Message-ID: <20250619140656.498-1-work@onurozkan.dev>
Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2025 17:06:56 +0300
From: Onur Özkan <work@...rozkan.dev>
To: rust-for-linux@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Cc: peterz@...radead.org,
	mingo@...hat.com,
	will@...nel.org,
	boqun.feng@...il.com,
	longman@...hat.com,
	ojeda@...nel.org,
	alex.gaynor@...il.com,
	gary@...yguo.net,
	bjorn3_gh@...tonmail.com,
	lossin@...nel.org,
	a.hindborg@...nel.org,
	aliceryhl@...gle.com,
	tmgross@...ch.edu,
	dakr@...nel.org,
	onur-ozkan <work@...rozkan.dev>,
	thatslyude@...il.com
Subject: [PATCH V3] implement `ww_mutex` abstraction for the Rust tree

From: onur-ozkan <work@...rozkan.dev>

Adds Rust bindings for the kernel's `ww_mutex` infrastructure to enable
deadlock-free acquisition of multiple related locks.

The implementation abstracts `ww_mutex.h` header and wraps the existing
C `ww_mutex` with three main types:
    - `WwClass` for grouping related mutexes
    - `WwAcquireCtx` for tracking lock acquisition context
    - `WwMutex<T>` for the actual lock

Some of the kernel's `ww_mutex` functions are implemented as `static inline`,
so they are inaccessible from Rust as bindgen can't generate code on them.
The `rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c` file provides C function wrappers around these inline
implementations, so bindgen can see them and generate the corresponding Rust code.

Link: https://rust-for-linux.zulipchat.com/#narrow/channel/291566-Library/topic/Writing.20up.20wrappers.20for.20ww_mutex.3F/with/524269974
Suggested-by: thatslyude@...il.com
Signed-off-by: Onur Özkan <work@...rozkan.dev>
---
 rust/helpers/helpers.c            |   1 +
 rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c           |  39 +++
 rust/kernel/error.rs              |   1 +
 rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs          |   1 +
 rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs | 556 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 598 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
 create mode 100644 rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs

diff --git a/rust/helpers/helpers.c b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
index 0f1b5d115985..fd071cbe20a1 100644
--- a/rust/helpers/helpers.c
+++ b/rust/helpers/helpers.c
@@ -44,3 +44,4 @@
 #include "wait.c"
 #include "workqueue.c"
 #include "xarray.c"
+#include "ww_mutex.c"
diff --git a/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..61a487653394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/helpers/ww_mutex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+#include <linux/ww_mutex.h>
+
+void rust_helper_ww_mutex_init(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_class *ww_class)
+{
+	ww_mutex_init(lock, ww_class);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_init(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx, struct ww_class *ww_class)
+{
+	ww_acquire_init(ctx, ww_class);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_done(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_acquire_done(ctx);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_acquire_fini(struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_acquire_fini(ctx);
+}
+
+void rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	ww_mutex_lock_slow(lock, ctx);
+}
+
+int rust_helper_ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(struct ww_mutex *lock, struct ww_acquire_ctx *ctx)
+{
+	return ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(lock, ctx);
+}
+
+bool rust_helper_ww_mutex_is_locked(struct ww_mutex *lock)
+{
+	return ww_mutex_is_locked(lock);
+}
+
diff --git a/rust/kernel/error.rs b/rust/kernel/error.rs
index 3dee3139fcd4..94d8014b236b 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/error.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/error.rs
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ macro_rules! declare_err {
     declare_err!(EIOCBQUEUED, "iocb queued, will get completion event.");
     declare_err!(ERECALLCONFLICT, "Conflict with recalled state.");
     declare_err!(ENOGRACE, "NFS file lock reclaim refused.");
+    declare_err!(EDEADLK, "Resource deadlock avoided.");
 }

