Date:   Thu, 12 Jan 2023 20:22:24 +0100
From:   "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rafael@...nel.org>
To:     Kajetan Puchalski <kajetan.puchalski@....com>
Cc:     rafael@...nel.org, daniel.lezcano@...aro.org, lukasz.luba@....com,
        Dietmar.Eggemann@....com, dsmythies@...us.net,
        yu.chen.surf@...il.com, linux-pm@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v6 0/2] cpuidle: teo: Introduce util-awareness

On Thu, Jan 5, 2023 at 3:52 PM Kajetan Puchalski
<kajetan.puchalski@....com> wrote:
>
> Hi,
>
> At the moment, none of the available idle governors take any scheduling
> information into account. They also tend to overestimate the idle
> duration quite often, which causes them to select excessively deep idle
> states, thus leading to increased wakeup latency and lower performance with no
> power saving. For 'menu' while web browsing on Android for instance, those
> types of wakeups ('too deep') account for over 24% of all wakeups.
>
> At the same time, on some platforms idle state 0 can be power efficient
> enough to warrant wanting to prefer it over idle state 1. This is because
> the power usage of the two states can be so close that sufficient amounts
> of too deep state 1 sleeps can completely offset the state 1 power saving to the
> point where it would've been more power efficient to just use state 0 instead.
> This is of course for systems where state 0 is not a polling state, such as
> arm-based devices.
>
> Sleeps that happened in state 0 while they could have used state 1 ('too shallow') only
> save less power than they otherwise could have. Too deep sleeps, on the other
> hand, harm performance and nullify the potential power saving from using state 1 in
> the first place. While taking this into account, it is clear that on balance it
> is preferable for an idle governor to have more too shallow sleeps instead of
> more too deep sleeps on those kinds of platforms.
>
> Currently the best available governor under this metric is TEO which on average results in less than
> half the percentage of too deep sleeps compared to 'menu', getting much better wakeup latencies and
> increased performance in the process.
>
> This patchset specifically tunes TEO to prefer shallower idle states in order to reduce wakeup latency
> and achieve better performance. To this end, before selecting the next idle state it uses the avg_util
> signal of a CPU's runqueue in order to determine to what extent the CPU is being utilized.
> This util value is then compared to a threshold defined as a percentage of the cpu's capacity
> (capacity >> 6 ie. ~1.5% in the current implementation). If the util is above the threshold, the idle
> state selected by TEO metrics will be reduced by 1, thus selecting a shallower state. If the util is
> below the threshold, the governor defaults to the TEO metrics mechanism to try to select the deepest
> available idle state based on the closest timer event and its own correctness.
>
> The main goal of this is to reduce latency and increase performance for some workloads. Under some
> workloads it will result in an increase in power usage (Geekbench 5) while for other workloads it
> will also result in a decrease in power usage compared to TEO (PCMark Web, Jankbench, Speedometer).
>
> As of v2 the patch includes a 'fast exit' path for arm-based and similar systems where only 2 idle
> states are present. If there's just 2 idle states and the CPU is utilized, we can directly select
> the shallowest state and save cycles by skipping the entire metrics mechanism.
>
> Under the current implementation, the state will not be reduced by 1 if the change would lead to
> selecting a polling state instead of a non-polling state.
>
> This approach can outperform all the other currently available governors, at least on mobile device
> workloads, which is why I think it is worth keeping as an option.
>
> There is no particular attachment or reliance on TEO for this mechanism, I simply chose to base
> it on TEO because it performs the best out of all the available options and I didn't think there was
> any point in reinventing the wheel on the side of computing governor metrics. If a
> better approach comes along at some point, there's no reason why the same idle aware mechanism
> couldn't be used with any other metrics algorithm. That would, however, require implemeting it as
> a separate governor rather than a TEO add-on.
>
> As for how the extension performs in practice, below I'll add some benchmark results I got while
> testing this patchset. All the benchmarks were run after holding the phone in the fridge for exactly
> an hour each time to minimise the impact of thermal issues.
>
> Pixel 6 (Android 12, mainline kernel 5.18, with newer mainline CFS patches):
>
> 1. Geekbench 5 (latency-sensitive, heavy load test)
>
> The values below are gmean values across 3 back to back iteration of Geekbench 5.
