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Message-ID: <3a7c0856-6e7b-4d3d-b966-6f17f1aca42e@redhat.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Jun 2025 13:36:46 +0200
From: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@...hat.com>
To: Kai Huang <kai.huang@...el.com>, dave.hansen@...el.com, bp@...en8.de,
tglx@...utronix.de, peterz@...radead.org, mingo@...hat.com
Cc: kirill.shutemov@...ux.intel.com, hpa@...or.com, x86@...nel.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, seanjc@...gle.com, rick.p.edgecombe@...el.com,
isaku.yamahata@...el.com, reinette.chatre@...el.com,
dan.j.williams@...el.com, thomas.lendacky@....com, ashish.kalra@....com,
nik.borisov@...e.com, sagis@...gle.com
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v2 6/5] KVM: TDX: Explicitly do WBINVD upon reboot
notifier
On 5/10/25 13:25, Kai Huang wrote:
> On TDX platforms, during kexec, the kernel needs to make sure there's no
> dirty cachelines of TDX private memory before booting to the new kernel
> to avoid silent memory corruption to the new kernel.
>
> During kexec, the kexec-ing CPU firstly invokes native_stop_other_cpus()
> to stop all remote CPUs before booting to the new kernel. The remote
> CPUs will then execute stop_this_cpu() to stop themselves.
>
> The kernel has a percpu boolean to indicate whether the cache of a CPU
> may be in incoherent state. In stop_this_cpu(), the kernel does WBINVD
> if that percpu boolean is true.
>
> TDX turns on that percpu boolean on a CPU when the kernel does SEAMCALL.
> This makes sure the cahces will be flushed during kexec.
>
> However, the native_stop_other_cpus() and stop_this_cpu() have a "race"
> which is extremely rare to happen but if did could cause system to hang.
s/if did//
> Specifically, the native_stop_other_cpus() firstly sends normal reboot
> IPI to remote CPUs and wait one second for them to stop. If that times
> out, native_stop_other_cpus() then sends NMIs to remote CPUs to stop
> them.
>
> The aforementioned race happens when NMIs are sent. Doing WBINVD in
> stop_this_cpu() makes each CPU take longer time to stop and increases
> the chance of the race to happen.
>
> Register reboot notifier in KVM to explcitly flush caches upon reboot
> for TDX. This brings doing WBINVD at earlier stage and aovids the
> WBINVD in stop_this_cpu(), eliminating the possibility of increasing the
> chance of the aforementioned race.
"This moves the WBINVD to an earlier stage than stop_this_cpus(),
avoiding a possibly lengthy operation at a time where it could cause
this race."
Acked-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@...hat.com>
Waiting for v3. :)
Paolo
> Signed-off-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@...el.com>
> ---
> arch/x86/include/asm/tdx.h | 3 +++
> arch/x86/kvm/vmx/tdx.c | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/x86/virt/vmx/tdx/tdx.c | 9 ++++++++
> 3 files changed, 57 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/tdx.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/tdx.h
> index 91dc6e6bdd97..d0156bf0b966 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/tdx.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/tdx.h
> @@ -221,6 +221,8 @@ u64 tdh_mem_page_remove(struct tdx_td *td, u64 gpa, u64 level, u64 *ext_err1, u6
> u64 tdh_phymem_cache_wb(bool resume);
> u64 tdh_phymem_page_wbinvd_tdr(struct tdx_td *td);
> u64 tdh_phymem_page_wbinvd_hkid(u64 hkid, struct page *page);
> +
> +void tdx_cpu_flush_cache(void);
> #else
> static inline void tdx_init(void) { }
> static inline int tdx_cpu_enable(void) { return -ENODEV; }