 /// Generic integer kernel error.
diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
index e82fa5be289c..8824ebc81084 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock.rs
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@

 pub mod mutex;
 pub mod spinlock;
+pub mod ww_mutex;

 pub(super) mod global;
 pub use global::{GlobalGuard, GlobalLock, GlobalLockBackend, GlobalLockedBy};
diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..888db286fc4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/kernel/sync/lock/ww_mutex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+//! A kernel Wound/Wait Mutex.
+//!
+//! This module provides Rust abstractions for the Linux kernel's `ww_mutex` implementation,
+//! which provides deadlock avoidance through a wait-wound or wait-die algorithm.
+
+use crate::error::{to_result, Result};
+use crate::prelude::EBUSY;
+use crate::{bindings, str::CStr, types::Opaque};
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+use core::{cell::UnsafeCell, pin::Pin};
+use macros::kunit_tests;
+use pin_init::{pin_data, pin_init, pinned_drop, PinInit};
+
+/// A helper macro for creating static `WwClass` instances.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use kernel::define_ww_class;
+///
+/// define_ww_class!(WOUND_WAIT_GLOBAL_CLASS, wound_wait, c_str!("wound_wait_global_class"));
+/// define_ww_class!(WAIT_DIE_GLOBAL_CLASS, wait_die, c_str!("wait_die_global_class"));
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! define_ww_class {
+    ($name:ident, wound_wait, $class_name:expr) => {
+        static $name: $crate::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass = {
+            $crate::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass {
+                inner: $crate::types::Opaque::new($crate::bindings::ww_class {
+                    stamp: $crate::bindings::atomic_long_t { counter: 0 },
+                    acquire_name: $class_name.as_char_ptr(),
+                    mutex_name: $class_name.as_char_ptr(),
+                    is_wait_die: 0,
+                    // TODO: Replace with `bindings::lock_class_key::default()` once stabilized for `const`.
+                    //
+                    // SAFETY: This is always zero-initialized when defined with `DEFINE_WD_CLASS`
+                    // globally on C side.
+                    //
+                    // Ref: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/ww_mutex.h#L85-L89
+                    acquire_key: unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() },
+                    // TODO: Replace with `bindings::lock_class_key::default()` once stabilized for `const`.
+                    //
+                    // SAFETY: This is always zero-initialized when defined with `DEFINE_WD_CLASS`
+                    // globally on C side.
+                    //
+                    // Ref: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/ww_mutex.h#L85-L89
+                    mutex_key: unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() },
+                }),
+            }
+        };
+    };
+    ($name:ident, wait_die, $class_name:expr) => {
+        static $name: $crate::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass = {
+            $crate::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass {
+                inner: $crate::types::Opaque::new($crate::bindings::ww_class {
+                    stamp: $crate::bindings::atomic_long_t { counter: 0 },
+                    acquire_name: $class_name.as_char_ptr(),
+                    mutex_name: $class_name.as_char_ptr(),
+                    is_wait_die: 1,
+                    // TODO: Replace with `bindings::lock_class_key::default()` once stabilized for `const`.
+                    //
+                    // SAFETY: This is always zero-initialized when defined with `DEFINE_WD_CLASS`
+                    // globally on C side.
+                    //
+                    // Ref: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/ww_mutex.h#L85-L89
+                    acquire_key: unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() },
+                    // TODO: Replace with `bindings::lock_class_key::default()` once stabilized for `const`.
+                    //
+                    // SAFETY: This is always zero-initialized when defined with `DEFINE_WD_CLASS`
+                    // globally on C side.
+                    //
+                    // Ref: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/include/linux/ww_mutex.h#L85-L89
+                    mutex_key: unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() },
+                }),
+            }
+        };
+    };
+}
+
+/// Implementation of C side `ww_class`.
+///
+/// Represents a group of mutexes that can participate in deadlock avoidance together.
+/// All mutexes that might be acquired together should use the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::WwClass;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use pin_init::stack_pin_init;
+///
+/// stack_pin_init!(let _wait_die_class = WwClass::new_wait_die(c_str!("graphics_buffers")));
