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Date: Fri, 1 Mar 2024 01:38:18 -0800
From: Chris Li <chrisl@...nel.org>
To: Chengming Zhou <zhouchengming@...edance.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org, Yosry Ahmed <yosryahmed@...gle.com>, Nhat Pham <nphamcs@...il.com>,
Johannes Weiner <hannes@...xchg.org>, "Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)" <willy@...radead.org>,
Barry Song <v-songbaohua@...o.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] zswap: replace RB tree with xarray
On Thu, Feb 29, 2024 at 11:24 PM Chengming Zhou
<zhouchengming@...edance.com> wrote:
>
> On 2024/3/1 02:58, Chris Li wrote:
> > Hi Chengming,
> >
> > Thanks for the review and feedback.
> >
> > On Thu, Feb 29, 2024 at 1:44 AM Chengming Zhou
> > <zhouchengming@...edance.com> wrote:
> >>
> >> Hi Chris,
> >>
> >> On 2024/2/29 16:46, Chris Li wrote:
> >>> Very deep RB tree requires rebalance at times. That
> >>> contributes to the zswap fault latencies. Xarray does not
> >>> need to perform tree rebalance. Replacing RB tree to xarray
> >>> can have some small performance gain.
> >>>
> >>> One small difference is that xarray insert might fail with
> >>> ENOMEM, while RB tree insert does not allocate additional
> >>> memory.
> >>>
> >>> The zswap_entry size will reduce a bit due to removing the
> >>> RB node, which has two pointers and a color field. Xarray
> >>> store the pointer in the xarray tree rather than the
> >>> zswap_entry. Every entry has one pointer from the xarray
> >>> tree. Overall, switching to xarray should save some memory,
> >>> if the swap entries are densely packed.
> >>>
> >>> Notice the zswap_rb_search and zswap_rb_insert always
> >>> followed by zswap_rb_erase. Fold the entry erase into
> >>> zswap_xa_search_and_erase and zswap_xa_insert. That saves
> >>> one tree lookup as well.
> >>>
> >>> Remove zswap_invalidate_entry due to no need to call
> >>> zswap_rb_erase any more. Use zswap_free_entry instead.
> >>>
> >>> The "struct zswap_tree" has been replaced by "struct xarray".
> >>> The tree spin lock has transferred to the xarray lock.
> >>>
> >>> Thanks to Chengming for providing the kernel build test number.
> >>>
> >>> Run the kernel build testing 5 times for each version, averages:
> >>> (memory.max=2GB, zswap shrinker and writeback enabled, one 50GB swapfile.)
> >>>
> >>> mm-266f922c0b5e zswap-xarray-test
> >>> real 63.43 63.12
> >>> user 1063.78 1062.59
> >>> sys 272.49 265.66
> >>>
> >>> The sys time is about 2.5% faster.
> >>>
> >>> Tested-by: Chengming Zhou <zhouchengming@...edance.com>
> >>> ---
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Signed-off-by: Chris Li <chrisl@...nel.org>
> >>> ---
> >>> Changes in v2:
> >>> - Replace struct zswap_tree with struct xarray.
> >>> - Remove zswap_tree spinlock, use xarray lock instead.
> >>> - Fold zswap_rb_erase() into zswap_xa_search_and_delete() and zswap_xa_insert().
> >>> - Delete zswap_invalidate_entry(), use zswap_free_entry() instead.
> >>> - Link to v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240117-zswap-xarray-v1-0-6daa86c08fae@kernel.org
> >>> ---
> >>> mm/zswap.c | 173 +++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------
> >>> 1 file changed, 64 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)
> >>>
> >>> diff --git a/mm/zswap.c b/mm/zswap.c
> >>> index 011e068eb355..ac9ef14d88be 100644
> >>> --- a/mm/zswap.c
> >>> +++ b/mm/zswap.c
> >>> @@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
> >>> #include <linux/spinlock.h>
> >>> #include <linux/types.h>
> >>> #include <linux/atomic.h>
> >>> -#include <linux/rbtree.h>
> >>> #include <linux/swap.h>
> >>> #include <linux/crypto.h>
> >>> #include <linux/scatterlist.h>
> >>> @@ -71,6 +70,8 @@ static u64 zswap_reject_compress_poor;
> >>> static u64 zswap_reject_alloc_fail;
> >>> /* Store failed because the entry metadata could not be allocated (rare) */
> >>> static u64 zswap_reject_kmemcache_fail;
> >>> +/* Store failed because xarray can't insert the entry*/
> >>> +static u64 zswap_reject_xarray_fail;
> >>>
> >>> /* Shrinker work queue */
> >>> static struct workqueue_struct *shrink_wq;
> >>> @@ -196,7 +197,6 @@ static struct {
> >>> * This structure contains the metadata for tracking a single compressed
> >>> * page within zswap.
