Message-ID: <87ttceu0i8.fsf@nvdebian.thelocal>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 10:24:53 +1100
From: Alistair Popple <apopple@...dia.com>
To: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
Cc: Asahi Lina <lina@...hilina.net>, Andrew Morton
 <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>, Sergio Lopez Pascual <slp@...hat.com>,
 linux-mm@...ck.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, asahi@...ts.linux.dev,
 Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@...el.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH] mm: Fix __wp_page_copy_user fallback path for remote mm


David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com> writes:

> On 07.11.24 18:32, Asahi Lina wrote:
>> On 11/8/24 2:14 AM, David Hildenbrand wrote:
>>> On 07.11.24 17:43, Asahi Lina wrote:
>>>> On 11/5/24 9:03 PM, David Hildenbrand wrote:
>>>>> On 01.11.24 13:08, Asahi Lina wrote:
>>>>>> If the source page is a PFN mapping, we copy back from userspace.
>>>>>> However, if this fault is a remote access, we cannot use
>>>>>> __copy_from_user_inatomic. Instead, use access_remote_vm() in this
>>>>>> case.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Fixes WARN and incorrect zero-filling when writing to CoW mappings in
>>>>>> a remote process, such as when using gdb on a binary present on a DAX
>>>>>> filesystem.
>>>>>>
>>>>>> [  143.683782] ------------[ cut here ]------------
>>>>>> [  143.683784] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 350 at mm/memory.c:2904
>>>>>> __wp_page_copy_user+0x120/0x2bc
>>>>>> [  143.683793] CPU: 1 PID: 350 Comm: gdb Not tainted 6.6.52 #1
>>>>>> [  143.683794] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
>>>>>> [  143.683795] pstate: 61400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO +DIT -SSBS
>>>>>> BTYPE=--)
>>>>>> [  143.683796] pc : __wp_page_copy_user+0x120/0x2bc
>>>>>> [  143.683798] lr : __wp_page_copy_user+0x254/0x2bc
>>>>>> [  143.683799] sp : ffff80008272b8b0
>>>>>> [  143.683799] x29: ffff80008272b8b0 x28: 0000000000000000 x27:
>>>>>> ffff000083bad580
>>>>>> [  143.683801] x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000fffff7fd5000 x24:
>>>>>> ffff000081db04c0
>>>>>> [  143.683802] x23: ffff00014f24b000 x22: fffffc00053c92c0 x21:
>>>>>> ffff000083502150
>>>>>> [  143.683803] x20: 0000fffff7fd5000 x19: ffff80008272b9d0 x18:
>>>>>> 0000000000000000
>>>>>> [  143.683804] x17: ffff000081db0500 x16: ffff800080fe52a0 x15:
>>>>>> 0000fffff7fd5000
>>>>>> [  143.683804] x14: 0000000000bb1845 x13: 0000000000000080 x12:
>>>>>> ffff80008272b880
>>>>>> [  143.683805] x11: ffff000081d13600 x10: ffff000081d13608 x9 :
>>>>>> ffff000081d1360c
>>>>>> [  143.683806] x8 : ffff000083a16f00 x7 : 0000000000000010 x6 :
>>>>>> ffff00014f24b000
>>>>>> [  143.683807] x5 : ffff00014f24c000 x4 : 0000000000000000 x3 :
>>>>>> ffff000083582000
>>>>>> [  143.683807] x2 : 0000000000000f80 x1 : 0000fffff7fd5000 x0 :
>>>>>> 0000000000001000
>>>>>> [  143.683808] Call trace:
>>>>>> [  143.683809]  __wp_page_copy_user+0x120/0x2bc
>>>>>> [  143.683810]  wp_page_copy+0x98/0x5c0
>>>>>> [  143.683813]  do_wp_page+0x250/0x530
>>>>>> [  143.683814]  __handle_mm_fault+0x278/0x284
>>>>>> [  143.683817]  handle_mm_fault+0x64/0x1e8
>>>>>> [  143.683819]  faultin_page+0x5c/0x110
>>>>>> [  143.683820]  __get_user_pages+0xc8/0x2f4
>>>>>> [  143.683821]  get_user_pages_remote+0xac/0x30c