> @@ -228,6 +230,7 @@ static inline int tdx_enable(void) { return -ENODEV; }
> static inline u32 tdx_get_nr_guest_keyids(void) { return 0; }
> static inline const char *tdx_dump_mce_info(struct mce *m) { return NULL; }
> static inline const struct tdx_sys_info *tdx_get_sysinfo(void) { return NULL; }
> +static inline void tdx_cpu_flush_cache(void) { }
> #endif /* CONFIG_INTEL_TDX_HOST */
>
> #endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/tdx.c b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/tdx.c
> index b952bc673271..3b92b3999855 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/tdx.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/vmx/tdx.c
> @@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
> #include <asm/fpu/xcr.h>
> #include <linux/misc_cgroup.h>
> #include <linux/mmu_context.h>
> +#include <linux/reboot.h>
> #include <asm/tdx.h>
> +#include <asm/processor.h>
> #include "capabilities.h"
> #include "mmu.h"
> #include "x86_ops.h"
> @@ -3278,6 +3280,33 @@ static int tdx_offline_cpu(unsigned int cpu)
> return -EBUSY;
> }
>
> +static void smp_func_cpu_flush_cache(void *unused)
> +{
> + tdx_cpu_flush_cache();
> +}
> +
> +static int tdx_reboot_notify(struct notifier_block *nb, unsigned long code,
> + void *unused)
> +{
> + /*
> + * Flush cache for all CPUs upon the reboot notifier. This
> + * avoids having to do WBINVD in stop_this_cpu() during kexec.
> + *
> + * Kexec calls native_stop_other_cpus() to stop remote CPUs
> + * before booting to new kernel, but that code has a "race"
> + * when the normal REBOOT IPI timesout and NMIs are sent to
> + * remote CPUs to stop them. Doing WBINVD in stop_this_cpu()
> + * could potentially increase the posibility of the "race".
> + */
> + if (code == SYS_RESTART)
> + on_each_cpu(smp_func_cpu_flush_cache, NULL, 1);
> + return NOTIFY_DONE;
> +}
> +
> +static struct notifier_block tdx_reboot_nb = {
> + .notifier_call = tdx_reboot_notify,
> +};
> +
> static void __do_tdx_cleanup(void)
> {
> /*
> @@ -3435,6 +3464,11 @@ void tdx_cleanup(void)
> {
> if (enable_tdx) {
> misc_cg_set_capacity(MISC_CG_RES_TDX, 0);
> + /*
> + * Ignore the return value. See the comment in
> + * tdx_bringup().
> + */
> + unregister_reboot_notifier(&tdx_reboot_nb);
> __tdx_cleanup();
> kvm_disable_virtualization();
> }
> @@ -3518,6 +3552,17 @@ int __init tdx_bringup(void)
> enable_tdx = 0;
> }
>
> + if (enable_tdx)
> + /*
> + * Ignore the return value. @tdx_reboot_nb is used to flush
> + * cache for all CPUs upon rebooting to avoid having to do
> + * WBINVD in kexec while the kexec-ing CPU stops all remote
> + * CPUs. Failure to register isn't fatal, because if KVM
> + * doesn't flush cache explicitly upon rebooting the kexec
> + * will do it anyway.
> + */
> + register_reboot_notifier(&tdx_reboot_nb);
> +
> return r;
>
> success_disable_tdx:
> diff --git a/arch/x86/virt/vmx/tdx/tdx.c b/arch/x86/virt/vmx/tdx/tdx.c
> index af8798bc62ed..7478230cdc33 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/virt/vmx/tdx/tdx.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/virt/vmx/tdx/tdx.c
> @@ -1890,3 +1890,12 @@ u64 tdh_phymem_page_wbinvd_hkid(u64 hkid, struct page *page)
> return seamcall(TDH_PHYMEM_PAGE_WBINVD, &args);
> }
> EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tdh_phymem_page_wbinvd_hkid);
> +
> +void tdx_cpu_flush_cache(void)
> +{
> + lockdep_assert_preemption_disabled();
> +
> + wbinvd();
> + this_cpu_write(cache_state_incoherent, false);
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(tdx_cpu_flush_cache);
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