Message-ID: <20221124160115.23ae7928@rotkaeppchen>
Date:   Thu, 24 Nov 2022 16:01:15 +0100
From:   Philipp Rudo <prudo@...hat.com>
To:     Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org>
Cc:     Eric Biederman <ebiederm@...ssion.com>,
        Jonathan Corbet <corbet@....net>,
        Sergey Senozhatsky <senozhatsky@...omium.org>,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, kexec@...ts.infradead.org,
        Ross Zwisler <zwisler@...nel.org>, linux-doc@...r.kernel.org,
        "Joel Fernandes (Google)" <joel@...lfernandes.org>,
        Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v1 2/2] kexec: Introduce kexec_reboot_disabled

On Thu, 24 Nov 2022 13:52:58 +0100
Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org> wrote:

> On Thu, 24 Nov 2022 at 12:40, Philipp Rudo <prudo@...hat.com> wrote:
> >
> > Hi Ricardo,
> >
> > On Wed, 23 Nov 2022 09:58:08 +0100
> > Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org> wrote:
> >  
> > > Hi Philipp
> > >
> > > Thanks for your review.
> > >
> > > My scenario is a trusted system, where even if you are root, your
> > > access to the system is very limited.
> > >
> > > Let's assume LOADPIN and verity are enabled.  
> >
> > My point is that on such systems I expect that a sysadmin also wants to
> > control the crash kernel including its initramfs (which also has to be part
> > of the signed kernel?). But if that's the case a sysadmin can simply arm
> > kdump early during boot and then toggle kexec_load_disabled. With that
> > LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC also gets disabled as no kexec kernel can be loaded
> > while kdump works. Thus there is no need to add the new interface. Or am
> > I missing anything?  
> 
> Let's say that you have a script that does something like this
> 
> 
> kexec -p dump_kernel
> echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/kexec_load_disabled
> 
> If an attacker can DDos the system and make that script crash... then
> kexec is still accessible
> 
> On the other hand, if you load the kernel with the commandline
> 
> sysctl.kernel.kexec_load_disabled=1
		      ^^^^
		      reboot?
Otherwise you shouldn't be able to load the crash kernel at all.

> Then even if the script crashes, the only way to abuse kexec is by
> panicing the running kernel....

True. But  when an attacker can DDos the system the final workload is
already running. So wouldn't it be enough to make sure that the script
above has finished before starting you workload. E.g. by setting an
appropriate Before=/After= in the systemd.unit?

Furthermore, I don't think that restricting kexec reboot alone is
sufficient when the attacker can still control the crash kernel. At
least my assumption is that triggering a panic instead of just
rebooting is just a mild inconvenience for somebody who is able to pull
off an attack like that.

> Would it make you more comfortable if I model this as a kernel config
> instead of a runtime option?

No, I think the implementation is fine. I'm currently only struggling
to understand what problem kexec_reboot_disabled solves that cannot be
solved by kexec_load_disabled.

> Thanks!

Happy to help.

