Message-ID: <20230119151518.h3koyxs6tsok72zs@quack3>
Date:   Thu, 19 Jan 2023 16:15:18 +0100
From:   Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>
To:     "Bhatnagar, Rishabh" <risbhat@...zon.com>
Cc:     Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>, tytso@....edu, adilger.kernel@...ger.ca,
        linux-ext4@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        abuehaze@...zon.com
Subject: Re: EXT4 IOPS degradation in 5.10 compared to 5.4

Hello!

On Wed 18-01-23 18:48:10, Bhatnagar, Rishabh wrote:
> On 1/13/23 2:13 PM, Bhatnagar, Rishabh wrote:
> > 
> > On 1/12/23 3:38 AM, Jan Kara wrote:
> > > CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do
> > > not click links or open attachments unless you can confirm the
> > > sender and know the content is safe.
> > > 
> > > 
> > > 
> > > Hi!
> > > 
> > > On Wed 11-01-23 18:06:39, Bhatnagar, Rishabh wrote:
> > > > We have been seeing a consistent 3% degradation in IOPS score
> > > > between 5.4
> > > > and 5.10 stable kernels while running fio tests.
> > > > 
> > > > I'm running test case on m6g.8xlarge AWS instances using arm64.
> > > > The test
> > > > involves:
> > > > 
> > > > 1. Creating 100GB volume with IO1 500 iops. Attaching it to the
> > > > instance.
> > > > 
> > > > 2. Setup and mount fs:
> > > > 
> > > > mke2fs -m 1 -t ext4 -b 4096 -L /mnt /dev/nvme1n1
> > > > mount -t ext4 -o noatime,nodiratime,data=ordered /dev/nvme1n1 /mnt
> > > > 
> > > > 3. Install fio package and run following test:
> > > > (running 16 threads doing random buffered 16kb writes on a file.
> > > > ioengine=psync, runtime=60secs)
> > > > 
> > > > jobs=16
> > > > blocksize="16k"
> > > > filesize=1000000
> > > > 
> > > > if [[ -n $1 ]]; then jobs=$1; fi
> > > > if [[ -n $2 ]]; then blocksize=$2; fi
> > > > 
> > > > /usr/bin/fio --name=fio-test --directory=/mnt --rw=randwrite
> > > > --ioengine=psync --buffered=1 --bs=${blocksize} \
> > > >          --max-jobs=${jobs} --numjobs=${jobs} --runtime=30 --thread \
> > > >          --filename=file0 --filesize=${filesize} \
> > > >          --fsync=1 --group_reporting --create_only=1 > /dev/null
> > > > 
> > > > sudo echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
> > > > 
> > > > set -x
> > > > echo "Running with jobs=${jobs} filesize=${filesize}
> > > > blocksize=${blocksize}"
> > > > /usr/bin/fio --name=fio-test --directory=/mnt --rw=randwrite
> > > > --ioengine=psync --buffered=1 --bs=${blocksize} \
> > > >          --max-jobs=${jobs} --numjobs=${jobs} --runtime=60 --thread \
> > > >          --filename=file0 --filesize=${filesize} \
> > > >          --fsync=1 --group_reporting --time_based
> > > > 
> > > > After doing some kernel bisecting between we were able to pinpoint this
> > > > commit that drops the iops score by 10~15 points (~3%).
> > > > ext4: avoid unnecessary transaction starts during writeback
> > > > (6b8ed62008a49751fc71fefd2a4f89202a7c2d4d)
> > > > 
> > > > We see higher iops/bw/total io after reverting the commit
> > > > compared to base
> > > > 5.10 kernel.
> > > > Although the average clat is higher after reverting the commit
> > > > the higher bw
> > > > drives the iops score higher as seen in below fio output.
> > > I expect the difference is somewhere in waiting for the journal. Can you
> > > just check whether there's a difference if you use --fdatasync=1
> > > instead of
> > > --fsync=1? With this workload that should avoid waiting for the journal
> > > because the only metadata updates are mtime timestamps in the inode.
> > There is a difference of 5% with and with the commit if i change this to
> > fdatasync=1.
> > > > Fio output (5.10.162):
> > > > write: io=431280KB, bw=7186.3KB/s, iops=449, runt= 60015msec
> > > > clat (usec): min=6, max=25942, avg=267.76,stdev=1604.25
> > > > lat (usec): min=6, max=25943, avg=267.93,stdev=1604.25
> > > > clat percentiles (usec):
> > > > | 1.00th=[ 9], 5.00th=[ 10], 10.00th=[ 16], 20.00th=[ 24]
> > > > | 30.00th=[ 34], 40.00th=[ 45], 50.00th=[ 58], 60.00th=[ 70],