> As GB5 is a heavy benchmark, after more than 3 iterations intense throttling kicks in on mobile devices
> resulting in skewed benchmark scores, which makes it difficult to collect reliable results. The actual
> values for all of the governors can change between runs as the benchmark might be affected by factors
> other than just latency. Nevertheless, on the runs I've seen, util-aware TEO frequently achieved better
> scores than all the other governors.
>
> Benchmark scores
>
> +-----------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | metric          | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |-----------------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | multicore_score | menu        |  2826.5 | 0.0%        |
> | multicore_score | teo         |  2764.8 | -2.18%      |
> | multicore_score | teo_util_v3 |  2849   | 0.8%        |
> | multicore_score | teo_util_v4 |  2865   | 1.36%       |
> | score           | menu        |  1053   | 0.0%        |
> | score           | teo         |  1050.7 | -0.22%      |
> | score           | teo_util_v3 |  1059.6 | 0.63%       |
> | score           | teo_util_v4 |  1057.6 | 0.44%       |
> +-----------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Idle misses
>
> The numbers are percentages of too deep and too shallow sleeps computed using the new trace
> event - cpu_idle_miss. The percentage is obtained by counting the two types of misses over
> the course of a run and then dividing them by the total number of wakeups in that run.
>
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
> | wa_path     | type        |   count_perc |
> |-------------+-------------+--------------|
> | menu        | too deep    |      14.994% |
> | teo         | too deep    |       9.649% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too deep    |       4.298% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too deep    |       4.02 % |
> | menu        | too shallow |       2.497% |
> | teo         | too shallow |       5.963% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too shallow |      13.773% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too shallow |      14.598% |
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
>
> Power usage [mW]
>
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | chan_name    | metric   | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | total_power  | gmean    | menu        |  2551.4 | 0.0%        |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo         |  2606.8 | 2.17%       |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 |  2670.1 | 4.65%       |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 |  2722.3 | 6.7%        |
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Task wakeup latency
>
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> | comm            | metric   | kernel      |       value | perc_diff   |
> |-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------|
> | AsyncTask #1    | gmean    | menu        | 78.16μs     | 0.0%        |
> | AsyncTask #1    | gmean    | teo         | 61.60μs     | -21.19%     |
> | AsyncTask #1    | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 74.34μs     | -4.89%      |
> | AsyncTask #1    | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 54.45μs     | -30.34%     |
> | labs.geekbench5 | gmean    | menu        | 88.55μs     | 0.0%        |
> | labs.geekbench5 | gmean    | teo         | 100.97μs    | 14.02%      |
> | labs.geekbench5 | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 53.57μs     | -39.5%      |
> | labs.geekbench5 | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 59.60μs     | -32.7%      |
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
>
> In case of this benchmark, the difference in latency does seem to translate into better scores.
>
> 2. PCMark Web Browsing (non latency-sensitive, normal usage web browsing test)
>
> The table below contains gmean values across 20 back to back iterations of PCMark 2 Web Browsing.
>
> Benchmark scores
>
> +----------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | metric         | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |----------------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | PcmaWebV2Score | menu        |  5232   | 0.0%        |
> | PcmaWebV2Score | teo         |  5219.8 | -0.23%      |
> | PcmaWebV2Score | teo_util_v3 |  5273.5 | 0.79%       |
> | PcmaWebV2Score | teo_util_v4 |  5239.9 | 0.15%       |
> +----------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Idle misses
>
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
> | wa_path     | type        |   count_perc |
> |-------------+-------------+--------------|
> | menu        | too deep    |      24.814% |
> | teo         | too deep    |       11.65% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too deep    |       3.481% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too deep    |       3.662% |
> | menu        | too shallow |       3.101% |
> | teo         | too shallow |       8.578% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too shallow |      18.326% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too shallow |      18.692% |
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
>
> Power usage [mW]
>
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | chan_name    | metric   | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | total_power  | gmean    | menu        |   179.2 | 0.0%        |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo         |   184.8 | 3.1%        |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 |   177.4 | -1.02%      |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 |   184.1 | 2.71%       |
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Task wakeup latency
>
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> | comm            | metric   | kernel      |       value | perc_diff   |
> |-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------|
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | menu        | 236.63μs    | 0.0%        |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo         | 201.85μs    | -14.7%      |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 106.46μs    | -55.01%     |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 106.72μs    | -54.9%      |
> | chmark:workload | gmean    | menu        | 100.30μs    | 0.0%        |
> | chmark:workload | gmean    | teo         | 80.20μs     | -20.04%     |
> | chmark:workload | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 65.88μs     | -34.32%     |
> | chmark:workload | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 57.90μs     | -42.28%     |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | menu        | 97.57μs     | 0.0%        |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo         | 98.86μs     | 1.31%       |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 56.49μs     | -42.1%      |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 72.68μs     | -25.52%     |
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
>
> In this case the large latency improvement does not translate into a notable increase in benchmark score as
> this particular benchmark mainly responds to changes in operating frequency.