+/// stack_pin_init!(let _wound_wait_class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("memory_pools")));
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data]
+pub struct WwClass {
+    /// Wrapper of the underlying C `ww_class`.
+    ///
+    /// You should not construct this type manually. Use the `define_ww_class` macro
+    /// or call `WwClass::new_wait_die` or `WwClass::new_wound_wait` instead.
+    #[pin]
+    pub inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_class>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwClass` can be safely accessed from multiple threads concurrently.
+unsafe impl Sync for WwClass {}
+// SAFETY: `WwClass` can be shared between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for WwClass {}
+
+impl WwClass {
+    fn new(name: &'static CStr, is_wait_die: bool) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        pin_init!(WwClass {
+            inner: Opaque::new(bindings::ww_class {
+                stamp: bindings::atomic_long_t { counter: 0 },
+                acquire_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
+                mutex_name: name.as_char_ptr(),
+                is_wait_die: is_wait_die as u32,
+                acquire_key: bindings::lock_class_key::default(),
+                mutex_key: bindings::lock_class_key::default(),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Creates wait-die `WwClass` that wraps C side `ww_class`.
+    pub fn new_wait_die(name: &'static CStr) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        Self::new(name, true)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates wound-wait `WwClass` that wraps C side `ww_class`.
+    pub fn new_wound_wait(name: &'static CStr) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        Self::new(name, false)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implementation of C side `ww_acquire_ctx`.
+///
+/// An acquire context is used to group multiple mutex acquisitions together
+/// for deadlock avoidance. It must be used when acquiring multiple mutexes
+/// of the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use pin_init::stack_pin_init;
+/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
+///
+/// stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("my_class")));
+///
+/// // Create mutexes
+/// stack_pin_init!(let mutex1 = WwMutex::new(1, &class));
+/// stack_pin_init!(let mutex2 = WwMutex::new(2, &class));
+///
+/// // Create acquire context for deadlock avoidance
+/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(WwAcquireCtx::new(&class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Acquire multiple locks safely
+/// let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+/// let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Mark acquisition phase as complete
+/// ctx.as_mut().done();
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data(PinnedDrop)]
+pub struct WwAcquireCtx<'a> {
+    #[pin]
+    inner: Opaque<bindings::ww_acquire_ctx>,
+    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwAcquireCtx` can be safely accessed from multiple threads concurrently.
+unsafe impl Sync for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {}
+// SAFETY: `WwAcquireCtx` can be shared between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {}
+
+impl<'ctx> WwAcquireCtx<'ctx> {
+    /// Initializes `Self` with calling C side `ww_acquire_init` inside.
+    pub fn new<'class: 'ctx>(ww_class: &'class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
+        pin_init!(WwAcquireCtx {
+            inner <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx| {
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
+                unsafe { bindings::ww_acquire_init(slot, raw_ptr) }
+            }),
+            _p: PhantomData
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Marks the end of the acquire phase with C side `ww_acquire_done`.
+    ///
+    /// After calling this function, no more mutexes can be acquired with this context.
+    pub fn done(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        // SAFETY: The context is pinned and valid.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_acquire_done(self.inner.get()) };
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner `ww_acquire_ctx`.
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_acquire_ctx {
+        self.inner.get()
+    }
+}
+
+#[pinned_drop]
+impl PinnedDrop for WwAcquireCtx<'_> {
+    fn drop(self: Pin<&mut Self>) {
+        // SAFETY: The context is being dropped and is pinned.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_acquire_fini(self.inner.get()) };
+    }
+}
+
+/// A wound/wait mutex backed with C side `ww_mutex`.
+///
+/// This is a mutual exclusion primitive that provides deadlock avoidance when
+/// acquiring multiple locks of the same class.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ## Basic Usage
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use pin_init::stack_pin_init;
+///
+/// stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("buffer_class")));
+/// stack_pin_init!(let mutex = WwMutex::new(42, &class));
+///