>>>>>> [  143.683823]  __access_remote_vm+0xb4/0x368
>>>>>> [  143.683824]  access_remote_vm+0x10/0x1c
>>>>>> [  143.683826]  mem_rw.isra.0+0xc4/0x218
>>>>>> [  143.683831]  mem_write+0x18/0x24
>>>>>> [  143.683831]  vfs_write+0xa0/0x37c
>>>>>> [  143.683834]  ksys_pwrite64+0x7c/0xc0
>>>>>> [  143.683834]  __arm64_sys_pwrite64+0x20/0x2c
>>>>>> [  143.683835]  invoke_syscall+0x48/0x10c
>>>>>> [  143.683837]  el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x40/0xe0
>>>>>> [  143.683839]  do_el0_svc+0x1c/0x28
>>>>>> [  143.683841]  el0_svc+0x3c/0xdc
>>>>>> [  143.683846]  el0t_64_sync_handler+0x120/0x12c
>>>>>> [  143.683848]  el0t_64_sync+0x194/0x198
>>>>>> [  143.683849] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Asahi Lina <lina@...hilina.net>
>>>>>> ---
>>>>>>     mm/memory.c | 7 ++++++-
>>>>>>     1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
>>>>>>
>>>>>> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>> index
>>>>>> 3ccee51adfbbd007b24331fe6874265f231a877b..dba25d9734063ac02cdaeb0a5cd5432473f6372e 100644
>>>>>> --- a/mm/memory.c
>>>>>> +++ b/mm/memory.c
>>>>>> @@ -3081,13 +3081,18 @@ static inline int __wp_page_copy_user(struct
>>>>>> page *dst, struct page *src,
>>>>>>                 update_mmu_cache_range(vmf, vma, addr, vmf->pte, 1);
>>>>>>         }
>>>>>>     +    /* If the mm is a remote mm, copy in the page using
>>>>>> access_remote_vm() */
>>>>>> +    if (current->mm != mm) {
>>>>>> +        if (access_remote_vm(mm, (unsigned long)uaddr, kaddr,
>>>>>> PAGE_SIZE, 0) != PAGE_SIZE)
>>>>>
>>>>> access_remote_vm() will do a mmap_read_lock_killable() and then call
>>>>> into get_user_page_vma_remote() -- fortunately read-access, otherwise
>>>>> we'd be in trouble :) .
>>>>>
>>>>> So we should already be holding the mmap read lock from the previous
>>>>> access_remote_vm() users (who we end up here) ... doesn't this complain
>>>>> with lockdep about recursive locking?
>>>>>
>>>>> I keep forgetting locking rules, so I might just be wrong.
>>>>
>>>> You're right, this complains with lockdep:
>>>>
>>>> [   23.154031]
>>>> [   23.154093] ============================================
>>>> [   23.154193] WARNING: possible recursive locking detected
>>>> [   23.154229] 6.6.52 #2 Not tainted
>>>> [   23.154270] --------------------------------------------
>>>> [   23.154306] gdb/349 is trying to acquire lock:
>>>> [   23.154343] ffff0000862e3450 (&mm->mmap_lock){++++}-{3:3}, at:
>>>> __access_remote_vm+0x3c/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.154431]
>>>> [   23.154431] but task is already holding lock:
>>>> [   23.154474] ffff0000862e3450 (&mm->mmap_lock){++++}-{3:3}, at:
>>>> __access_remote_vm+0x3c/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.154553]
>>>> [   23.154553] other info that might help us debug this:
>>>> [   23.154598]  Possible unsafe locking scenario:
>>>> [   23.154598]
>>>> [   23.154641]        CPU0
>>>> [   23.154665]        ----
>>>> [   23.154685]   lock(&mm->mmap_lock);
>>>> [   23.154712]   lock(&mm->mmap_lock);
>>>> [   23.154741]
>>>> [   23.154741]  *** DEADLOCK ***
>>>> [   23.154741]
>>>> [   23.154790]  May be due to missing lock nesting notation
>>>> [   23.154790]
>>>> [   23.154838] 2 locks held by gdb/349:
>>>> [   23.154868]  #0: ffff0000835b53f8 (sb_writers#4){.+.+}-{0:0}, at:
>>>> vfs_write+0x84/0x2e0
