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Date: Thu, 26 Oct 2023 14:53:15 -0700
From: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii.nakryiko@...il.com>
To: Shung-Hsi Yu <shung-hsi.yu@...e.com>
Cc: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@...nel.org>,
Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@...il.com>,
Hao Sun <sunhao.th@...il.com>,
Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>,
John Fastabend <john.fastabend@...il.com>,
Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@...ux.dev>,
Song Liu <song@...nel.org>,
Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@...ux.dev>,
KP Singh <kpsingh@...nel.org>,
Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@...gle.com>,
Hao Luo <haoluo@...gle.com>, Jiri Olsa <jolsa@...nel.org>,
bpf <bpf@...r.kernel.org>,
Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>
Subject: Re: bpf: shift-out-of-bounds in tnum_rshift()
On Wed, Oct 25, 2023 at 11:44 PM Shung-Hsi Yu <shung-hsi.yu@...e.com> wrote:
>
> Hi Andrii,
>
> The fix needed here to address the "non-overlapping ranges in
> __reg_combine_min_max()" issue sounds like something you'd already have in
> the range-vs-range series you mentioned previously. Maybe you've already got
> a patch for this?
>
> On Thu, Oct 26, 2023 at 12:59:19AM +0300, Eduard Zingerman wrote:
> > On Wed, 2023-10-25 at 22:09 +0800, Shung-Hsi Yu wrote:
> > > Hi Hao,
> > > On Wed, Oct 25, 2023 at 02:31:02PM +0200, Hao Sun wrote:
> > > > On Tue, Oct 24, 2023 at 2:40 PM Hao Sun <sunhao.th@...il.com> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > Hi,
> > > > >
> > > > > The following program can trigger a shift-out-of-bounds in
> > > > > tnum_rshift(), called by scalar32_min_max_rsh():
> > > > >
> > > > > 0: (bc) w0.
> > > = w1
> > > > > 1: (bf) r2 = r0
> > > > > 2: (18) r3 = 0xd
> > > > > 4: (bc) w4 = w0
> > > > > 5: (bf) r5 = r0
> > > > > 6: (bf) r7 = r3
> > > > > 7: (bf) r8 = r4
> > > > > 8: (2f) r8 *= r5
> > > > > 9: (cf) r5 s>>= r5
> > > > > 10: (a6) if w8 < 0xfffffffb goto pc+10
> > > > > 11: (1f) r7 -= r5
> > > > > 12: (71) r6 = *(u8 *)(r1 +17)
> > > > > 13: (5f) r3 &= r8
> > > > > 14: (74) w2 >>= 30
> > > > > 15: (1f) r7 -= r5
> > > > > 16: (5d) if r8 != r6 goto pc+4
> > > > > 17: (c7) r8 s>>= 5
> > > > > 18: (cf) r0 s>>= r0
> > > > > 19: (7f) r0 >>= r0
> > > > > 20: (7c) w5 >>= w8 # shift-out-bounds here
> > > > > 21: exit
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Here are the c macros for the above program in case anyone needs this:
> > > >
> > > > // 0: (bc) w0 = w1
> > > > BPF_MOV32_REG(BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1),
> > > > // 1: (bf) r2 = r0
> > > > BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_0),
> > > > // 2: (18) r3 = 0xd
> > > > BPF_LD_IMM64(BPF_REG_3, 0xd),
> > > > // 4: (bc) w4 = w0
> > > > BPF_MOV32_REG(BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_0),
> > > > // 5: (bf) r5 = r0
> > > > BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_5, BPF_REG_0),
> > > > // 6: (bf) r7 = r3
> > > > BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_3),
> > > > // 7: (bf) r8 = r4
> > > > BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_4),
> > > > // 8: (2f) r8 *= r5
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_MUL, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_5),
> > > > // 9: (cf) r5 s>>= r5
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_ARSH, BPF_REG_5, BPF_REG_5),
> > > > // 10: (a6) if w8 < 0xfffffffb goto pc+10
> > > > BPF_JMP32_IMM(BPF_JLT, BPF_REG_8, 0xfffffffb, 10),
> > > > // 11: (1f) r7 -= r5
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_SUB, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_5),
