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Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2024 14:33:10 -0700
From: Ian Rogers <irogers@...gle.com>
To: Howard Chu <howardchu95@...il.com>
Cc: peterz@...radead.org, mingo@...hat.com, acme@...nel.org,
namhyung@...nel.org, mark.rutland@....com, alexander.shishkin@...ux.intel.com,
jolsa@...nel.org, adrian.hunter@...el.com, kan.liang@...ux.intel.com,
mic@...ikod.net, gnoack@...gle.com, brauner@...nel.org,
linux-perf-users@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org, bpf@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH] perf trace: Fix syscall untraceable bug
On Sat, Jun 8, 2024 at 10:21 AM Howard Chu <howardchu95@...il.com> wrote:
>
> This is a bug found when implementing pretty-printing for the
> landlock_add_rule system call, I decided to send this patch separately
> because this is a serious bug that should be fixed fast.
>
> I wrote a test program to do landlock_add_rule syscall in a loop,
> yet perf trace -e landlock_add_rule freezes, giving no output.
>
> This bug is introduced by the false understanding of the variable "key"
> below:
> ```
> for (key = 0; key < trace->sctbl->syscalls.nr_entries; ++key) {
> struct syscall *sc = trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, key);
> ...
> }
> ```
> The code above seems right at the beginning, but when looking at
> syscalltbl.c, I found these lines:
>
> ```
> for (i = 0; i <= syscalltbl_native_max_id; ++i)
> if (syscalltbl_native[i])
> ++nr_entries;
>
> entries = tbl->syscalls.entries = malloc(sizeof(struct syscall) * nr_entries);
> ...
>
> for (i = 0, j = 0; i <= syscalltbl_native_max_id; ++i) {
> if (syscalltbl_native[i]) {
> entries[j].name = syscalltbl_native[i];
> entries[j].id = i;
> ++j;
> }
> }
> ```
>
> meaning the key is merely an index to traverse the syscall table,
> instead of the actual syscall id for this particular syscall.
Thanks Howard, I'm not following this. Doesn't it make sense to use
the syscall number as its id?
>
>
> So if one uses key to do trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, key), because
> key only goes up to trace->sctbl->syscalls.nr_entries, for example, on
> my X86_64 machine, this number is 373, it will end up neglecting all
> the rest of the syscall, in my case, everything after `rseq`, because
> the traversal will stop at 373, and `rseq` is the last syscall whose id
> is lower than 373
>
> in tools/perf/arch/x86/include/generated/asm/syscalls_64.c:
> ```
> ...
> [334] = "rseq",
> [424] = "pidfd_send_signal",
> ...
> ```
>
> The reason why the key is scrambled but perf trace works well is that
> key is used in trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, key) to do
> trace->syscalls.table[id], this makes sure that the struct syscall returned
> actually has an id the same value as key, making the later bpf_prog
> matching all correct.
Could we create a test for this? We have tests that list all perf
events and then running a perf command on them. It wouldn't be
possible to guarantee output.
>
> After fixing this bug, I can do perf trace on 38 more syscalls, and
> because more syscalls are visible, we get 8 more syscalls that can be
> augmented.
>
> before:
>
> perf $ perf trace -vv --max-events=1 |& grep Reusing
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "stat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lstat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "access"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "accept"
> Reusing "sendto" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "recvfrom"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "bind"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getsockname"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getpeername"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "execve"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "truncate"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mkdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "rmdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "creat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "link"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "unlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "symlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "readlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chmod"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chown"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lchown"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mknod"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "statfs"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "pivot_root"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chroot"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "acct"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "swapon"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "swapoff"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "delete_module"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "setxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lsetxattr"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fsetxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lgetxattr"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fgetxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "listxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "llistxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "removexattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lremovexattr"
> Reusing "fsetxattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fremovexattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mq_open"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mq_unlink"
> Reusing "fsetxattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "add_key"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "request_key"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "inotify_add_watch"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mkdirat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mknodat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fchownat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "futimesat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "newfstatat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "unlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "linkat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "symlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "readlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fchmodat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "faccessat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "utimensat"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "accept4"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "name_to_handle_at"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "renameat2"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "memfd_create"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "execveat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "statx"
>
> after
>
> perf $ perf trace -vv --max-events=1 |& grep Reusing
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "stat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lstat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "access"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "accept"