>>>> [   23.154945]  #1: ffff0000862e3450 (&mm->mmap_lock){++++}-{3:3}, at:
>>>> __access_remote_vm+0x3c/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.155023]
>>>> [   23.155023] stack backtrace:
>>>> [   23.155060] CPU: 5 PID: 349 Comm: gdb Not tainted 6.6.52 #2
>>>> [   23.155112] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
>>>> [   23.155148] Call trace:
>>>> [   23.155167]  dump_backtrace+0x98/0x118
>>>> [   23.155209]  show_stack+0x18/0x24
>>>> [   23.155240]  dump_stack_lvl+0x60/0xac
>>>> [   23.155292]  dump_stack+0x18/0x24
>>>> [   23.155320]  print_deadlock_bug+0x260/0x34c
>>>> [   23.155364]  validate_chain+0x364/0x4c0
>>>> [   23.155393]  __lock_acquire+0x564/0xb64
>>>> [   23.155420]  lock_acquire.part.0+0x9c/0x1bc
>>>> [   23.155448]  lock_acquire+0x9c/0x140
>>>> [   23.155477]  down_read_killable+0x44/0x158
>>>> [   23.155521]  __access_remote_vm+0x3c/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.155562]  __wp_page_copy_user+0x13c/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.155611]  wp_page_copy+0x98/0x4d8
>>>> [   23.155640]  do_wp_page+0x290/0x594
>>>> [   23.155671]  __handle_mm_fault+0x258/0x25c
>>>> [   23.155712]  handle_mm_fault+0x64/0x1f0
>>>> [   23.155755]  faultin_page+0x64/0x138
>>>> [   23.155798]  __get_user_pages+0x11c/0x340
>>>> [   23.155843]  get_user_pages_remote+0xc4/0x404
>>>> [   23.155895]  __access_remote_vm+0xf4/0x3a8
>>>> [   23.155922]  access_remote_vm+0x10/0x1c
>>>> [   23.155952]  mem_rw.isra.0+0xc4/0x218
>>>> [   23.155996]  mem_write+0x18/0x24
>>>> [   23.156023]  vfs_write+0xa4/0x2e0
>>>> [   23.156066]  ksys_pwrite64+0x7c/0xc0
>>>> [   23.156109]  __arm64_sys_pwrite64+0x20/0x2c
>>>> [   23.156152]  invoke_syscall+0x48/0x10c
>>>> [   23.156196]  el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x40/0xe0
>>>> [   23.156249]  do_el0_svc+0x1c/0x28
>>>> [   23.156293]  el0_svc+0x54/0x140
>>>> [   23.156334]  el0t_64_sync_handler+0x120/0x12c
>>>> [   23.156384]  el0t_64_sync+0x194/0x198
>>>>
>>>> I guess the locking implementation is recursive so that's why this
>>>> didn't actually deadlock...
>>>>
>>>> I'm not sure what the right way to do this is then. The underlying
>>>> reason why the fallback code is being called is that do_wp_page() calls
>>>> vm_normal_page(), which returns NULL for VM_PFNMAP pages. So vmf->page
>>>> is NULL and __wp_page_copy_user has to use the fallback path. However,
>>>> the reason GUP works is that follow_page_pte() and friends have a
>>>> specific fallback path for the pte_devmap() case that grabs a struct
>>>> page anyway. Maybe similar logic should be in do_wp_page() so it can
>>>> grab a struct page for PFN mappings too?
>>>
>>> There is currently WIP to remove pte_devmap() and make vm_normal_page()
>>> return these pages as well.
>>>
>>> But that would not be in VM_PFNMAP mappings, because VM_PFNMAP means
>>> "don't you ever look at the struct page".
>>>
>>> Likely, you do not have a VM_PFNMAP mapping here but instead a
>>> VM_MIXEDMAP mapping(or likely no special mapping at all)?
>>>
>>> vm_normal_page() returns NULL for pte_devmap(), independent of
>>> VM_PFNMAP, because pte_special() should succeed on them.
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> I recall that there is still a problem with false-positives on
>>> folio_test_anon() with ZONE_DEVICE pages, so it's maybe not that
>>> easy ... and the whole get_dev_pagemap() stuff is nasty.