> > > > | 70.00th=[ 81], 80.00th=[ 94], 90.00th=[ 107], 95.00th=[ 114],
> > > > | 99.00th=[10048], 99.50th=[14016], 99.90th=[20096], 99.95th=[21888],
> > > > | 99.99th=[24448]
> > > > lat (usec) : 10=3.46%, 20=12.54%, 50=26.66%, 100=41.16%, 250=13.64%
> > > > lat (usec) : 500=0.02%, 750=0.03%, 1000=0.01%
> > > > lat (msec) : 2=0.23%, 4=0.50%, 10=0.73%, 20=0.91%, 50=0.12%
> > > > cpu : usr=0.02%, sys=0.42%, ctx=299540, majf=0, minf=0
> > > > IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%,
> > > > >=64=0.0%
> > > > submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
> > > > complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%,
> > > > >=64=0.0%
> > > > issued : total=r=0/w=26955/d=0, short=r=0/w=0/d=0, drop=r=0/w=0/d=0
> > > > latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
> > > > Run status group 0 (all jobs):
> > > > WRITE: io=431280KB, aggrb=7186KB/s, minb=7186KB/s, maxb=7186KB/s,
> > > > mint=60015msec, maxt=60015msec
> > > > Disk stats (read/write):
> > > > nvme1n1: ios=0/30627, merge=0/2125, ticks=0/410990, in_queue=410990,
> > > > util=99.94%
> > > > 
> > > > Fio output (5.10.162 with revert):
> > > > write: io=441920KB, bw=7363.7KB/s, iops=460, runt= 60014msec
> > > > clat (usec): min=6, max=35768, avg=289.09, stdev=1736.62
> > > > lat (usec): min=6, max=35768, avg=289.28,stdev=1736.62
> > > > clat percentiles (usec):
> > > > | 1.00th=[ 8], 5.00th=[ 10], 10.00th=[ 16], 20.00th=[ 24],
> > > > | 30.00th=[ 36], 40.00th=[ 46], 50.00th=[ 59], 60.00th=[ 71],
> > > > | 70.00th=[ 83], 80.00th=[ 97], 90.00th=[ 110], 95.00th=[ 117],
> > > > | 99.00th=[10048], 99.50th=[14144], 99.90th=[21632], 99.95th=[25984],
> > > > | 99.99th=[28288]
> > > > lat (usec) : 10=4.13%, 20=11.67%, 50=26.59%, 100=39.57%, 250=15.28%
> > > > lat (usec) : 500=0.03%, 750=0.03%, 1000=0.03%
> > > > lat (msec) : 2=0.20%, 4=0.64%, 10=0.80%, 20=0.86%, 50=0.18%
> > > > cpu : usr=0.01%, sys=0.43%, ctx=313909, majf=0, minf=0
> > > > IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%,
> > > > >=64=0.0%
> > > > submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
> > > > complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%,
> > > > >=64=0.0%
> > > > issued : total=r=0/w=27620/d=0, short=r=0/w=0/d=0, drop=r=0/w=0/d=0
> > > > latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
> > > > Run status group 0 (all jobs):
> > > > WRITE: io=441920KB, aggrb=7363KB/s, minb=7363KB/s, maxb=7363KB/s,
> > > > mint=60014msec, maxt=60014msec
> > > > Disk stats (read/write):
> > > > nvme1n1: ios=0/31549, merge=0/2348, ticks=0/409221, in_queue=409221,
> > > > util=99.88%
> > > > 
> > > > 
> > > > Also i looked ext4_writepages latency which increases when the
> > > > commit is
> > > > reverted. (This makes sense since the commit avoids unnecessary
> > > > transactions).
> > > > 
> > > > ./funclatency ext4_writepages -->(5.10.162)
> > > > avg = 7734912 nsecs, total: 134131121171 nsecs, count: 17341
> > > > 
> > > > ./funclatency ext4_writepages -->(5.10.162 with revert)
> > > > avg = 9036068 nsecs, total: 168956404886 nsecs, count: 18698
> > > > 
> > > > 
> > > > Looking at the journal transaction data I can see that the average
> > > > transaction commit time decreases after reverting the commit.
> > > > This probably helps in the IOPS score.
> > > So what the workload is doing is:
> > > write()
> > >    inode lock
> > >    dirty 16k of page cache
> > >    dirty inode i_mtime
> > >    inode unlock
> > > fsync()
> > >    walk all inode pages, write dirty ones
> > >    wait for all pages under writeback in the inode to complete IO
> > >    force transaction commit and wait for it
> > > 
> > > Now this has the best throughput (and the worst latency) if all 16
> > > processes work in lockstep - i.e., like:
> > > 
> > >    task1         task2           task3 ...
> > >    write()
> > >                  write()
> > >                                  write()
> > >    fsync()
> > >                  fsync()
> > >                                  fsync()
> > > 
