Date:   Tue, 16 Aug 2022 07:55:02 -0700
From:   Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>
To:     Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>
Cc:     Linus Torvalds <torvalds@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Herbert Xu <herbert@...dor.apana.org.au>,
        Tejun Heo <tj@...nel.org>, marcan@...can.st,
        peterz@...radead.org, jirislaby@...nel.org, maz@...nel.org,
        mark.rutland@....com, catalin.marinas@....com, oneukum@...e.com,
        roman.penyaev@...fitbricks.com, asahi@...ts.linux.dev,
        linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        stable@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH] workqueue: Fix memory ordering race in queue_work*()

On Tue, Aug 16, 2022 at 02:41:57PM +0100, Will Deacon wrote:
> On Mon, Aug 15, 2022 at 10:27:10PM -0700, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> > On Mon, Aug 15, 2022 at 9:15 PM Herbert Xu <herbert@...dor.apana.org.au> wrote:
> > >
> > > Please revert this as test_and_set_bit was always supposed to be
> > > a full memory barrier.  This is an arch bug.
> > 
> > Yes, the bitops are kind of strange for various legacy reasons:
> > 
> >  - set/clear_bit is atomic, but without a memory barrier, and need a
> > "smp_mb__before_atomic()" or similar for barriers
> > 
> >  - test_and_set/clear_bit() are atomic, _and_ are memory barriers
> > 
> >  - test_and_set_bit_lock and test_and_clear_bit_unlock are atomic and
> > _weaker_ than full memory barriers, but sufficient for locking (ie
> > acquire/release)
> > 
> > Does any of this make any sense at all? No. But those are the
> > documented semantics exactly because people were worried about
> > test_and_set_bit being used for locking, since on x86 all the atomics
> > are also memory barriers.
> > 
> > From looking at it, the asm-generic implementation is a bit
> > questionable, though. In particular, it does
> > 
> >         if (READ_ONCE(*p) & mask)
> >                 return 1;
> > 
> > so it's *entirely* unordered for the "bit was already set" case.
> > 
> > That looks very wrong to me, since it basically means that the
> > test_and_set_bit() can return "bit was already set" based on an old
> > value - not a memory barrier at all.
> > 
> > So if you use "test_and_set_bit()" as some kind of "I've done my work,
> > now I am going to set the bit to tell people to pick it up", then that
> > early "bit was already set" code completely breaks it.
> > 
> > Now, arguably our atomic bitop semantics are very very odd, and it
> > might be time to revisit them. But that code looks very very buggy to
> > me.
> > 
> > The bug seems to go back to commit e986a0d6cb36 ("locking/atomics,
> > asm-generic/bitops/atomic.h: Rewrite using atomic_*() APIs"), and the
> > fix looks to be as simple as just removing that early READ_ONCE return
> > case (test_and_clear has the same bug).
> > 
> > Will?
> 
> Right, this looks like it's all my fault, so sorry about that.
> 
> In an effort to replace the spinlock-based atomic bitops with a version
> based on atomic instructions in e986a0d6cb36, I inadvertently added this
> READ_ONCE() shortcut to test_and_set_bit() because at the time that's
> what we had (incorrectly) documented in our attempts at cleaning things
> up in this area. I confess that I have never been comfortable with the
> comment for test_and_set_bit() prior to my problematic patch:
> 
> /**
>  * test_and_set_bit - Set a bit and return its old value
>  * @nr: Bit to set
>  * @addr: Address to count from
>  *
>  * This operation is atomic and cannot be reordered.
>  * It may be reordered on other architectures than x86.
>  * It also implies a memory barrier.
>  */
> 
> so while Peter and I were trying to improve the documentation for
> atomics and memory barriers we clearly ended up making the wrong call
> trying to treat this like e.g. a cmpxchg() (which has the
> unordered-on-failure semantics).
> 
> It's worth noting that with the spinlock-based implementation (i.e.
> prior to e986a0d6cb36) then we would have the same problem on
> architectures that implement spinlocks with acquire/release semantics;
> accesses from outside of the critical section can drift in and reorder
> with each other there, so the conversion looked legitimate to me in
> isolation and I vaguely remember going through callers looking for
> potential issues. Alas, I obviously missed this case.
> 

I just to want to mention that although spinlock-based atomic bitops
don't provide the full barrier in test_and_set_bit(), but they don't
have the problem spotted by Hector, because test_and_set_bit() and
clear_bit() sync with each other via locks:

	test_and_set_bit():
	  lock(..);
	  old = *p; // mask is already set by other test_and_set_bit()
	  *p = old | mask;
	  unlock(...);
				clear_bit():
				  lock(..);
				  *p ~= mask;
				  unlock(..);

so "having a full barrier before test_and_set_bit()" may not be the
exact thing we need here, as long as a test_and_set_bit() can sync with
a clear_bit() uncondiontally, then the world is safe. For example, we
can make test_and_set_bit() RELEASE, and clear_bit() ACQUIRE on ARM64:

	test_and_set_bit():
	  atomic_long_fetch_or_release(..); // pair with clear_bit()
	  				    // guarantee everything is
					    // observed.
	  			clear_bit():
				  atomic_long_fetch_andnot_acquire(..);
	  
, maybe that's somewhat cheaper than a full barrier implementation.

Thoughts? Just to find the exact ordering requirement for bitops.

Regards,
Boqun

> So it looks to me like we need to:
> 
>   1. Upgrade test_and_{set,clear}_bit() to have a full memory barrier
>      regardless of the value which is read from memory. The lock/unlock
>      flavours can remain as-is.
> 
>   2. Fix the documentation
> 
>   3. Figure out what to do about architectures building atomics out of
>      spinlocks (probably ok as lock+unlock == full barrier there?)
> 
>   4. Accept my sincerest apologies for the mess!
> 
> > IOW, the proper fix for this should, I think, look something like this
> > (whitespace mangled) thing:
> > 
> >    --- a/include/asm-generic/bitops/atomic.h
> >    +++ b/include/asm-generic/bitops/atomic.h
> >    @@ -39,9 +39,6 @@ arch_test_and_set_bit(
> >         unsigned long mask = BIT_MASK(nr);
> > 
> >         p += BIT_WORD(nr);
> >    -    if (READ_ONCE(*p) & mask)
> >    -            return 1;
> >    -
> >         old = arch_atomic_long_fetch_or(mask, (atomic_long_t *)p);
> >         return !!(old & mask);
> >     }
> >    @@ -53,9 +50,6 @@ arch_test_and_clear_bit
> >         unsigned long mask = BIT_MASK(nr);
> > 
> >         p += BIT_WORD(nr);
> >    -    if (!(READ_ONCE(*p) & mask))
> >    -            return 0;
> >    -
> >         old = arch_atomic_long_fetch_andnot(mask, (atomic_long_t *)p);
> >         return !!(old & mask);
> >     }
> > 
> > but the above is not just whitespace-damaged, it's entirely untested
> > and based purely on me looking at that code.
> 
> Yes, I think that's step 1, thanks! I'm a bit worried about the perf
> numbers on the other thread, but we can get to the bottom of that
> separately.
> 
> Will

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