> >>> *
> >>> - * rbnode - links the entry into red-black tree for the appropriate swap type
> >>> * swpentry - associated swap entry, the offset indexes into the red-black tree
> >>> * length - the length in bytes of the compressed page data. Needed during
> >>> * decompression. For a same value filled page length is 0, and both
> >>> @@ -208,7 +208,6 @@ static struct {
> >>> * lru - handle to the pool's lru used to evict pages.
> >>> */
> >>> struct zswap_entry {
> >>> - struct rb_node rbnode;
> >>> swp_entry_t swpentry;
> >>> unsigned int length;
> >>> struct zswap_pool *pool;
> >>> @@ -220,12 +219,7 @@ struct zswap_entry {
> >>> struct list_head lru;
> >>> };
> >>>
> >>> -struct zswap_tree {
> >>> - struct rb_root rbroot;
> >>> - spinlock_t lock;
> >>> -};
> >>> -
> >>> -static struct zswap_tree *zswap_trees[MAX_SWAPFILES];
> >>> +static struct xarray *zswap_trees[MAX_SWAPFILES];
> >>> static unsigned int nr_zswap_trees[MAX_SWAPFILES];
> >>>
> >>> /* RCU-protected iteration */
> >>> @@ -253,10 +247,10 @@ static bool zswap_has_pool;
> >>> * helpers and fwd declarations
> >>> **********************************/
> >>>
> >>> -static inline struct zswap_tree *swap_zswap_tree(swp_entry_t swp)
> >>> +static inline struct xarray *swap_zswap_tree(swp_entry_t swp)
> >>> {
> >>> - return &zswap_trees[swp_type(swp)][swp_offset(swp)
> >>> - >> SWAP_ADDRESS_SPACE_SHIFT];
> >>> + return zswap_trees[swp_type(swp)] + (swp_offset(swp)
> >>> + >> SWAP_ADDRESS_SPACE_SHIFT);
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> #define zswap_pool_debug(msg, p) \
> >>> @@ -805,60 +799,38 @@ void zswap_memcg_offline_cleanup(struct mem_cgroup *memcg)
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> /*********************************
> >>> -* rbtree functions
> >>> +* xarray functions
> >>> **********************************/
> >>> -static struct zswap_entry *zswap_rb_search(struct rb_root *root, pgoff_t offset)
> >>> +static struct zswap_entry *zswap_xa_search_and_erase(struct xarray *tree, pgoff_t offset)
> >>> {
> >>> - struct rb_node *node = root->rb_node;
> >>> - struct zswap_entry *entry;
> >>> - pgoff_t entry_offset;
> >>> -
> >>> - while (node) {
> >>> - entry = rb_entry(node, struct zswap_entry, rbnode);
> >>> - entry_offset = swp_offset(entry->swpentry);
> >>> - if (entry_offset > offset)
> >>> - node = node->rb_left;
> >>> - else if (entry_offset < offset)
> >>> - node = node->rb_right;
> >>> - else
> >>> - return entry;
> >>> - }
> >>> - return NULL;
> >>> + return xa_erase(tree, offset);
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> /*
> >>> + * Expects xa_lock to be held on entry.
> >>> * In the case that a entry with the same offset is found, a pointer to
> >>> - * the existing entry is stored in dupentry and the function returns -EEXIST
> >>> + * the existing entry is stored in old and erased from the tree.
> >>> + * Function return error on insert.