Thanks
Philipp

> 
> 
> >
> > Thanks
> > Philipp
> >  
> > >
> > > On Mon, 21 Nov 2022 at 15:10, Philipp Rudo <prudo@...hat.com> wrote:  
> > > >
> > > > Hi Ricardo,
> > > >
> > > > On Thu, 17 Nov 2022 16:15:07 +0100
> > > > Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org> wrote:
> > > >  
> > > > > Hi Philipp
> > > > >
> > > > > Thanks for your review!  
> > > >
> > > > happy to help.
> > > >  
> > > > >
> > > > > On Thu, 17 Nov 2022 at 16:07, Philipp Rudo <prudo@...hat.com> wrote:  
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Hi Ricardo,
> > > > > >
> > > > > > all in all I think this patch makes sense. However, there is one point
> > > > > > I don't like...
> > > > > >
> > > > > > On Mon, 14 Nov 2022 14:18:39 +0100
> > > > > > Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org> wrote:
> > > > > >  
> > > > > > > Create a new toogle that disables LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC, reducing the
> > > > > > > attack surface to a system.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Without this toogle, an attacker can only reboot into a different kernel
> > > > > > > if they can create a panic().
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Signed-off-by: Ricardo Ribalda <ribalda@...omium.org>
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst
> > > > > > > index 97394bd9d065..25d019682d33 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst
> > > > > > > +++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst
> > > > > > > @@ -462,6 +462,17 @@ altered.
> > > > > > >  Generally used together with the `modules_disabled`_ sysctl.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > +kexec_reboot_disabled
> > > > > > > +=====================
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > +A toggle indicating if ``LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC`` has been disabled.
> > > > > > > +This value defaults to 0 (false: ``LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC`` enabled),
> > > > > > > +but can be set to 1 (true: ``LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC`` disabled).
> > > > > > > +Once true, kexec can no longer be used for reboot and the toggle
> > > > > > > +cannot be set back to false.
> > > > > > > +This toggle does not affect the use of kexec during a crash.
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > >  kptr_restrict
> > > > > > >  =============
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > diff --git a/include/linux/kexec.h b/include/linux/kexec.h
> > > > > > > index 41a686996aaa..15c3fad8918b 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/include/linux/kexec.h
> > > > > > > +++ b/include/linux/kexec.h
> > > > > > > @@ -407,6 +407,7 @@ extern int kimage_crash_copy_vmcoreinfo(struct kimage *image);
> > > > > > >  extern struct kimage *kexec_image;
> > > > > > >  extern struct kimage *kexec_crash_image;
> > > > > > >  extern int kexec_load_disabled;
> > > > > > > +extern int kexec_reboot_disabled;
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >  #ifndef kexec_flush_icache_page
> > > > > > >  #define kexec_flush_icache_page(page)
> > > > > > > diff --git a/kernel/kexec.c b/kernel/kexec.c
> > > > > > > index cb8e6e6f983c..43063f803d81 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/kernel/kexec.c
> > > > > > > +++ b/kernel/kexec.c
> > > > > > > @@ -196,6 +196,10 @@ static inline int kexec_load_check(unsigned long nr_segments,
> > > > > > >       if (!capable(CAP_SYS_BOOT) || kexec_load_disabled)
> > > > > > >               return -EPERM;
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > +     /* Check if the system admin has disabled kexec reboot. */
> > > > > > > +     if (!(flags & KEXEC_ON_CRASH) && kexec_reboot_disabled)
> > > > > > > +             return -EPERM;  
> > > > > >
> > > > > > ... Allowing to load a crashkernel doesn't make sense in my opinion. If
> > > > > > an attacker is capable of creating a malicious kernel, planting it on
> > > > > > the victims system and then find a way to boot it via kexec this
> > > > > > attacker also knows how to load the malicious kernel as crashkernel and
> > > > > > trigger a panic. So you haven't really gained anything. That's why I
> > > > > > would simply drop this hunk (and the corresponding one from
> > > > > > kexec_file_load) and let users who worry about this use a combination of
> > > > > > kexec_load_disabled and kexec_reboot_disabled.  
> > > > >
> > > > > If for whatever reason your sysadmin configured kexec_reboot_disabed
> > > > > it can be nice that when a user try to load it they get a warning.
> > > > > It is easier to debug than waiting two steps later when they run kexec -e....  
> > > >
> > > > I'm having second thoughts about this patch. My main problem is that I
> > > > don't see a real use case where kexec_reboot_disabled is advantageous
> > > > over kexec_load_disabled. The point is that disabling
> > > > LINUX_REBOOT_CMD_KEXEC is almost identical to toggling kexec_load_disabled without
> > > > a loaded kernel (when you don't have a kernel loaded you cannot reboot
> > > > into it). With this the main use case of kexec_reboot_disabled is
> > > > already covered by kexec_load_disabled.  
> > >  