> > > > // 12: (71) r6 = *(u8 *)(r1 +17)
> > > > BPF_LDX_MEM(BPF_B, BPF_REG_6, BPF_REG_1, 17),
> > > > // 13: (5f) r3 &= r8
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_AND, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_8),
> > > > // 14: (74) w2 >>= 30
> > > > BPF_ALU32_IMM(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_2, 30),
> > > > // 15: (1f) r7 -= r5
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_SUB, BPF_REG_7, BPF_REG_5),
> > > > // 16: (5d) if r8 != r6 goto pc+4
> > > > BPF_JMP_REG(BPF_JNE, BPF_REG_8, BPF_REG_6, 4),
> > > > // 17: (c7) r8 s>>= 5
> > > > BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ARSH, BPF_REG_8, 5),
> > > > // 18: (cf) r0 s>>= r0
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_ARSH, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_0),
> > > > // 19: (7f) r0 >>= r0
> > > > BPF_ALU64_REG(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_0),
> > > > // 20: (7c) w5 >>= w8
> > > > BPF_ALU32_REG(BPF_RSH, BPF_REG_5, BPF_REG_8),
> > > > BPF_EXIT_INSN()
> > > >
> > > > > After load:
> > > > > ================================================================================
> > > > > UBSAN: shift-out-of-bounds in kernel/bpf/tnum.c:44:9
> > > > > shift exponent 255 is too large for 64-bit type 'long long unsigned int'
> > > > > CPU: 2 PID: 8574 Comm: bpf-test Not tainted
> > > > > 6.6.0-rc5-01400-g7c2f6c9fb91f-dirty #21
> > > > > Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.15.0-1 04/01/2014
> > > > > Call Trace:
> > > > > <TASK>
> > > > > __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:88 [inline]
> > > > > dump_stack_lvl+0x8e/0xb0 lib/dump_stack.c:106
> > > > > ubsan_epilogue lib/ubsan.c:217 [inline]
> > > > > __ubsan_handle_shift_out_of_bounds+0x15a/0x2f0 lib/ubsan.c:387
> > > > > tnum_rshift.cold+0x17/0x32 kernel/bpf/tnum.c:44
> > > > > scalar32_min_max_rsh kernel/bpf/verifier.c:12999 [inline]
> > > > > adjust_scalar_min_max_vals kernel/bpf/verifier.c:13224 [inline]
> > > > > adjust_reg_min_max_vals+0x1936/0x5d50 kernel/bpf/verifier.c:13338
> > > > > do_check kernel/bpf/verifier.c:16890 [inline]
> > > > > do_check_common+0x2f64/0xbb80 kernel/bpf/verifier.c:19563
> > > > > do_check_main kernel/bpf/verifier.c:19626 [inline]
> > > > > bpf_check+0x65cf/0xa9e0 kernel/bpf/verifier.c:20263
> > > > > bpf_prog_load+0x110e/0x1b20 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:2717
> > > > > __sys_bpf+0xfcf/0x4380 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5365
> > > > > __do_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5469 [inline]
> > > > > __se_sys_bpf kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5467 [inline]
> > > > > __x64_sys_bpf+0x73/0xb0 kernel/bpf/syscall.c:5467
> > > > > do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
> > > > > do_syscall_64+0x39/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
> > > > > entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x63/0xcd
> > > > > RIP: 0033:0x5610511e23cd
> > > > > Code: 24 80 00 00 00 48 0f 42 d0 48 89 94 24 68 0c 00 00 b8 41 01 00
> > > > > 00 bf 05 00 00 00 ba 90 00 00 00 48 8d b44
> > > > > RSP: 002b:00007f5357fc7820 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 0000000000000141
> > > > > RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000095 RCX: 00005610511e23cd
> > > > > RDX: 0000000000000090 RSI: 00007f5357fc8410 RDI: 0000000000000005
> > > > > RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 00007f5357fca458 R09: 00007f5350005520
> > > > > R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 000000000000002b