> >>> */
> >>> -static int zswap_rb_insert(struct rb_root *root, struct zswap_entry *entry,
> >>> - struct zswap_entry **dupentry)
> >>> +static int zswap_xa_insert(struct xarray *tree, struct zswap_entry *entry,
> >>> + struct zswap_entry **old)
> >>> {
> >>> - struct rb_node **link = &root->rb_node, *parent = NULL;
> >>> - struct zswap_entry *myentry;
> >>> - pgoff_t myentry_offset, entry_offset = swp_offset(entry->swpentry);
> >>> -
> >>> - while (*link) {
> >>> - parent = *link;
> >>> - myentry = rb_entry(parent, struct zswap_entry, rbnode);
> >>> - myentry_offset = swp_offset(myentry->swpentry);
> >>> - if (myentry_offset > entry_offset)
> >>> - link = &(*link)->rb_left;
> >>> - else if (myentry_offset < entry_offset)
> >>> - link = &(*link)->rb_right;
> >>> - else {
> >>> - *dupentry = myentry;
> >>> - return -EEXIST;
> >>> - }
> >>> - }
> >>> - rb_link_node(&entry->rbnode, parent, link);
> >>> - rb_insert_color(&entry->rbnode, root);
> >>> - return 0;
> >>> -}
> >>> + int err;
> >>> + struct zswap_entry *e;
> >>> + pgoff_t offset = swp_offset(entry->swpentry);
> >>>
> >>> -static void zswap_rb_erase(struct rb_root *root, struct zswap_entry *entry)
> >>> -{
> >>> - rb_erase(&entry->rbnode, root);
> >>> - RB_CLEAR_NODE(&entry->rbnode);
> >>> + e = __xa_store(tree, offset, entry, GFP_KERNEL);
> >>> + err = xa_err(e);
> >>> +
> >>> + if (err) {
> >>> + e = __xa_erase(tree, offset);
> >
> > zswap_xa_insert will always erase the old entry, even when __xa_store fails.
> >
> >>> + if (err == -ENOMEM)
> >>> + zswap_reject_alloc_fail++;
> >>> + else
> >>> + zswap_reject_xarray_fail++;
> >>> + }
> >>> + *old = e;
> >
> > Old pointer is set regardless of the error.
>
> Ok, I get it. The "old" pointer is always set on return.
>
> >
> >>> + return err;
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> /*********************************
> >>> @@ -872,7 +844,6 @@ static struct zswap_entry *zswap_entry_cache_alloc(gfp_t gfp, int nid)
> >>> entry = kmem_cache_alloc_node(zswap_entry_cache, gfp, nid);
> >>> if (!entry)
> >>> return NULL;
> >>> - RB_CLEAR_NODE(&entry->rbnode);
> >>> return entry;
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> @@ -914,17 +885,6 @@ static void zswap_entry_free(struct zswap_entry *entry)
> >>> zswap_update_total_size();
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> -/*
> >>> - * The caller hold the tree lock and search the entry from the tree,
> >>> - * so it must be on the tree, remove it from the tree and free it.
> >>> - */
> >>> -static void zswap_invalidate_entry(struct zswap_tree *tree,
> >>> - struct zswap_entry *entry)
> >>> -{
> >>> - zswap_rb_erase(&tree->rbroot, entry);
> >>> - zswap_entry_free(entry);
> >>> -}
> >>> -
> >>> /*********************************
> >>> * compressed storage functions
> >>> **********************************/
> >>> @@ -1113,7 +1073,9 @@ static void zswap_decompress(struct zswap_entry *entry, struct page *page)
> >>> static int zswap_writeback_entry(struct zswap_entry *entry,
> >>> swp_entry_t swpentry)
> >>> {
> >>> - struct zswap_tree *tree;
> >>> + struct xarray *tree;
> >>> + pgoff_t offset = swp_offset(swpentry);
> >>> + struct zswap_entry *e;
> >>> struct folio *folio;
> >>> struct mempolicy *mpol;
> >>> bool folio_was_allocated;
> >>> @@ -1150,19 +1112,14 @@ static int zswap_writeback_entry(struct zswap_entry *entry,
> >>> * be dereferenced.
> >>> */
> >>> tree = swap_zswap_tree(swpentry);
> >>> - spin_lock(&tree->lock);
> >>> - if (zswap_rb_search(&tree->rbroot, swp_offset(swpentry)) != entry) {
> >>> - spin_unlock(&tree->lock);
> >>> + e = zswap_xa_search_and_erase(tree, offset);
> >>> + if (e != entry) {
> >>
> >> IIUC, here we should use xa_cmpxchg() instead of erasing it unconditionally.