Specifically FS DAX reuses PAGE_MAPPING_ANON in
include/linux/page-flags.h

    /*
     * Different with flags above, this flag is used only for fsdax mode.  It
     * indicates that this page->mapping is now under reflink case.
     */
    #define PAGE_MAPPING_DAX_SHARED	((void *)0x1)

FS DAX pages are never anon though, so you could probably test for
!vma_is_dax() and/or add an implementation of is_fsdax_page().

>>> Likely we would have to do what GUP does, and temporarily grab a pgmap
>>> reference. Gah.
>>>
>>>
>>> So if we sort out the pagemap stuff and the possibly wrong
>>> folio_test_anon() on some ZONE_DEVICE pages (but not all, because IIRC
>>> DEVICE_PRIVATE can be anon ...), it might be doable.

Correct, DEVICE_PRIVATE and DEVICE_COHERENT pages are always anon (at
least for now).

>>> But it sounds ugly, especially because that code might change soon and
>>> not require messing with ZONE_DEVICE pages on that level.

Yes, I'm hopoing to get the next version of that series posted this
week. I found a couple of other FS DAX bugs that slowed me down.

 - Alistair

>>> And then, we'd not be able to handle VM_PFNMAP cleanly ...
>>>
>>>
>>> Maybe we could test if the PFN has a directmap and simply read using
>>> that? I mean, that's what kmap_local_page() ends up doing on systems
>>> without highmem ... and without !defined(HASHED_PAGE_VIRTUAL) && !
>>> defined(WANT_PAGE_VIRTUAL) the kmap_local_page() really just is a
>>> page_to_virt(), which is mostly mapping a PFN to the corresponding
>>> virtual address ...
>>>
>>> But it doesn't universally work ...
>>>
>>>>
>>>> Or if the problem is just the lock, would just eliding the locking work?
>>>> I guess that only works if all the calls into wp_page_copy() are
>>>> guaranteed to hold the mmap lock already, but I don't know if that is
>>>> true...
>>>
>>> The whole "GUP recursively calling into GUP" code looks concerning.
>>> Could we even trigger a case where we get a recursive page fault handler
>>> call, because of some odd race? (concurrent MADV_DONTNEED or similar)
>>>
>>> I think we should much rather fail this remote fault if there is no easy
>>> way to make it work right now.
>>>
>>> At least I suspect this is primarily a "debugger" scenario that didn't
>>> work so far and we could leave it "not working because not supported" in
>>> a nicer way?
>>>
>>>
>>> If this really must succeed, I can spend some time thinking about how to
>>> do this cleaner ...
>> Well, this breaks debuggers in general on a virtiofs VM mounted with
>> DAX, which is a sensible use case I think. One reason to use DAX is
>> avoiding duplication of the page cache between the host and the guest
>> (or multiple guests).
>> I think the main reason not that many people are trying DAX across
>> the
>> board for virtiofs is various bugs that have been slowly fixed, and this
>> would be one of the remaining ones...
>> (Full disclosure: For the use case I'm working on we're no longer
>> mounting the whole rootfs with DAX right now (only a subset) since we're
>> still evaluating the performance, but I'd like to keep the option open
>> and having it break debuggers is kind of a blocker...)
>
> Thanks for the information. So it never worked and we primarily care about
> virtio-fs DAX support, not some VM_PFNMAP mappings or other DAX mappings.
>
>
> We should first fix the warning using something like:
>
