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Date: Wed, 26 Jun 2024 15:10:12 -0700
From: Kees Cook <kees@...nel.org>
To: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@....com>
Cc: "liuyuntao (F)" <liuyuntao12@...wei.com>, Arnd Bergmann <arnd@...db.de>,
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@....com>,
Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>, Heiko Carstens <hca@...ux.ibm.com>,
Vasily Gorbik <gor@...ux.ibm.com>,
Alexander Gordeev <agordeev@...ux.ibm.com>,
Christian Borntraeger <borntraeger@...ux.ibm.com>,
Sven Schnelle <svens@...ux.ibm.com>,
Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>, Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>,
Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
"H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@...or.com>,
"Gustavo A. R. Silva" <gustavoars@...nel.org>,
Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@...ive.com>,
Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@...belt.com>,
Albert Ou <aou@...s.berkeley.edu>,
Leonardo Bras <leobras@...hat.com>,
Claudio Imbrenda <imbrenda@...ux.ibm.com>,
Pawan Gupta <pawan.kumar.gupta@...ux.intel.com>,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, x86@...nel.org,
linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-s390@...r.kernel.org,
linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org, linux-riscv@...ts.infradead.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH] randomize_kstack: Remove non-functional per-arch entropy
filtering
On Fri, Jun 21, 2024 at 12:08:42PM +0100, Mark Rutland wrote:
> On Thu, Jun 20, 2024 at 11:34:22AM -0700, Kees Cook wrote:
> > On Thu, Jun 20, 2024 at 11:47:58AM +0800, liuyuntao (F) wrote:
> > >
> > >
> > > On 2024/6/20 5:47, Kees Cook wrote:
> > > > An unintended consequence of commit 9c573cd31343 ("randomize_kstack:
> > > > Improve entropy diffusion") was that the per-architecture entropy size
> > > > filtering reduced how many bits were being added to the mix, rather than
> > > > how many bits were being used during the offsetting. All architectures
> > > > fell back to the existing default of 0x3FF (10 bits), which will consume
> > > > at most 1KiB of stack space. It seems that this is working just fine,
> > > > so let's avoid the confusion and update everything to use the default.
> > > >
> > >
> > > My original intent was indeed to do this, but I regret that not being more
> > > explicit in the commit log..
> > >
> > > Additionally, I've tested the stack entropy by applying the following patch,
> > > the result was `Bits of stack entropy: 7` on arm64, too. It does not seem to
> > > affect the entropy value, maybe removing it is OK, or there may be some
> > > nuances of your intentions that I've overlooked.
> > >
> > > --- a/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
> > > +++ b/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
> > > @@ -79,9 +79,7 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
> > > #define choose_random_kstack_offset(rand) do { \
> > > if (static_branch_maybe(CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET_DEFAULT, \
> > > &randomize_kstack_offset)) { \
> > > - u32 offset = raw_cpu_read(kstack_offset); \
> > > - offset = ror32(offset, 5) ^ (rand); \
> > > - raw_cpu_write(kstack_offset, offset); \
> > > + raw_cpu_write(kstack_offset, rand); \
> > > } \
> > > } while (0)
> > > #else /* CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_KSTACK_OFFSET */
> >
> > I blame the multiple applications of the word "entropy" in this feature. :)
> >
> > So, there's both:
> >
> > - "how many bits CAN be randomized?" (i.e. within what range can all
> > possible stack offsets be?)
> >
> > and
> >
> > - "is the randomization predictable?" (i.e. is the distribution of
> > selected positions with the above range evenly distributed?)
> >
> > Commit 9c573cd31343 ("randomize_kstack: Improve entropy diffusion") was
> > trying to improve the latter, but accidentally also grew the former.
> > This patch is just trying to clean all this up now.
> >
> > Thanks for testing! And I'm curious as to why arm64's stack offset
> > entropy is 7 for you when we're expecting it to be 6. Anyway, that's not
> > a problem I don't think. Just a greater offset range than expected.
>
> Hmm....
>
> I think this is due to the way the compiler aligns the stack in alloca(); it
> rounds up the value of KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(offset) and ends up spilling over an
> additional bit (e.g. 0x3f1 to 0x3ff round up to 0x400).
>
> Looking at v6.10-rc4 defconfig + CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_STACKOFFSET=y, the
> disassembly for arm64's invoke_syscall() looks like:
>
> // offset = raw_cpu_read(kstack_offset)
> mov x4, sp
> adrp x0, kstack_offset
> mrs x5, tpidr_el1
> add x0, x0, #:lo12:kstack_offset
> ldr w0, [x0, x5]
>
> // offset = KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(offset)
> and x0, x0, #0x3ff
>
> // alloca(offset)
> add x0, x0, #0xf
> and x0, x0, #0x7f0
> sub sp, x4, x0
>
> ... which in C would be:
>
> offset = raw_cpu_read(kstack_offset)
> offset &= 0x3ff; // [0x0, 0x3ff]
> offset += 0xf; // [0xf, 0x40e]
> offset &= 0x7f0; // [0x0,
>
> ... so when *all* bits [3:0] are 0, they'll have no impact, and when *any* of
> bits [3:0] are 1 they'll trigger a carry into bit 4, which could ripple all the
> way up and spill into bit 10.
>
> I have no idea whether that's important. Kees, does that introduce a bias, and
> if so do we need to care?
>
> If I change the mask to discard the low bits:
>
> #define KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(x) ((x) & 0x3F0)
>
> ... then the assembly avoids the rounding:
>
> mov x4, sp
> adrp x0, 0 <kstack_offset>
> mrs x5, tpidr_el1
> add x0, x0, #:lo12:kstack_offset
> ldr w0, [x0, x5]
> and x0, x0, #0x3f0
> sub sp, x4, x0
Ah, interesting! I'd prefer to avoid the bias (or at least, the
weirdness). How about this as a solution?
diff --git a/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h b/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
index 6d92b68efbf6..1d982dbdd0d0 100644
--- a/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
+++ b/include/linux/randomize_kstack.h
@@ -32,13 +32,19 @@ DECLARE_PER_CPU(u32, kstack_offset);
#endif
/*
- * Use, at most, 10 bits of entropy. We explicitly cap this to keep the
- * "VLA" from being unbounded (see above). 10 bits leaves enough room for
- * per-arch offset masks to reduce entropy (by removing higher bits, since
- * high entropy may overly constrain usable stack space), and for
- * compiler/arch-specific stack alignment to remove the lower bits.
+ * Use, at most, 6 bits of entropy (on 64-bit; 8 on 32-bit). This cap is
+ * to keep the "VLA" from being unbounded (see above). Additionally clear
+ * the bottom 4 bits (on 64-bit systems, 2 for 32-bit), since stack
+ * alignment will always be at least word size. This makes the compiler
+ * code gen better when it is applying the actual per-arch alignment to
+ * the final offset. The resulting randomness is reasonable without overly
+ * constraining usable stack space.
*/
-#define KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(x) ((x) & 0x3FF)
+#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
+#define KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(x) ((x) & 0b1111110000)
+#else
+#define KSTACK_OFFSET_MAX(x) ((x) & 0b1111111100)
+#endif
/**
* add_random_kstack_offset - Increase stack utilization by previously
--
Kees Cook
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