+/// // Simple lock without context
+/// let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+/// assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## Multiple Locks with KBox
+///
+/// ```
+/// use kernel::sync::lock::ww_mutex::{WwClass, WwAcquireCtx, WwMutex};
+/// use kernel::alloc::KBox;
+/// use kernel::c_str;
+/// use kernel::error::code::*;
+///
+/// let class = KBox::pin_init(WwClass::new_wait_die(c_str!("resource_class")), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex_a = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource A", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+/// let mutex_b = KBox::pin_init(WwMutex::new("Resource B", &class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(WwAcquireCtx::new(&class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+///
+/// // Try to acquire both locks
+/// let guard_a = match mutex_a.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)) {
+///     Ok(guard) => guard,
+///     Err(e) if e == EDEADLK => {
+///         // Deadlock detected, use slow path
+///         mutex_a.as_ref().lock_slow(&ctx).unwrap()
+///     }
+///     Err(e) => return Err(e),
+/// };
+///
+/// let guard_b = mutex_b.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+/// ctx.as_mut().done();
+///
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+#[pin_data]
+pub struct WwMutex<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    _p: PhantomData<&'a WwClass>,
+    #[pin]
+    mutex: Opaque<bindings::ww_mutex>,
+    #[pin]
+    data: UnsafeCell<T>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be shared between threads.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
+// SAFETY: `WwMutex` can be safely accessed from multiple threads concurrently.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync> Sync for WwMutex<'_, T> {}
+
+impl<'ww_class, T> WwMutex<'ww_class, T> {
+    /// Creates `Self` with calling `ww_mutex_init` inside.
+    pub fn new(t: T, ww_class: &'ww_class WwClass) -> impl PinInit<Self> {
+        let raw_ptr = ww_class.inner.get();
+        pin_init!(WwMutex {
+            mutex <- Opaque::ffi_init(|slot: *mut bindings::ww_mutex| {
+                // SAFETY: The caller guarantees that `ww_class` remains valid.
+                unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_init(slot, raw_ptr) }
+            }),
+            data: UnsafeCell::new(t),
+            _p: PhantomData,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> WwMutex<'_, T> {
+    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context.
+    pub fn lock<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_lock(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex with the given acquire context, interruptible.
+    ///
+    /// Similar to `lock`, but can be interrupted by signals.
+    pub fn lock_interruptible<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_lock_interruptible(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case.
+    ///
+    /// This should be called after releasing all held mutexes when `lock` returns `EDEADLK`.
+    pub fn lock_slow<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we're in the slow path.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr()) };
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Locks the mutex in the slow path after a die case, interruptible.
+    pub fn lock_slow_interruptible<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: &WwAcquireCtx<'_>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid, and we are in the slow path.
+        let ret =
+            unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_lock_slow_interruptible(self.mutex.get(), ctx.as_ptr()) };
+
+        to_result(ret)?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to lock the mutex without blocking.
+    pub fn try_lock<'a>(
+        self: Pin<&'a Self>,
+        ctx: Option<&WwAcquireCtx<'_>>,
+    ) -> Result<WwMutexGuard<'a, T>> {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            bindings::ww_mutex_trylock(
+                self.mutex.get(),
+                ctx.map_or(core::ptr::null_mut(), |c| c.as_ptr()),
+            )
+        };
+
+        if ret == 0 {
+            return Err(EBUSY);
+        }
+
+        to_result(if ret < 0 { ret } else { 0 })?;
+
+        Ok(WwMutexGuard::new(self))
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if the mutex is currently locked.
+    pub fn is_locked(self: Pin<&Self>) -> bool {
+        // SAFETY: The mutex is pinned and valid.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_is_locked(self.mutex.get()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a raw pointer to the inner mutex.
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *mut bindings::ww_mutex {
+        self.mutex.get()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A guard that provides exclusive access to the data protected by a
+// [`WwMutex`] (a.k.a `ww_mutex` on the C side).
+pub struct WwMutexGuard<'a, T: ?Sized> {
+    mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>,