> >
> > Good catch, I agree with your suggestion. I will spin a V3 to correct that.
> >
> >>
> >>> delete_from_swap_cache(folio);
> >>> folio_unlock(folio);
> >>> folio_put(folio);
> >>> return -ENOMEM;
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> - /* Safe to deref entry after the entry is verified above. */
> >>> - zswap_rb_erase(&tree->rbroot, entry);
> >>> - spin_unlock(&tree->lock);
> >>> -
> >>> zswap_decompress(entry, &folio->page);
> >>>
> >>> count_vm_event(ZSWPWB);
> >>> @@ -1471,10 +1428,11 @@ bool zswap_store(struct folio *folio)
> >>> {
> >>> swp_entry_t swp = folio->swap;
> >>> pgoff_t offset = swp_offset(swp);
> >>> - struct zswap_tree *tree = swap_zswap_tree(swp);
> >>> - struct zswap_entry *entry, *dupentry;
> >>> + struct xarray *tree = swap_zswap_tree(swp);
> >>> + struct zswap_entry *entry, *old;
> >>> struct obj_cgroup *objcg = NULL;
> >>> struct mem_cgroup *memcg = NULL;
> >>> + int err;
> >>>
> >>> VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!folio_test_locked(folio));
> >>> VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!folio_test_swapcache(folio));
> >>> @@ -1562,21 +1520,25 @@ bool zswap_store(struct folio *folio)
> >>> }
> >>>
> >>> /* map */
> >>> - spin_lock(&tree->lock);
> >>> + xa_lock(tree);
> >>> /*
> >>> * The folio may have been dirtied again, invalidate the
> >>> * possibly stale entry before inserting the new entry.
> >>> */
> >>> - if (zswap_rb_insert(&tree->rbroot, entry, &dupentry) == -EEXIST) {
> >>> - zswap_invalidate_entry(tree, dupentry);
> >>> - WARN_ON(zswap_rb_insert(&tree->rbroot, entry, &dupentry));
> >>> + err = zswap_xa_insert(tree, entry, &old);
> >>> + if (old)
> >>> + zswap_entry_free(old);
> >>
> >> Maybe it's safer to check old after !err, since "old" variable is not initialized
> >> to NULL, and zswap_xa_insert() maybe won't overwrite "old" to NULL when err return?
> >
> > That is the intended behavior.
> >
> > See the above in zswap_xa_insert(). It will always erase and return
> > "old" even when the __xa_store() has an error.
> > That is because by the time zswap needs to store a new entry at this
> > swap entry. The old data is already outdated. We should just remove
> > the old data. If __xa_store failed due to out of memory. That is the
> > same as allocating an entry out of memory. It is fine to fail
> > swap_store. Then the folio will just stay in the swap cache for the
> > next time.
> >
> > Do you see any ill effects can be caused by deleting the old entry on
> > xa_insert error?
>
> No, you're right, we should always delete/free old zswap entry no matter
> store success or fail.
>
> >
> >>> + if (err) {
> >>> + xa_unlock(tree);
> >>> + goto free_zpool;
> >>> }
> >>> +
> >>> if (entry->length) {
> >>> INIT_LIST_HEAD(&entry->lru);
> >>> zswap_lru_add(&zswap.list_lru, entry);
> >>> atomic_inc(&zswap.nr_stored);
> >>> }
> >>
> >> It seems that we can put this part out of the xarray lock section, then it's enough to
> >> just use xa_insert().
>
> I wanted to mean xa_store() here.
>
> >
> > It is not enough protection. Consider this race:
> >
> > CPU1 CPU2
> >
> > xa_insert()
> > entry = swap_xa_search_and_erase()
> > zswap_free_entry(entry)
> >
> > if (entry->length)
> > ...
> > CPU1 is using entry after free.
>
> Hmm, right, but I don't know how could this race happen? Since the folio we store is
> the owner of swap entry, which couldn't be deleted meanwhile, right?
I will need to think about it more. Agree the current folio can't
delete itself. It is possible the folio lock was enough to prevent the
race.
>
> Another problem I just notice is that if xa_store() failed, zswap_same_filled_pages
> won't be correct. (Maybe we should move zswap_same_filled_pages inc)
You are right, I miss the same filled pages. Will address that in V3.
Chris
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