Date:   Sat, 23 Sep 2023 13:16:07 +0800
From:   Jianguo Bao <roidinev@...il.com>
To:     Wedson Almeida Filho <wedsonaf@...il.com>
Cc:     rust-for-linux@...r.kernel.org, Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@...nel.org>,
        Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@...il.com>,
        Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>, Gary Guo <gary@...yguo.net>,
        Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@...tonmail.com>,
        Benno Lossin <benno.lossin@...ton.me>,
        Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@...sung.com>,
        Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@...gle.com>,
        linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
        Wedson Almeida Filho <walmeida@...rosoft.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH 2/2] rust: arc: remove `ArcBorrow` in favour of `WithRef`

On Thu, Sep 21, 2023 at 06:34:40PM -0300, Wedson Almeida Filho wrote:
> From: Wedson Almeida Filho <walmeida@...rosoft.com>
> 
> With GATs, we don't need a separate type to represent a borrowed object
> with a refcount, we can just use Rust's regular shared borrowing. In
> this case, we use `&WithRef<T>` instead of `ArcBorrow<'_, T>`.
> 
> Co-developed-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>
> Signed-off-by: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>
> Signed-off-by: Wedson Almeida Filho <walmeida@...rosoft.com>
> ---
>  rust/kernel/sync.rs     |   2 +-
>  rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs | 180 ++++++++++++++--------------------------
>  2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync.rs b/rust/kernel/sync.rs
> index d219ee518eff..083494884500 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/sync.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/sync.rs
> @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
>  pub mod lock;
>  mod locked_by;
>  
> -pub use arc::{Arc, ArcBorrow, UniqueArc};
> +pub use arc::{Arc, UniqueArc, WithRef};
>  pub use condvar::CondVar;
>  pub use lock::{mutex::Mutex, spinlock::SpinLock};
>  pub use locked_by::LockedBy;
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs
> index 86bff1e0002c..5948e42b9c8f 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/sync/arc.rs
> @@ -105,14 +105,14 @@
>  /// Coercion from `Arc<Example>` to `Arc<dyn MyTrait>`:
>  ///
>  /// ```
> -/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, ArcBorrow};
> +/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, WithRef};
>  ///
>  /// trait MyTrait {
>  ///     // Trait has a function whose `self` type is `Arc<Self>`.
>  ///     fn example1(self: Arc<Self>) {}
>  ///
> -///     // Trait has a function whose `self` type is `ArcBorrow<'_, Self>`.
> -///     fn example2(self: ArcBorrow<'_, Self>) {}
> +///     // Trait has a function whose `self` type is `&WithRef<Self>`.
> +///     fn example2(self: &WithRef<Self>) {}
>  /// }
>  ///
>  /// struct Example;
> @@ -130,9 +130,48 @@ pub struct Arc<T: ?Sized> {
>      _p: PhantomData<WithRef<T>>,
>  }
>  
> +/// An instance of `T` with an attached reference count.
> +///
> +/// # Examples
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, WithRef};
> +///
> +/// struct Example;
> +///
> +/// fn do_something(e: &WithRef<Example>) -> Arc<Example> {
> +///     e.into()
> +/// }
> +///
> +/// let obj = Arc::try_new(Example)?;
> +/// let cloned = do_something(obj.as_with_ref());
> +///
> +/// // Assert that both `obj` and `cloned` point to the same underlying object.
> +/// assert!(core::ptr::eq(&*obj, &*cloned));
> +/// ```
> +///
> +/// Using `WithRef<T>` as the type of `self`:
> +///
> +/// ```
> +/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, WithRef};
> +///
> +/// struct Example {
> +///     _a: u32,
> +///     _b: u32,
> +/// }
> +///
> +/// impl Example {
> +///     fn use_reference(self: &WithRef<Self>) {
> +///         // ...