> > > because in that case we writeout all dirty pages from 16 processes
> > > in one
> > > sweep together and also we accumulate 16 mtime updates in single
> > > transaction commit.
> > > 
> > > Now I suspect the commit you've identified leads to less synchronization
> > > between the processes and thus in less batching happening. In particular
> > > before the commit we've called mpage_prepare_extent_to_map() twice
> > > and the
> > > second invocation starts at where the first invocation saw last
> > > dirty page.
> > > So it potentially additionally writes newly dirtied pages beyond
> > > that place
> > > and that effectively synchronizes processes more.
> > > 
> > > To confirm the theory, it might be interesting to gather a histogram
> > > of a
> > > number of pages written back by ext4_writepages() call with /
> > > without the
> > > commit.
> > > 
> > > Honza
> > > -- 
> > > Jan Kara <jack@...e.com>
> > > SUSE Labs, CR
> > 
> > Hi Jan
> > 
> > I collected some data w.r.t to number of pages being written by
> > ext4_writepages. What you pointed out seems to be correct.
> > Without the commit I see more batching (more writeback count from 4-20
> > pages)happening compared to with the commit.
> > 
> > Without the commit (reverted):
> > 
> > [0-1]   —>  4246
> > [2-3]   —>  312
> > [4-5]   —>  20836
> > [6-7]   —>  205
> > [8-9]   —>  895
> > [10-11] —>  56
> > [12-13] —>  422
> > [14-15] —>  62
> > [16-17] —>  234
> > [18-19] —>  66
> > [20-21] —>  77
> > [22-23] —>  9
> > [24-25] —>  26
> > [26-27] —>  1
> > [28-29] —>  13
> > 
> > Average page count : 3.9194
> > 
> > 
> > With the commit:
> > 
> > [0-1]   —> 1635
> > [2-3]   —> 123
> > [4-5]   —> 24302
> > [6-7]   —> 38
> > [8-9]   —> 604
> > [10-11] —> 19
> > [12-13] —> 123
> > [14-15] —> 12
> > [16-17] —> 24
> > [18-19] —> 3
> > [20-21] —> 8
> > [22-23] —> 1
> > [24-25] —> 3
> > [26-27] —> 0
> > [28-29] —> 1
> > 
> > Average page count : 3.9184
> > 
> > Also looking at journal data I see that without the commit we have more
> > handles per journal transaction:
> > 
> > Without the commit:
> > cat /proc/fs/jbd2/nvme1n1-8/info
> > 2092 transactions (2091 requested), each up to 8192 blocks
> > average:
> > 0ms waiting for transaction
> > 0ms request delay
> > 20ms running transaction
> > 0ms transaction was being locked
> > 0ms flushing data (in ordered mode)
> > 20ms logging transaction
> > 15981us average transaction commit time
> > 67 handles per transaction
> > 1 blocks per transaction
> > 2 logged blocks per transaction
> > 
> > With the commit:
> > cat /proc/fs/jbd2/nvme1n1-8/info
> > 2143 transactions (2143 requested), each up to 8192 blocks
> > average:
> > 0ms waiting for transaction
> > 0ms request delay
> > 0ms running transaction
> > 0ms transaction was being locked
> > 0ms flushing data (in ordered mode)
> > 20ms logging transaction
> > 20731us average transaction commit time
> > 51 handles per transaction
> > 1 blocks per transaction
> > 3 logged blocks per transaction
> 
> Gentle reminder.
> 
> Any thoughts on this data? Is there a usecase where this commit brings
> benefits that are worth considering if we decide to revert this?

Yes. This change was actually added because it led to significant
improvement for workloads where one process was just overwriting allocated
file (so it didn't need to start a transaction in ext4_writepages()) while
other processes were creating load on the journal (so starting a
transaction was actually rather expensive). So I don't think reverting this
commit to re-introduce more synchronization on the journal into
ext4_writepages() is actually a good tradeoff.

I'm trying to think if we could somehow improve the performance of your
workload but it's always going to be a latency vs throughput tradeoff so
different people will want different behavior. Maybe some fsync batching
but that is more of an research project than an easy fix.

								Honza
-- 
Jan Kara <jack@...e.com>
SUSE Labs, CR

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