> Reusing "sendto" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "recvfrom"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "bind"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getsockname"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getpeername"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "execve"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "truncate"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mkdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "rmdir"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "creat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "link"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "unlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "symlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "readlink"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chmod"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chown"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lchown"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mknod"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "statfs"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "pivot_root"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "chroot"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "acct"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "swapon"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "swapoff"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "delete_module"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "setxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lsetxattr"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fsetxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "getxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lgetxattr"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fgetxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "listxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "llistxattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "removexattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "lremovexattr"
> Reusing "fsetxattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fremovexattr"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mq_open"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mq_unlink"
> Reusing "fsetxattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "add_key"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "request_key"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "inotify_add_watch"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mkdirat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mknodat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fchownat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "futimesat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "newfstatat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "unlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "linkat"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "symlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "readlinkat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fchmodat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "faccessat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "utimensat"
> Reusing "connect" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "accept4"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "name_to_handle_at"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "renameat2"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "memfd_create"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "execveat"
> Reusing "fremovexattr" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "statx"
>
> TL;DR:
>
> These are the new syscalls that can be augmented
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "open_tree"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "openat2"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "mount_setattr"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "move_mount"
> Reusing "open" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fsopen"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fspick"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "faccessat2"
> Reusing "openat" BPF sys_enter augmenter for "fchmodat2"
>
> as for the perf trace output:
>
> before
>
> perf $ perf trace -e faccessat2 --max-events=1
> [no output]
>
> after
>
> perf $ ./perf trace -e faccessat2 --max-events=1
> 0.000 ( 0.037 ms): waybar/958 faccessat2(dfd: 40, filename: "uevent") = 0
>
> P.S. The reason why this bug was not found in the past five years is
> probably because it only happens to the newer syscalls whose id is
> greater, for instance, faccessat2 of id 439, which not a lot of people
> care about when using perf trace.
>
> Signed-off-by: Howard Chu <howardchu95@...il.com>
> ---
> tools/perf/builtin-trace.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
> tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.c | 21 +++++++++------------
> tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.h | 5 +++++
> 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c b/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c
> index c42bc608954e..5cbe1748911d 100644
> --- a/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c
> +++ b/tools/perf/builtin-trace.c
> @@ -3354,7 +3354,8 @@ static int trace__bpf_prog_sys_exit_fd(struct trace *trace, int id)
> static struct bpf_program *trace__find_usable_bpf_prog_entry(struct trace *trace, struct syscall *sc)
> {
> struct tep_format_field *field, *candidate_field;
> - int id;
> + struct __syscall *scs = trace->sctbl->syscalls.entries;
> + int id, _id;
>
> /*
> * We're only interested in syscalls that have a pointer:
> @@ -3368,10 +3369,13 @@ static struct bpf_program *trace__find_usable_bpf_prog_entry(struct trace *trace
>
> try_to_find_pair:
> for (id = 0; id < trace->sctbl->syscalls.nr_entries; ++id) {
> - struct syscall *pair = trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, id);
> + struct syscall *pair;
> struct bpf_program *pair_prog;
> bool is_candidate = false;
>
> + _id = scs[id].id;
> + pair = trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, _id);
> +
> if (pair == NULL || pair == sc ||
> pair->bpf_prog.sys_enter == trace->skel->progs.syscall_unaugmented)
> continue;
> @@ -3456,23 +3460,26 @@ static int trace__init_syscalls_bpf_prog_array_maps(struct trace *trace)
> {
> int map_enter_fd = bpf_map__fd(trace->skel->maps.syscalls_sys_enter);
> int map_exit_fd = bpf_map__fd(trace->skel->maps.syscalls_sys_exit);
> - int err = 0, key;
> + int err = 0, key, id;
> + struct __syscall *scs = trace->sctbl->syscalls.entries;
>
> for (key = 0; key < trace->sctbl->syscalls.nr_entries; ++key) {
> int prog_fd;
>
> - if (!trace__syscall_enabled(trace, key))
> + id = scs[key].id;
> +
> + if (!trace__syscall_enabled(trace, id))
> continue;
>
> - trace__init_syscall_bpf_progs(trace, key);
> + trace__init_syscall_bpf_progs(trace, id);
>
> // It'll get at least the "!raw_syscalls:unaugmented"
> - prog_fd = trace__bpf_prog_sys_enter_fd(trace, key);
> - err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_enter_fd, &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> + prog_fd = trace__bpf_prog_sys_enter_fd(trace, id);
> + err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_enter_fd, &id, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> if (err)
> break;
> - prog_fd = trace__bpf_prog_sys_exit_fd(trace, key);
> - err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_exit_fd, &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> + prog_fd = trace__bpf_prog_sys_exit_fd(trace, id);
> + err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_exit_fd, &id, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> if (err)
> break;
> }
> @@ -3506,10 +3513,13 @@ static int trace__init_syscalls_bpf_prog_array_maps(struct trace *trace)
> * array tail call, then that one will be used.