> From 1ca7e9cf8067112ccaeb3c67230093d3aef8f2a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> From: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
> Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 10:34:01 +0100
> Subject: [PATCH] mm/memory: silence warning in __wp_page_copy_user() on remote
>  faults without a src page
>
> Signed-off-by: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
> ---
>  mm/memory.c | 36 ++++++++++++++++--------------------
>  1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> index 209885a4134f7..720b20f71ba61 100644
> --- a/mm/memory.c
> +++ b/mm/memory.c
> @@ -3038,28 +3038,29 @@ static inline int pte_unmap_same(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  	return same;
>  }
>  -/*
> - * Return:
> - *	0:		copied succeeded
> - *	-EHWPOISON:	copy failed due to hwpoison in source page
> - *	-EAGAIN:	copied failed (some other reason)
> - */
> -static inline int __wp_page_copy_user(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
> -				      struct vm_fault *vmf)
> +static inline vm_fault_t __wp_page_copy_user(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
> +		struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  {
> -	int ret;
>  	void *kaddr;
>  	void __user *uaddr;
>  	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
>  	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
>  	unsigned long addr = vmf->address;
> +	vm_fault_t ret = 0;
>    	if (likely(src)) {
>  		if (copy_mc_user_highpage(dst, src, addr, vma))
> -			return -EHWPOISON;
> +			return VM_FAULT_HWPOISON;
>  		return 0;
>  	}
>  +	/*
> +	 * We cannot copy from user, so remote faults without a page are not
> +	 * supported for now.
> +	 */
> +	if (mm != current->mm)
> +		return VM_FAULT_SIGSEGV;
> +
>  	/*
>  	 * If the source page was a PFN mapping, we don't have
>  	 * a "struct page" for it. We do a best-effort copy by
> @@ -3086,7 +3087,7 @@ static inline int __wp_page_copy_user(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
>  			 */
>  			if (vmf->pte)
>  				update_mmu_tlb(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
> -			ret = -EAGAIN;
> +			ret = VM_FAULT_RETRY;
>  			goto pte_unlock;
>  		}
>  @@ -3111,7 +3112,7 @@ static inline int __wp_page_copy_user(struct
> page *dst, struct page *src,
>  			/* The PTE changed under us, update local tlb */
>  			if (vmf->pte)
>  				update_mmu_tlb(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
> -			ret = -EAGAIN;
> +			ret = VM_FAULT_RETRY;
>  			goto pte_unlock;
>  		}
>  @@ -3130,8 +3131,6 @@ static inline int __wp_page_copy_user(struct
> page *dst, struct page *src,
>  		}
>  	}
>  -	ret = 0;
> -
>  pte_unlock:
>  	if (vmf->pte)
>  		pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
> @@ -3369,23 +3368,20 @@ static vm_fault_t wp_page_copy(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  		goto oom;
>    	if (!pfn_is_zero) {
> -		int err;
> -
> -		err = __wp_page_copy_user(&new_folio->page, vmf->page, vmf);
> -		if (err) {
> +		ret = __wp_page_copy_user(&new_folio->page, vmf->page, vmf);
> +		if (unlikely(ret)) {
>  			/*
>  			 * COW failed, if the fault was solved by other,
>  			 * it's fine. If not, userspace would re-fault on
>  			 * the same address and we will handle the fault
>  			 * from the second attempt.
> -			 * The -EHWPOISON case will not be retried.
>  			 */
>  			folio_put(new_folio);
>  			if (old_folio)
>  				folio_put(old_folio);
>    			delayacct_wpcopy_end();
