Date:   Wed, 16 Aug 2023 11:59:24 +0500
From:   Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@...labora.com>
To:     Peter Xu <peterx@...hat.com>,
        Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
        Michał Mirosław <emmir@...gle.com>,
        Andrei Vagin <avagin@...il.com>,
        Danylo Mocherniuk <mdanylo@...gle.com>,
        Paul Gofman <pgofman@...eweavers.com>
Cc:     Alexander Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
        Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>,
        Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>,
        Yang Shi <shy828301@...il.com>,
        Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>,
        "Liam R . Howlett" <Liam.Howlett@...cle.com>,
        Yun Zhou <yun.zhou@...driver.com>,
        Suren Baghdasaryan <surenb@...gle.com>,
        Alex Sierra <alex.sierra@....com>,
        Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@...labora.com>,
        Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
        Pasha Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@...een.com>,
        Axel Rasmussen <axelrasmussen@...gle.com>,
        "Gustavo A . R . Silva" <gustavoars@...nel.org>,
        Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@...el.com>,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org,
        linux-mm@...ck.org, linux-kselftest@...r.kernel.org,
        Greg KH <gregkh@...uxfoundation.org>, kernel@...labora.com,
        Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@...il.com>,
        Mike Rapoport <rppt@...nel.org>, Nadav Amit <namit@...are.com>,
        David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
Subject: [PATCH v30 5/6] mm/pagemap: add documentation of PAGEMAP_SCAN IOCTL

Add some explanation and method to use write-protection and written-to
on memory range.

Signed-off-by: Muhammad Usama Anjum <usama.anjum@...labora.com>
---
Changes in v30:
- Minor changes

Changes in v29:
- Revamp the documentation and make it better

Changes in v26:
- Update documentation according to latest revision

Changes in v21:
- Update according to changed interface

Changes in v20:
- Add new flag in documentation

Changes in v19:
- Improved documentatiom with punctuation marks

Changes in v16:
- Update the documentation

Changes in v11:
- Add more documentation
---
 Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst | 89 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst
index c8f380271cad8..fe17cf2104265 100644
--- a/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst
+++ b/Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst
@@ -227,3 +227,92 @@ Before Linux 3.11 pagemap bits 55-60 were used for "page-shift" (which is
 always 12 at most architectures). Since Linux 3.11 their meaning changes
 after first clear of soft-dirty bits. Since Linux 4.2 they are used for
 flags unconditionally.
+
+Pagemap Scan IOCTL
+==================
+
+The ``PAGEMAP_SCAN`` IOCTL on the pagemap file can be used to get or optionally
+clear the info about page table entries. The following operations are supported
+in this IOCTL:
+
+- Scan the address range and get the memory ranges matching the provided criteria.
+  This is performed when the output buffer is specified.
+- Write-protect the pages. The ``PM_SCAN_WP_MATCHING`` is used to write-protect
+  the pages of interest. The ``PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC`` aborts the operation if
+  non-Async Write Protected pages are found. The ``PM_SCAN_WP_MATCHING`` can be
+  used with or without ``PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC``.
+- Both of those operations can be combined into one atomic operation where we can
+  get and write protect the pages as well.
+
+Following flags about pages are currently supported:
+
+- ``PAGE_IS_WPALLOWED`` - Page has async-write-protection enabled
+- ``PAGE_IS_WRITTEN`` - Page has been written to from the time it was write protected
+- ``PAGE_IS_FILE`` - Page is file backed
+- ``PAGE_IS_PRESENT`` - Page is present in the memory
+- ``PAGE_IS_SWAPPED`` - Page is in swapped
+- ``PAGE_IS_PFNZERO`` - Page has zero PFN
+- ``PAGE_IS_HUGE`` - Page is THP or Hugetlb backed
+
+The ``struct pm_scan_arg`` is used as the argument of the IOCTL.
+
+ 1. The size of the ``struct pm_scan_arg`` must be specified in the ``size``
+    field. This field will be helpful in recognizing the structure if extensions
+    are done later.
+ 2. The flags can be specified in the ``flags`` field. The ``PM_SCAN_WP_MATCHING``
+    and ``PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC`` are the only added flags at this time. The get
+    operation is optionally performed depending upon if the output buffer is
+    provided or not.
+ 3. The range is specified through ``start`` and ``end``.
+ 4. The walk can abort before visiting the complete range such as the user buffer
+    can get full etc. The walk ending address is specified in``end_walk``.
+ 5. The output buffer of ``struct page_region`` array and size is specified in
+    ``vec`` and ``vec_len``.
+ 6. The optional maximum requested pages are specified in the ``max_pages``.
+ 7. The masks are specified in ``category_mask``, ``category_anyof_mask``,
+    ``category_inverted`` and ``return_mask``.
+
+Find pages which have been written and WP them as well::
+
+   struct pm_scan_arg arg = {
+   .size = sizeof(arg),
+   .flags = PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC | PM_SCAN_CHECK_WPASYNC,
+   ..
+   .category_mask = PAGE_IS_WRITTEN,
+   .return_mask = PAGE_IS_WRITTEN,
+   };
+
+Find pages which have been written, are file backed, not swapped and either
+present or huge::
+
+   struct pm_scan_arg arg = {
+   .size = sizeof(arg),
+   .flags = 0,
+   ..
+   .category_mask = PAGE_IS_WRITTEN | PAGE_IS_SWAPPED,
+   .category_inverted = PAGE_IS_SWAPPED,
+   .category_anyof_mask = PAGE_IS_PRESENT | PAGE_IS_HUGE,
+   .return_mask = PAGE_IS_WRITTEN | PAGE_IS_SWAPPED |
+                  PAGE_IS_PRESENT | PAGE_IS_HUGE,
+   };
+
+The ``PAGE_IS_WRITTEN`` flag can be considered as a better-performing alternative
+of soft-dirty flag. It doesn't get affected by VMA merging of the kernel and hence
+the user can find the true soft-dirty pages in case of normal pages. (There may
+still be extra dirty pages reported for THP or Hugetlb pages.)
+
+"PAGE_IS_WRITTEN" category is used with uffd write protect-enabled ranges to
+implement memory dirty tracking in userspace:
+
+ 1. The userfaultfd file descriptor is created with ``userfaultfd`` syscall.
+ 2. The ``UFFD_FEATURE_WP_UNPOPULATED`` and ``UFFD_FEATURE_WP_ASYNC`` features
+    are set by ``UFFDIO_API`` IOCTL.
+ 3. The memory range is registered with ``UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_WP`` mode
+    through ``UFFDIO_REGISTER`` IOCTL.
+ 4. Then any part of the registered memory or the whole memory region must
+    be write protected using ``PAGEMAP_SCAN`` IOCTL with flag ``PM_SCAN_WP_MATCHING``
+    or the ``UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT`` IOCTL can be used. Both of these perform the
+    same operation. The former is better in terms of performance.
+ 5. Now the ``PAGEMAP_SCAN`` IOCTL can be used to either just find pages which
+    have been written to since they were last marked and/or optionally write protect
+    the pages as well.
-- 
2.40.1

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