> +///     }
> +/// }
> +///
> +/// let obj = Arc::try_new(Example { _a: 10, _b: 20 })?;
> +/// obj.as_with_ref().use_reference();
> +/// ```
>  #[pin_data]
>  #[repr(C)]
> -struct WithRef<T: ?Sized> {
> +pub struct WithRef<T: ?Sized> {
>      refcount: Opaque<bindings::refcount_t>,
>      data: T,
>  }
> @@ -215,16 +254,16 @@ unsafe fn from_inner(inner: NonNull<WithRef<T>>) -> Self {
>          }
>      }
>  
> -    /// Returns an [`ArcBorrow`] from the given [`Arc`].
> +    /// Returns a [`WithRef`] from the given [`Arc`].

       /// Returns a shared reference of [`WithRef`] from the given [`Arc`].

>      ///
> -    /// This is useful when the argument of a function call is an [`ArcBorrow`] (e.g., in a method
> -    /// receiver), but we have an [`Arc`] instead. Getting an [`ArcBorrow`] is free when optimised.
> +    /// This is useful when the argument of a function call is a [`WithRef`] (e.g., in a method
> +    /// receiver), but we have an [`Arc`] instead. Getting a [`WithRef`] is free when optimised.
>      #[inline]
> -    pub fn as_arc_borrow(&self) -> ArcBorrow<'_, T> {
> +    pub fn as_with_ref(&self) -> &WithRef<T> {
>          // SAFETY: The constraint that the lifetime of the shared reference must outlive that of
> -        // the returned `ArcBorrow` ensures that the object remains alive and that no mutable
> +        // the returned `WithRef` ensures that the object remains alive and that no mutable
>          // reference can be created.
> -        unsafe { ArcBorrow::new(self.ptr) }
> +        unsafe { self.ptr.as_ref() }
>      }
>  
>      /// Compare whether two [`Arc`] pointers reference the same underlying object.
> @@ -234,20 +273,17 @@ pub fn ptr_eq(this: &Self, other: &Self) -> bool {
>  }
>  
>  impl<T: 'static> ForeignOwnable for Arc<T> {
> -    type Borrowed<'a> = ArcBorrow<'a, T>;
> +    type Borrowed<'a> = &'a WithRef<T>;
>  
>      fn into_foreign(self) -> *const core::ffi::c_void {
>          ManuallyDrop::new(self).ptr.as_ptr() as _
>      }
>  
> -    unsafe fn borrow<'a>(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> ArcBorrow<'a, T> {
> +    unsafe fn borrow<'a>(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> &'a WithRef<T> {
>          // SAFETY: By the safety requirement of this function, we know that `ptr` came from
> -        // a previous call to `Arc::into_foreign`.
> -        let inner = NonNull::new(ptr as *mut WithRef<T>).unwrap();
> -
> -        // SAFETY: The safety requirements of `from_foreign` ensure that the object remains alive
> -        // for the lifetime of the returned value.
> -        unsafe { ArcBorrow::new(inner) }
> +        // a previous call to `Arc::into_foreign`. The safety requirements of `from_foreign` ensure
> +        // that the object remains alive for the lifetime of the returned value.
> +        unsafe { &*(ptr.cast::<WithRef<T>>()) }
>      }
>  
>      unsafe fn from_foreign(ptr: *const core::ffi::c_void) -> Self {
> @@ -320,119 +356,25 @@ fn from(item: Pin<UniqueArc<T>>) -> Self {
>      }
>  }
>  
> -/// A borrowed reference to an [`Arc`] instance.
> -///
> -/// For cases when one doesn't ever need to increment the refcount on the allocation, it is simpler
> -/// to use just `&T`, which we can trivially get from an `Arc<T>` instance.
> -///
> -/// However, when one may need to increment the refcount, it is preferable to use an `ArcBorrow<T>`
> -/// over `&Arc<T>` because the latter results in a double-indirection: a pointer (shared reference)
> -/// to a pointer (`Arc<T>`) to the object (`T`). An [`ArcBorrow`] eliminates this double
> -/// indirection while still allowing one to increment the refcount and getting an `Arc<T>` when/if
> -/// needed.
> -///
> -/// # Invariants
> -///
> -/// There are no mutable references to the underlying [`Arc`], and it remains valid for the
> -/// lifetime of the [`ArcBorrow`] instance.