> -			return err == -EHWPOISON ? VM_FAULT_HWPOISON : 0;
> +			return ret == VM_FAULT_RETRY ? 0 : ret;
>  		}
>  		kmsan_copy_page_meta(&new_folio->page, vmf->page);
>  	}
> -- 
> 2.47.0
>
>
>
> For MEMORY_DEVICE_FS_DAX, we should probably wait for [1], CCing Alistair and Dan.
>
> As discussed, maybe the following would work (as long as we don't get any
> folio_test_anon() false-positives on these MEMORY_DEVICE_FS_DAX), but I'm
> not quite happy about leaking these legacy MEMORY_DEVICE_FS_DAX into the
> core code, especially as it might soon no longer be necessary.
>
>
> From e84309bfa4772485b2340712d7b53a8a7ba1b0fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> From: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
> Date: Fri, 8 Nov 2024 10:50:42 +0100
> Subject: [PATCH] mm/memory: support legacy MEMORY_DEVICE_FS_DAX in
>  do_wp_page()
>
> Signed-off-by: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
> ---
>  mm/memory.c | 28 +++++++++++++++++++++-------
>  1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/mm/memory.c b/mm/memory.c
> index 720b20f71ba61..b3830aba08c53 100644
> --- a/mm/memory.c
> +++ b/mm/memory.c
> @@ -3667,7 +3667,9 @@ static vm_fault_t do_wp_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  {
>  	const bool unshare = vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_UNSHARE;
>  	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
> +	struct dev_pagemap *pgmap = NULL;
>  	struct folio *folio = NULL;
> +	vm_fault_t ret = 0;
>  	pte_t pte;
>    	if (likely(!unshare)) {
> @@ -3702,9 +3704,15 @@ static vm_fault_t do_wp_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  	}
>    	vmf->page = vm_normal_page(vma, vmf->address, vmf->orig_pte);
> -
> -	if (vmf->page)
> +	if (likely(vmf->page)) {
>  		folio = page_folio(vmf->page);
> +	} else if (pte_devmap(vmf->orig_pte)) {
> +		pgmap = get_dev_pagemap(pte_pfn(pte), NULL);
> +		if (pgmap) {
> +			vmf->page = pte_page(pte);
> +			folio = page_folio(vmf->page);
> +		}
> +	}
>    	/*
>  	 * Shared mapping: we are guaranteed to have VM_WRITE and
> @@ -3719,8 +3727,10 @@ static vm_fault_t do_wp_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  		 * Just mark the pages writable and/or call ops->pfn_mkwrite.
>  		 */
>  		if (!vmf->page)
> -			return wp_pfn_shared(vmf);
> -		return wp_page_shared(vmf, folio);
> +			ret = wp_pfn_shared(vmf);
> +		else
> +			ret = wp_page_shared(vmf, folio);
> +		goto out_pgmap;
>  	}
>    	/*
> @@ -3736,10 +3746,10 @@ static vm_fault_t do_wp_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  			SetPageAnonExclusive(vmf->page);
>  		if (unlikely(unshare)) {
>  			pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
> -			return 0;
> +			goto out_pgmap;
>  		}
>  		wp_page_reuse(vmf, folio);
> -		return 0;
> +		goto out_pgmap;
>  	}
>  	/*
>  	 * Ok, we need to copy. Oh, well..
> @@ -3752,7 +3762,11 @@ static vm_fault_t do_wp_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  	if (folio && folio_test_ksm(folio))
>  		count_vm_event(COW_KSM);
>  #endif
> -	return wp_page_copy(vmf);
> +	ret = wp_page_copy(vmf);
> +out_pgmap:
> +	if (unlikely(pgmap))
> +		put_dev_pagemap(pgmap);
> +	return ret;
>  }
>    static void unmap_mapping_range_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
> -- 
> 2.47.0
>
>
>
> [1] https://lkml.kernel.org/r/cover.9f0e45d52f5cff58807831b6b867084d0b14b61c.1725941415.git-series.apopple@nvidia.com

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