Date: Mon, 1 Jul 2024 09:52:55 -0400
From: Josef Bacik <josef@...icpanda.com>
To: Jeff Layton <jlayton@...nel.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>,
	Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>, Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>,
	Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
	Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@...nel.org>,
	Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@...icios.com>,
	Chandan Babu R <chandan.babu@...cle.com>,
	"Darrick J. Wong" <djwong@...nel.org>,
	Theodore Ts'o <tytso@....edu>,
	Andreas Dilger <adilger.kernel@...ger.ca>, Chris Mason <clm@...com>,
	David Sterba <dsterba@...e.com>, Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Andi Kleen <ak@...ux.intel.com>, kernel-team@...com,
	linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-trace-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-xfs@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-ext4@...r.kernel.org, linux-btrfs@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-mm@...ck.org, linux-nfs@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2 11/11] Documentation: add a new file documenting
 multigrain timestamps

On Mon, Jul 01, 2024 at 06:26:47AM -0400, Jeff Layton wrote:
> Add a high-level document that describes how multigrain timestamps work,
> rationale for them, and some info about implementation and tradeoffs.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Jeff Layton <jlayton@...nel.org>
> ---
>  Documentation/filesystems/multigrain-ts.rst | 126 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 126 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/multigrain-ts.rst b/Documentation/filesystems/multigrain-ts.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..beef7f79108c
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/multigrain-ts.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
> +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
> +
> +=====================
> +Multigrain Timestamps
> +=====================
> +
> +Introduction
> +============
> +Historically, the kernel has always used a coarse time values to stamp
> +inodes. This value is updated on every jiffy, so any change that happens
> +within that jiffy will end up with the same timestamp.
> +
> +When the kernel goes to stamp an inode (due to a read or write), it first gets
> +the current time and then compares it to the existing timestamp(s) to see
> +whether anything will change. If nothing changed, then it can avoid updating
> +the inode's metadata.
> +
> +Coarse timestamps are therefore good from a performance standpoint, since they
> +reduce the need for metadata updates, but bad from the standpoint of
> +determining whether anything has changed, since a lot of things can happen in a
> +jiffy.
> +
> +They are particularly troublesome with NFSv3, where unchanging timestamps can
> +make it difficult to tell whether to invalidate caches. NFSv4 provides a
> +dedicated change attribute that should always show a visible change, but not
> +all filesystems implement this properly, and many just populating this with
> +the ctime.
> +
> +Multigrain timestamps aim to remedy this by selectively using fine-grained
> +timestamps when a file has had its timestamps queried recently, and the current
> +coarse-grained time does not cause a change.
> +
> +Inode Timestamps
> +================
> +There are currently 3 timestamps in the inode that are updated to the current
> +wallclock time on different activity:
> +
> +ctime:
> +  The inode change time. This is stamped with the current time whenever
> +  the inode's metadata is changed. Note that this value is not settable
> +  from userland.
> +
> +mtime:
> +  The inode modification time. This is stamped with the current time
> +  any time a file's contents change.
> +
> +atime:
> +  The inode access time. This is stamped whenever an inode's contents are
> +  read. Widely considered to be a terrible mistake. Usually avoided with
> +  options like noatime or relatime.
> +
> +Updating the mtime always implies a change to the ctime, but updating the
> +atime due to a read request does not.
> +
> +Multigrain timestamps are only tracked for the ctime and the mtime. atimes are
> +not affected and always use the coarse-grained value (subject to the floor).
> +
> +Inode Timestamp Ordering
> +========================
> +
> +In addition just providing info about changes to individual files, file
> +timestamps also serve an important purpose in applications like "make". These
> +programs measure timestamps in order to determine whether source files might be
> +newer than cached objects.
> +
> +Userland applications like make can only determine ordering based on
> +operational boundaries. For a syscall those are the syscall entry and exit
> +points. For io_uring or nfsd operations, that's the request submission and
> +response. In the case of concurrent operations, userland can make no
> +determination about the order in which things will occur.
> +
> +For instance, if a single thread modifies one file, and then another file in
> +sequence, the second file must show an equal or later mtime than the first. The
> +same is true if two threads are issuing similar operations that do not overlap
> +in time.
> +
> +If however, two threads have racing syscalls that overlap in time, then there
> +is no such guarantee, and the second file may appear to have been modified
> +before, after or at the same time as the first, regardless of which one was
> +submitted first.
> +
> +Multigrain Timestamps
> +=====================
> +Multigrain timestamps are aimed at ensuring that changes to a single file are
> +always recognizeable, without violating the ordering guarantees when multiple
> +different files are modified. This affects the mtime and the ctime, but the
> +atime will always use coarse-grained timestamps.
> +
> +It uses the lowest-order bit in the timestamp as a flag that indicates whether
> +the mtime or ctime have been queried. If either or both have, then the kernel
> +takes special care to ensure the next timestamp update will display a visible
> +change. This ensures tight cache coherency for use-cases like NFS, without
> +sacrificing the benefits of reduced metadata updates when files aren't being
> +watched.
> +
> +The ctime Floor Value
> +=====================
> +It's not sufficient to simply use fine or coarse-grained timestamps based on
> +whether the mtime or ctime has been queried. A file could get a fine grained
> +timestamp, and then a second file modified later could get a coarse-grained one
> +that appears earlier than the first, which would break the kernel's timestamp
> +ordering guarantees.
> +
> +To mitigate this problem, we maintain a per-time_namespace floor value that

You dropped this bit in the series, so this isn't correct, should just be

"we maintain a floor value"

Thanks,

Josef

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