> -///
> -/// # Example
> -///
> -/// ```
> -/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, ArcBorrow};
> -///
> -/// struct Example;
> -///
> -/// fn do_something(e: ArcBorrow<'_, Example>) -> Arc<Example> {
> -///     e.into()
> -/// }
> -///
> -/// let obj = Arc::try_new(Example)?;
> -/// let cloned = do_something(obj.as_arc_borrow());
> -///
> -/// // Assert that both `obj` and `cloned` point to the same underlying object.
> -/// assert!(core::ptr::eq(&*obj, &*cloned));
> -/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
> -/// ```
> -///
> -/// Using `ArcBorrow<T>` as the type of `self`:
> -///
> -/// ```
> -/// use kernel::sync::{Arc, ArcBorrow};
> -///
> -/// struct Example {
> -///     a: u32,
> -///     b: u32,
> -/// }
> -///
> -/// impl Example {
> -///     fn use_reference(self: ArcBorrow<'_, Self>) {
> -///         // ...
> -///     }
> -/// }
> -///
> -/// let obj = Arc::try_new(Example { a: 10, b: 20 })?;
> -/// obj.as_arc_borrow().use_reference();
> -/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
> -/// ```
> -pub struct ArcBorrow<'a, T: ?Sized + 'a> {
> -    inner: NonNull<WithRef<T>>,
> -    _p: PhantomData<&'a ()>,
> -}
> -
> -// This is to allow [`ArcBorrow`] (and variants) to be used as the type of `self`.
> -impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::Receiver for ArcBorrow<'_, T> {}
> -
> -// This is to allow `ArcBorrow<U>` to be dispatched on when `ArcBorrow<T>` can be coerced into
> -// `ArcBorrow<U>`.
> -impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized> core::ops::DispatchFromDyn<ArcBorrow<'_, U>>
> -    for ArcBorrow<'_, T>
> -{
> -}
> -
> -impl<T: ?Sized> Clone for ArcBorrow<'_, T> {
> -    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
> -        *self
> -    }
> -}
> -
> -impl<T: ?Sized> Copy for ArcBorrow<'_, T> {}
> -
> -impl<T: ?Sized> ArcBorrow<'_, T> {
> -    /// Creates a new [`ArcBorrow`] instance.
> -    ///
> -    /// # Safety
> -    ///
> -    /// Callers must ensure the following for the lifetime of the returned [`ArcBorrow`] instance:
> -    /// 1. That `inner` remains valid;
> -    /// 2. That no mutable references to `inner` are created.
> -    unsafe fn new(inner: NonNull<WithRef<T>>) -> Self {
> -        // INVARIANT: The safety requirements guarantee the invariants.
> -        Self {
> -            inner,
> -            _p: PhantomData,
> -        }
> -    }
> -}
> +// This is to allow [`WithRef`] (and variants) to be used as the type of `self`.
> +impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::Receiver for WithRef<T> {}
>  
> -impl<T: ?Sized> From<ArcBorrow<'_, T>> for Arc<T> {
> -    fn from(b: ArcBorrow<'_, T>) -> Self {
> +impl<T: ?Sized> From<&WithRef<T>> for Arc<T> {
> +    fn from(b: &WithRef<T>) -> Self {
>          // SAFETY: The existence of `b` guarantees that the refcount is non-zero. `ManuallyDrop`
>          // guarantees that `drop` isn't called, so it's ok that the temporary `Arc` doesn't own the
>          // increment.
> -        ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { Arc::from_inner(b.inner) })
> +        ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { Arc::from_inner(b.into()) })
>              .deref()
>              .clone()
>      }
>  }
>  
> -impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for ArcBorrow<'_, T> {
> +impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for WithRef<T> {
>      type Target = T;
>  
>      fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
> -        // SAFETY: By the type invariant, the underlying object is still alive with no mutable
> -        // references to it, so it is safe to create a shared reference.
> -        unsafe { &self.inner.as_ref().data }
> +        &self.data
>      }
>  }
>  
> -- 
> 2.34.1
> 

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