> */
> for (key = 0; key < trace->sctbl->syscalls.nr_entries; ++key) {
> - struct syscall *sc = trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, key);
> + struct syscall *sc;
> struct bpf_program *pair_prog;
> int prog_fd;
>
> + id = scs[key].id;
> + sc = trace__syscall_info(trace, NULL, id);
> +
> if (sc == NULL || sc->bpf_prog.sys_enter == NULL)
> continue;
>
> @@ -3535,7 +3545,7 @@ static int trace__init_syscalls_bpf_prog_array_maps(struct trace *trace)
> * with the fd for the program we're reusing:
> */
> prog_fd = bpf_program__fd(sc->bpf_prog.sys_enter);
> - err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_enter_fd, &key, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> + err = bpf_map_update_elem(map_enter_fd, &id, &prog_fd, BPF_ANY);
> if (err)
> break;
> }
> diff --git a/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.c b/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.c
> index 63be7b58761d..16aa886c40f0 100644
> --- a/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.c
> +++ b/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.c
> @@ -44,22 +44,17 @@ const int syscalltbl_native_max_id = SYSCALLTBL_LOONGARCH_MAX_ID;
> static const char *const *syscalltbl_native = syscalltbl_loongarch;
> #endif
>
> -struct syscall {
> - int id;
> - const char *name;
> -};
> -
> static int syscallcmpname(const void *vkey, const void *ventry)
> {
> const char *key = vkey;
> - const struct syscall *entry = ventry;
> + const struct __syscall *entry = ventry;
>
> return strcmp(key, entry->name);
> }
>
> static int syscallcmp(const void *va, const void *vb)
> {
> - const struct syscall *a = va, *b = vb;
> + const struct __syscall *a = va, *b = vb;
>
> return strcmp(a->name, b->name);
> }
> @@ -67,13 +62,14 @@ static int syscallcmp(const void *va, const void *vb)
> static int syscalltbl__init_native(struct syscalltbl *tbl)
> {
> int nr_entries = 0, i, j;
> - struct syscall *entries;
> + struct __syscall *entries;
>
> for (i = 0; i <= syscalltbl_native_max_id; ++i)
> if (syscalltbl_native[i])
> ++nr_entries;
>
> - entries = tbl->syscalls.entries = malloc(sizeof(struct syscall) * nr_entries);
> + entries = tbl->syscalls.entries = malloc(sizeof(struct __syscall) *
> + nr_entries);
> if (tbl->syscalls.entries == NULL)
> return -1;
>
> @@ -85,7 +81,8 @@ static int syscalltbl__init_native(struct syscalltbl *tbl)
> }
> }
>
> - qsort(tbl->syscalls.entries, nr_entries, sizeof(struct syscall), syscallcmp);
> + qsort(tbl->syscalls.entries, nr_entries, sizeof(struct __syscall),
> + syscallcmp);
> tbl->syscalls.nr_entries = nr_entries;
> tbl->syscalls.max_id = syscalltbl_native_max_id;
> return 0;
> @@ -116,7 +113,7 @@ const char *syscalltbl__name(const struct syscalltbl *tbl __maybe_unused, int id
>
> int syscalltbl__id(struct syscalltbl *tbl, const char *name)
> {
> - struct syscall *sc = bsearch(name, tbl->syscalls.entries,
> + struct __syscall *sc = bsearch(name, tbl->syscalls.entries,
> tbl->syscalls.nr_entries, sizeof(*sc),
> syscallcmpname);
>
> @@ -126,7 +123,7 @@ int syscalltbl__id(struct syscalltbl *tbl, const char *name)
> int syscalltbl__strglobmatch_next(struct syscalltbl *tbl, const char *syscall_glob, int *idx)
> {
> int i;
> - struct syscall *syscalls = tbl->syscalls.entries;
> + struct __syscall *syscalls = tbl->syscalls.entries;
>
> for (i = *idx + 1; i < tbl->syscalls.nr_entries; ++i) {
> if (strglobmatch(syscalls[i].name, syscall_glob)) {
> diff --git a/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.h b/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.h
> index a41d2ca9e4ae..6e93a0874c40 100644
> --- a/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.h
> +++ b/tools/perf/util/syscalltbl.h
> @@ -2,6 +2,11 @@
> #ifndef __PERF_SYSCALLTBL_H
> #define __PERF_SYSCALLTBL_H
>
It'd be nice to document the struct with examples that explain the
confusion that's happened and is fixed here.
Thanks,
Ian
> +struct __syscall {
> + int id;
> + const char *name;
> +};
> +
> struct syscalltbl {
> int audit_machine;
> struct {
> --
> 2.45.2
>
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