> > > > > R13: 0000000d00000000 R14: 000000000000002b R15: 000000000000002b
> > > > > </TASK>
> > > > >
> > > > > If remove insn #20, the verifier gives:
> > > > > -------- Verifier Log --------
> > > > > func#0 @0
> > > > > 0: R1=ctx(off=0,imm=0) R10=fp0
> > > > > 0: (bc) w0 = w1 ;
> > > > > R0_w=scalar(smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R1=ctx(off=0,
> > > > > imm=0)
> > > > > 1: (bf) r2 = r0 ;
> > > > > R0_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R2_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
> > > > > 2: (18) r3 = 0xd ; R3_w=13
> > > > > 4: (bc) w4 = w0 ;
> > > > > R0_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R4_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
> > > > > 5: (bf) r5 = r0 ;
> > > > > R0_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R5_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
> > > > > 6: (bf) r7 = r3 ; R3_w=13 R7_w=13
> > > > > 7: (bf) r8 = r4 ;
> > > > > R4_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R8_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0; 0xffffffff))
> > > > > 8: (2f) r8 *= r5 ;
> > > > > R5_w=scalar(id=1,smin=0,smax=umax=4294967295,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0xffffffff))
> > > > > R8_w=scalar()
> > > > > 9: (cf) r5 s>>= r5 ; R5_w=scalar()
> > > > > 10: (a6) if w8 < 0xfffffffb goto pc+9 ;
> > > > > R8_w=scalar(smin=-9223372032559808520,umin=4294967288,smin32=-5,smax32=-1,
> > > > > umin32=4294967291,var_off=(0xfffffff8; 0xffffffff00000007))
> > > > > 11: (1f) r7 -= r5 ; R5_w=scalar() R7_w=scalar()
> > > > > 12: (71) r6 = *(u8 *)(r1 +17) ; R1=ctx(off=0,imm=0)
> > > > > R6_w=scalar(smin=smin32=0,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=255,
> > > > > var_off=(0x0; 0xff))
> > > > > 13: (5f) r3 &= r8 ;
> > > > > R3_w=scalar(smin=umin=smin32=umin32=8,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=13,var_off=(0x8;
> > > > > 0x5)) R8_w=scalar(smin=-9223372032559808520,umin=4294967288,smin32=-5,smax32=-1,umin32=4294967291,var_off=(0xffff)
> > > > > 14: (74) w2 >>= 30 ;
> > > > > R2_w=scalar(smin=smin32=0,smax=umax=smax32=umax32=3,var_off=(0x0;
> > > > > 0x3))
> > > > > 15: (1f) r7 -= r5 ; R5_w=scalar() R7_w=scalar()
> > > > > 16: (5d) if r8 != r6 goto pc+3 ;
> > > > > R6_w=scalar(smin=umin=umin32=4294967288,smax=umax=umax32=255,smin32=-8,smax32=-1,
> > > > > var_off=(0xfffffff8; 0x7))
> > > > > R8_w=scalar(smin=umin=4294967288,smax=umax=255,smin32=-5,smax32=-1,umin32=4294967291)
> > >
> > > Seems like the root cause is a bug with range tracking, before instruction
> > > 16, R8_w was
> > >
> > > R8_w=scalar(smin=-9223372032559808520,umin=4294967288,smin32=-5,smax32=-1,umin32=4294967291,var_off=(0xffff)
> > >
> > > But after instruction 16 it becomes
> > >
> > > R8_w=scalar(smin=umin=4294967288,smax=umax=255,smin32=-5,smax32=-1,umin32=4294967291)
> > >
> > > Where smin_value > smax_value, and umin_value > umax_value (among other
> > > things). This should be the main problem.
> > >
> > > The verifier operates on the assumption that smin_value <= smax_value and
> > > umin_value <= umax_value, and if that assumption is not upheld then all kind
> > > of things can go wrong.
> > >
> > > Maybe Andrii may already has this worked out in the range-vs-range that he
> > > has mentioned[1] he'll be sending soon.
Yes, I think so. I did add few more conditions to BPF_JEQ/BPF_JNE to
prevent situations where we have to "combine" non-overlapping regions.
I don't know if my changes fix this specific condition, so having a
nice and short repro from Eduard is great.
I intend to submit a full series for reg bounds improvements in the
next few working days.