>
> 3. Jankbench (locked 60hz screen) (normal usage UI test)
>
> Frame durations
>
> +---------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
> | variable      | kernel           |   value | perc_diff   |
> |---------------+------------------+---------+-------------|
> | mean_duration | menu_60hz        |    13.9 | 0.0%        |
> | mean_duration | teo_60hz         |    14.7 | 6.0%        |
> | mean_duration | teo_util_v3_60hz |    13.8 | -0.87%      |
> | mean_duration | teo_util_v4_60hz |    12.6 | -9.0%       |
> +---------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Jank percentage
>
> +------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
> | variable   | kernel           |   value | perc_diff   |
> |------------+------------------+---------+-------------|
> | jank_perc  | menu_60hz        |     1.5 | 0.0%        |
> | jank_perc  | teo_60hz         |     2.1 | 36.99%      |
> | jank_perc  | teo_util_v3_60hz |     1.3 | -13.95%     |
> | jank_perc  | teo_util_v4_60hz |     1.3 | -17.37%     |
> +------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Idle misses
>
> +------------------+-------------+--------------+
> | wa_path          | type        |   count_perc |
> |------------------+-------------+--------------|
> | menu_60hz        | too deep    |       26.00% |
> | teo_60hz         | too deep    |       11.00% |
> | teo_util_v3_60hz | too deep    |        2.33% |
> | teo_util_v4_60hz | too deep    |        2.54% |
> | menu_60hz        | too shallow |        4.74% |
> | teo_60hz         | too shallow |       11.89% |
> | teo_util_v3_60hz | too shallow |       21.78% |
> | teo_util_v4_60hz | too shallow |       21.93% |
> +------------------+-------------+--------------+
>
> Power usage [mW]
>
> +--------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
> | chan_name    | kernel           |   value | perc_diff   |
> |--------------+------------------+---------+-------------|
> | total_power  | menu_60hz        |   144.6 | 0.0%        |
> | total_power  | teo_60hz         |   136.9 | -5.27%      |
> | total_power  | teo_util_v3_60hz |   134.2 | -7.19%      |
> | total_power  | teo_util_v4_60hz |   121.3 | -16.08%     |
> +--------------+------------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Task wakeup latency
>
> +-----------------+------------------+-------------+-------------+
> | comm            | kernel           |       value | perc_diff   |
> |-----------------+------------------+-------------+-------------|
> | RenderThread    | menu_60hz        | 139.52μs    | 0.0%        |
> | RenderThread    | teo_60hz         | 116.51μs    | -16.49%     |
> | RenderThread    | teo_util_v3_60hz | 86.76μs     | -37.82%     |
> | RenderThread    | teo_util_v4_60hz | 91.11μs     | -34.7%      |
> | droid.benchmark | menu_60hz        | 135.88μs    | 0.0%        |
> | droid.benchmark | teo_60hz         | 105.21μs    | -22.57%     |
> | droid.benchmark | teo_util_v3_60hz | 83.92μs     | -38.24%     |
> | droid.benchmark | teo_util_v4_60hz | 83.18μs     | -38.79%     |
> | surfaceflinger  | menu_60hz        | 124.03μs    | 0.0%        |
> | surfaceflinger  | teo_60hz         | 151.90μs    | 22.47%      |
> | surfaceflinger  | teo_util_v3_60hz | 100.19μs    | -19.22%     |
> | surfaceflinger  | teo_util_v4_60hz | 87.65μs     | -29.33%     |
> +-----------------+------------------+-------------+-------------+
>
> 4. Speedometer 2 (heavy load web browsing test)
>
> Benchmark scores
>
> +-------------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | metric            | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |-------------------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | Speedometer Score | menu        |   102   | 0.0%        |
> | Speedometer Score | teo         |   104.9 | 2.88%       |
> | Speedometer Score | teo_util_v3 |   102.1 | 0.16%       |
> | Speedometer Score | teo_util_v4 |   103.8 | 1.83%       |
> +-------------------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Idle misses
>
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
> | wa_path     | type        |   count_perc |
> |-------------+-------------+--------------|
> | menu        | too deep    |       17.95% |
