. ");
if (memcmp(text + index_to_copy_pattern_from, pattern,
(size_t)(pattern_len)) != 0) {
printf("memcmp() FAILED.%*s\n", 120, "");
printf("\n\n");
printf("memcmp() should not fail. Crashing the program.
File name: %s,"
" Line number: %d", __FILE__, __LINE__);
printf("\n\n");
*((int *)(-1)) = 123;
}
printf("memcmp() also PASSED.");
test_num = test_num + 1;
} // end of while
printf("\n\n");
printf("All tests passed.\n");
printf("\n\n");
printf("Please press ENTER to continue..");
get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(NULL, 0);
return;
} // end of run_automated_tests
static long get_random_number(long lower, long upper)
{
srandom((unsigned int)(time(NULL)));
return ((random() % (upper - lower + 1)) + lower);
} // end of get_random_number
static char *get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters(char
*str, long size)
{
int c = 0;
long i = 0;
// If 'size' is 0 then this function will discard all input and return NULL.
// No need to check 'str' if 'size' is 0.
if (size == 0) {
// discard all input
while ((c = getchar()) && (c != '\n') && (c != EOF));
return NULL;
}
if (!str)
return str;
if (size < 0)
return NULL;
for (i = 0; i < (size - 1); i = i + 1) {
c = getchar();
if ((c == '\n') || (c == EOF)) {
str[i] = 0;
return str;
}
str[i] = (char)(c);
} // end of for loop
str[i] = 0;
// discard rest of input
while ((c = getchar()) && (c != '\n') && (c != EOF));
return str;
} // end of get_input_from_stdin_and_discard_extra_characters
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