> > > >
> > > > However, there are two differences
> > > >
> > > > 1) with kexec_reboot_disable you can still (re-)load a crash kernel
> > > > e.g. to update the initramfs after a config change. But as discussed in
> > > > my first mail this comes on the cost that an attacker could still load a
> > > > malicious crash kernel and then 'panic into it'.  
> > >
> > > That crash kernel must be already in the signed malicious kernel.
> > > which reduces the chances of attack.
> > > Plus an attacker must be able to panic the current kernel at will,
> > > instead of just call reset.
> > >  
> > > >
> > > > 2) kexec_load_disabled also prevents unloading of a loaded kernel. So
> > > > once loaded kexec_load_disabled cannot prevent the reboot into this
> > > > kernel.
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > For 1) I doubt that this is desired at all. My expectation is that on
> > > > systems where a sysadmin restricts a user to reboot via kexec the
> > > > sysadmin also wants to prevent the user to load an arbitrary crash
> > > > kernel. Especially as this still keeps the loophole open you are trying
> > > > to close.
> > > >
> > > > So only 2) is left as real benefit. But that is an extremely specific
> > > > scenario. How often does this scenario happen in real life? What
> > > > problem does kexec_reboot_disable solve different implementation
> > > > (also in userspace) cannot?
> > > >
> > > > Sorry about being this pedantic but you want to introduce some new uapi
> > > > which will be hard if not impossible to change once introduced. That's
> > > > why I want to be a 100% sure it is really needed.  
> > >
> > > No worries. Completely understand :). Thanks for taking this seriously..
> > >
> > >
> > > Best regards!  
> > > >
> > > > Thanks
> > > > Philipp
> > > >
> > > >  
> > > > > That is why I added it. But i am also ok removing it
> > > > >  
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Thanks
> > > > > > Philipp
> > > > > >  
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > >       /* Permit LSMs and IMA to fail the kexec */
> > > > > > >       result = security_kernel_load_data(LOADING_KEXEC_IMAGE, false);
> > > > > > >       if (result < 0)
> > > > > > > diff --git a/kernel/kexec_core.c b/kernel/kexec_core.c
> > > > > > > index ca2743f9c634..fe82e2525705 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/kernel/kexec_core.c
> > > > > > > +++ b/kernel/kexec_core.c
> > > > > > > @@ -929,6 +929,7 @@ int kimage_load_segment(struct kimage *image,
> > > > > > >  struct kimage *kexec_image;
> > > > > > >  struct kimage *kexec_crash_image;
> > > > > > >  int kexec_load_disabled;
> > > > > > > +int kexec_reboot_disabled;
> > > > > > >  #ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
> > > > > > >  static struct ctl_table kexec_core_sysctls[] = {
> > > > > > >       {
> > > > > > > @@ -941,6 +942,16 @@ static struct ctl_table kexec_core_sysctls[] = {
> > > > > > >               .extra1         = SYSCTL_ONE,
> > > > > > >               .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
> > > > > > >       },
> > > > > > > +     {
> > > > > > > +             .procname       = "kexec_reboot_disabled",
> > > > > > > +             .data           = &kexec_reboot_disabled,
> > > > > > > +             .maxlen         = sizeof(int),
> > > > > > > +             .mode           = 0644,
> > > > > > > +             /* only handle a transition from default "0" to "1" */
> > > > > > > +             .proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
> > > > > > > +             .extra1         = SYSCTL_ONE,
> > > > > > > +             .extra2         = SYSCTL_ONE,
> > > > > > > +     },
> > > > > > >       { }
> > > > > > >  };
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > @@ -1138,7 +1149,7 @@ int kernel_kexec(void)
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >       if (!kexec_trylock())
> > > > > > >               return -EBUSY;
> > > > > > > -     if (!kexec_image) {
> > > > > > > +     if (!kexec_image || kexec_reboot_disabled) {
> > > > > > >               error = -EINVAL;
> > > > > > >               goto Unlock;
> > > > > > >       }
> > > > > > > diff --git a/kernel/kexec_file.c b/kernel/kexec_file.c
> > > > > > > index 45637511e0de..583fba6de5cb 100644
> > > > > > > --- a/kernel/kexec_file.c
> > > > > > > +++ b/kernel/kexec_file.c
> > > > > > > @@ -333,6 +333,11 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE5(kexec_file_load, int, kernel_fd, int, initrd_fd,
> > > > > > >       if (!capable(CAP_SYS_BOOT) || kexec_load_disabled)
> > > > > > >               return -EPERM;
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > +     /* Check if the system admin has disabled kexec reboot. */
> > > > > > > +     if (!(flags & (KEXEC_FILE_ON_CRASH | KEXEC_FILE_UNLOAD))
> > > > > > > +         && kexec_reboot_disabled)
> > > > > > > +             return -EPERM;
> > > > > > > +
> > > > > > >       /* Make sure we have a legal set of flags */
> > > > > > >       if (flags != (flags & KEXEC_FILE_FLAGS))
> > > > > > >               return -EINVAL;
> > > > > > >  
> > > > > >  
> > > > >
> > > > >  
> > > >  
> > >
> > >  
> >  
> 
> 

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