Date:   Tue, 16 May 2023 12:30:21 +0200
From:   David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
To:     "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@...el.com>,
        Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com>
Cc:     linux-mm@...ck.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        Arjan Van De Ven <arjan@...ux.intel.com>,
        Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Mel Gorman <mgorman@...hsingularity.net>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>,
        Johannes Weiner <jweiner@...hat.com>,
        Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
        Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@...een.com>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>
Subject: Re: [RFC 0/6] mm: improve page allocator scalability via splitting
 zones

On 16.05.23 11:38, Huang, Ying wrote:
> Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com> writes:
> 
>> On Fri 12-05-23 10:55:21, Huang, Ying wrote:
>>> Hi, Michal,
>>>
>>> Thanks for comments!
>>>
>>> Michal Hocko <mhocko@...e.com> writes:
>>>
>>>> On Thu 11-05-23 14:56:01, Huang Ying wrote:
>>>>> The patchset is based on upstream v6.3.
>>>>>
>>>>> More and more cores are put in one physical CPU (usually one NUMA node
>>>>> too).  In 2023, one high-end server CPU has 56, 64, or more cores.
>>>>> Even more cores per physical CPU are planned for future CPUs.  While
>>>>> all cores in one physical CPU will contend for the page allocation on
>>>>> one zone in most cases.  This causes heavy zone lock contention in
>>>>> some workloads.  And the situation will become worse and worse in the
>>>>> future.
>>>>>
>>>>> For example, on an 2-socket Intel server machine with 224 logical
>>>>> CPUs, if the kernel is built with `make -j224`, the zone lock
>>>>> contention cycles% can reach up to about 12.7%.
>>>>>
>>>>> To improve the scalability of the page allocation, in this series, we
>>>>> will create one zone instance for each about 256 GB memory of a zone
>>>>> type generally.  That is, one large zone type will be split into
>>>>> multiple zone instances.  Then, different logical CPUs will prefer
>>>>> different zone instances based on the logical CPU No.  So the total
>>>>> number of logical CPUs contend on one zone will be reduced.  Thus the
>>>>> scalability is improved.
>>>>
>>>> It is not really clear to me why you need a new zone for all this rather
>>>> than partition free lists internally within the zone? Essentially to
>>>> increase the current two level system to 3: per cpu caches, per cpu
>>>> arenas and global fallback.
>>>
>>> Sorry, I didn't get your idea here.  What is per cpu arenas?  What's the
>>> difference between it and per cpu caches (PCP)?
>>
>> Sorry, I didn't give this much thought than the above. Essentially, we
>> have 2 level system right now. Pcp caches should reduce the contention
>> on the per cpu level and that should work reasonably well, if you manage
>> to align batch sizes to the workload AFAIK. If this is not sufficient
>> then why to add the full zone rather than to add another level that
>> caches across a larger than a cpu unit. Maybe a core?
>>
>> This might be a wrong way around going for this but there is not much
>> performance analysis about the source of the lock contention so I am
>> mostly guessing.
> 
> I guess that the page allocation scalability will be improved if we put
> more pages in the per CPU caches, or add another level of cache for
> multiple logical CPUs.  Because more page allocation requirements can be
> satisfied without acquiring zone lock.
> 
> As other caching system, there are always cases that the caches are
> drained and too many requirements goes to underlying slow layer (zone
> here).  For example, if a workload needs to allocate a huge number of
> pages (larger than cache size) in parallel, it will run into zone lock
> contention finally.  The situation will became worse and worse if we
> share one zone with more and more logical CPUs.  Which is the trend in
> industry now.  Per my understanding, we can observe the high zone lock
> contention cycles in kbuild test because of that.
> 
> So, per my understanding, to improve the page allocation scalability in
> bad situations (that is, caching doesn't work well enough), we need to
> restrict the number of logical CPUs that share one zone.  This series is
> an attempt for that.  Better caching can increase the good situations
> and reduce the bad situations.  But it seems hard to eliminate all bad
> situations.
> 
>  From another perspective, we don't install more and more memory for each
> logical CPU.  This makes it hard to enlarge the default per-CPU cache
> size.
> 
>>>> I am also missing some information why pcp caches tunning is not
>>>> sufficient.
>>>
>>> PCP does improve the page allocation scalability greatly!  But it
>>> doesn't help much for workloads that allocating pages on one CPU and
>>> free them in different CPUs.  PCP tuning can improve the page allocation
>>> scalability for a workload greatly.  But it's not trivial to find the
>>> best tuning parameters for various workloads and workload run time
>>> statuses (workloads may have different loads and memory requirements at
>>> different time).  And we may run different workloads on different
>>> logical CPUs of the system.  This also makes it hard to find the best
>>> PCP tuning globally.
>>
>> Yes this makes sense. Does that mean that the global pcp tuning is not
>> keeping up and we need to be able to do more auto-tuning on local bases
>> rather than global?
> 
> Similar as above, I think that PCP helps the good situations performance
> greatly, and splitting zone can help the bad situations scalability.
> They are working at the different levels.
> 
> As for PCP auto-tuning, I think that it's hard to implement it to
> resolve all problems (that is, makes PCP never be drained).
> 
> And auto-tuning doesn't sound easy.  Do you have some idea of how to do
> that?

If we could avoid instantiating more zones and rather improve existing 
mechanisms (PCP), that would be much more preferred IMHO. I'm sure it's 
not easy, but that shouldn't stop us from trying ;)

I did not look into the details of this proposal, but seeing the change 
in include/linux/page-flags-layout.h scares me. Further, I'm not so sure 
how that change really interacts with hot(un)plug of memory ... on a 
quick glimpse I feel like this series hacks the code such that such that 
the split works based on the boot memory size ...

I agree with Michal that looking into auto-tuning PCP would be 
preferred. If that can't be done, adding another layer might end up 
cleaner and eventually cover more use cases.

[I recall there was once a proposal to add a 3rd layer to limit 
fragmenation to individual memory blocks; but the granularity was rather 
small and there were also some concerns that I don't recall anymore]

-- 
Thanks,

David / dhildenb

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