> | teo         | too deep    |        6.46% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too deep    |        0.63% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too deep    |        0.64% |
> | menu        | too shallow |        3.86% |
> | teo         | too shallow |        8.21% |
> | teo_util_v3 | too shallow |       14.72% |
> | teo_util_v4 | too shallow |       14.43% |
> +-------------+-------------+--------------+
>
> Power usage [mW]
>
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
> | chan_name    | metric   | kernel      |   value | perc_diff   |
> |--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------|
> | total_power  | gmean    | menu        |  2059   | 0.0%        |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo         |  2187.8 | 6.26%       |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 |  2212.9 | 7.47%       |
> | total_power  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 |  2121.8 | 3.05%       |
> +--------------+----------+-------------+---------+-------------+
>
> Task wakeup latency
>
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
> | comm            | metric   | kernel      |       value | perc_diff   |
> |-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------|
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | menu        | 17.18μs     | 0.0%        |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo         | 16.18μs     | -5.82%      |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 18.04μs     | 5.05%       |
> | CrRendererMain  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 18.25μs     | 6.27%       |
> | RenderThread    | gmean    | menu        | 68.60μs     | 0.0%        |
> | RenderThread    | gmean    | teo         | 48.44μs     | -29.39%     |
> | RenderThread    | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 48.01μs     | -30.02%     |
> | RenderThread    | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 51.24μs     | -25.3%      |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | menu        | 42.23μs     | 0.0%        |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo         | 29.84μs     | -29.33%     |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo_util_v3 | 24.51μs     | -41.95%     |
> | surfaceflinger  | gmean    | teo_util_v4 | 29.64μs     | -29.8%      |
> +-----------------+----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
>
> Thank you for taking your time to read this!
>
> --
> Kajetan
>
> v5 -> v6:
> - amended some wording in the commit description & cover letter
> - included test results in the commit description
> - refactored checking the CPU utilized status to account for !SMP systems
> - dropped the RFC from the patchset header
>
> v4 -> v5:
> - remove the restriction to only apply the mechanism for C1 candidate state
> - clarify some code comments, fix comment style
> - refactor the fast-exit path loop implementation
> - move some cover letter information into the commit description
>
> v3 -> v4:
> - remove the chunk of code skipping metrics updates when the CPU was utilized
> - include new test results and more benchmarks in the cover letter
>
> v2 -> v3:
> - add a patch adding an option to skip polling states in teo_find_shallower_state()
> - only reduce the state if the candidate state is C1 and C0 is not a polling state
> - add a check for polling states in the 2-states fast-exit path
> - remove the ifdefs and Kconfig option
>
> v1 -> v2:
> - rework the mechanism to reduce selected state by 1 instead of directly selecting C0 (suggested by Doug Smythies)
> - add a fast-exit path for systems with 2 idle states to not waste cycles on metrics when utilized
> - fix typos in comments
> - include a missing header
>
>
> Kajetan Puchalski (2):
>   cpuidle: teo: Optionally skip polling states in teo_find_shallower_state()
>   cpuidle: teo: Introduce util-awareness
>
>  drivers/cpuidle/governors/teo.c | 100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
>  1 file changed, 96 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
>
> --

Both patches in the series applied as 6.3 material, thanks!

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