> > >
> > > 1: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/CAEf4BzbJ3hZCSt4nLCZCV4cxV60+kddiSMsy7-9ou_RaQV7B8A@mail.gmail.com/
> > >
> > > > > 17: (c7) r8 s>>= 5 ; R8_w=134217727
> > > > > 18: (cf) r0 s>>= r0 ; R0_w=scalar()
> > > > > 19: (7f) r0 >>= r0 ; R0=scalar()
> > > > > 20: (95) exit
> > > > >
> > > > > from 16 to 20: safe
> > > > >
> > > > > from 10 to 20: safe
> > > > > processed 22 insns (limit 1000000) max_states_per_insn 0 total_states
> > > > > 1 peak_states 1 mark_read 1
> > > > > -------- End of Verifier Log --------
> > > > >
> > > > > In adjust_scalar_min_max_vals(), src_reg.umax_value is 7, thus pass
> > > > > the check here:
> > > > > if (umax_val >= insn_bitness) {
> > > > > /* Shifts greater than 31 or 63 are undefined.
> > > > > * This includes shifts by a negative number.
> > > > > */
> > > > > mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
> > > > > break;
> > > > > }
> > > > >
> > > > > However in scalar32_min_max_rsh(), both src_reg->u32_min_value and
> > > > > src_reg->u32_max_value is 134217727, causing tnum_rsh() shit by 255.
> > > > >
> > > > > Should we check if(src_reg->u32_max_value < insn_bitness) before calling
> > > > > scalar32_min_max_rsh(), rather than only checking umax_val? Or, is it
> > > > > because issues somewhere else, incorrectly setting u32_min_value to
> > > > > 34217727
> > >
> > > Checking umax_val alone is be enough and we don't need to add a check for
> > > u32_max_value, because (when we have correct range tracking) u32_max_value
> > > should always be smaller than u32_value. So the fix needed here is to have
> > > correct range tracking.
> >
> > Hello,
> >
> > Sorry, I haven't noticed your reply when replying in a sibling thread.
>
> That's something I struggle with too :)
>
> > I agree with your analysis, I think the culprit here is inability of
> > __reg_combine_min_max() to deal with non-overlapping ranges.
> >
> > Consider example below:
> >
> > SEC("?tp")
> > __success __retval(0)
> > __naked void large_shifts(void)
> > {
> > asm volatile (" \
> > call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \
> > r8 = r0; \
> > r6 = r0; \
> > r6 &= 0x00f; \
> > r8 &= 0xf00; \
> > r8 |= 0x0ff; \
> > if r8 != r6 goto +1; \
> > w0 >>= w8; /* shift-out-bounds here */ \
> > exit; \
> > " :
> > : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32)
> > : __clobber_all);
> > }
> >
> > Here the ranges before 'if' are {0,15} for R6 and {255,4095} for R8.
> >
> > And here is the code of __reg_combine_min_max():
> >
> > ...
> > src_reg->umin_value = dst_reg->umin_value = max(src_reg->umin_value,
> > dst_reg->umin_value);
> > src_reg->umax_value = dst_reg->umax_value = min(src_reg->umax_value,
> > dst_reg->umax_value);
> > ...
> >
> > This code would be executed when 'if' is processed from the following call-chain:
> > - check_cond_jmp_op
> > - reg_combine_min_max
> > - __reg_combine_min_max
> >
> > The src_reg is R6 and dst_reg is R8, the min/max assignments above
> > would produce umin_value > umax_value for any ranges {a,b}, {c,d}
> > where a < b < c < d.
> >
> > Non-overlapping ranges can get to reg_combine_min_max() because
> > check_cond_jmp_op() does predictions only when one of the operands of
> > the comparison is constant.
> >
> > I think the way to fix this bug is to:
> > - teach check_cond_jmp_op() to do predictions when ranges of operands
> > do not overlap;
> > - add assertion to __reg_combine_min_max() to make sure that only
> > operands with overlapping ranges are passed as arguments.
> >
> > wdyt?
>
> Agree on both points above. For the assertion in __reg_combine_min_max() I
> think verbose("BUG...") plus __mark_reg_unknown() on both src_reg and
> dst_reg should be enough.
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