+}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be transferred across thread boundaries if the data can.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send> Send for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
+
+// SAFETY: `WwMutexGuard` can be shared between threads if the data can.
+unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync> Sync for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {}
+
+impl<'a, T: ?Sized> WwMutexGuard<'a, T> {
+    /// Creates a new guard for a locked mutex.
+    fn new(mutex: Pin<&'a WwMutex<'a, T>>) -> Self {
+        Self { mutex }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::Deref for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    type Target = T;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
+        unsafe { &*self.mutex.data.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> core::ops::DerefMut for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock, so we have exclusive access.
+        unsafe { &mut *self.mutex.data.get() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> Drop for WwMutexGuard<'_, T> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: We hold the lock and are about to release it.
+        unsafe { bindings::ww_mutex_unlock(self.mutex.as_ptr()) };
+    }
+}
+
+#[kunit_tests(rust_kernel_ww_mutex)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::alloc::KBox;
+    use crate::c_str;
+    use crate::prelude::*;
+    use pin_init::stack_pin_init;
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    // A simple coverage on `define_ww_class` macro.
+    define_ww_class!(TEST_WOUND_WAIT_CLASS, wound_wait, c_str!("test_wound_wait"));
+    define_ww_class!(TEST_WAIT_DIE_CLASS, wait_die, c_str!("test_wait_die"));
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_basic_lock_unlock() {
+        stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("test_mutex_class")));
+
+        stack_pin_init!(let mutex = WwMutex::new(42, &class));
+
+        // Lock without context
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 42);
+
+        // Drop the lock
+        drop(guard);
+
+        // Lock it again
+        let mut guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        *guard = 100;
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 100);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_trylock() {
+        stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("trylock_class")));
+
+        stack_pin_init!(let mutex = WwMutex::new(123, &class));
+
+        // trylock on unlocked mutex should succeed
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(*guard, 123);
+        drop(guard);
+
+        // lock it first
+        let _guard1 = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+
+        // trylock should fail with EBUSY when already locked
+        let result = mutex.as_ref().try_lock(None);
+        match result {
+            Err(e) => assert_eq!(e, EBUSY),
+            Ok(_) => panic!("Expected `EBUSY` but got success"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_mutex_is_locked() {
+        stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wait_die(c_str!("locked_check_class")));
+
+        stack_pin_init!(let mutex = WwMutex::new("hello", &class));
+
+        // should not be locked initially
+        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+
+        let guard = mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        assert!(mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+
+        drop(guard);
+        assert!(!mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_ww_acquire_context() {
+        stack_pin_init!(let class = WwClass::new_wound_wait(c_str!("ctx_class")));
+
+        stack_pin_init!(let mutex1 = WwMutex::new(1, &class));
+        stack_pin_init!(let mutex2 = WwMutex::new(2, &class));
+
+        let mut ctx = KBox::pin_init(WwAcquireCtx::new(&class), GFP_KERNEL).unwrap();
+
+        // acquire multiple mutexes with same context
+        let guard1 = mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+        let guard2 = mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(*guard1, 1);
+        assert_eq!(*guard2, 2);
+
+        ctx.as_mut().done();
+
+        // we shouldn't be able to lock once it's `done`.
+        assert!(mutex1.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
+        assert!(mutex2.as_ref().lock(Some(&ctx)).is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_with_global_classes() {
+        stack_pin_init!(let wound_wait_mutex = WwMutex::new(100, &TEST_WOUND_WAIT_CLASS));
+        stack_pin_init!(let wait_die_mutex = WwMutex::new(200, &TEST_WAIT_DIE_CLASS));
+
+        let ww_guard = wound_wait_mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+        let wd_guard = wait_die_mutex.as_ref().lock(None).unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(*ww_guard, 100);
+        assert_eq!(*wd_guard, 200);
+
+        assert!(wound_wait_mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+        assert!(wait_die_mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+
+        drop(ww_guard);
+        drop(wd_guard);
+
+        assert!(!wound_wait_mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+        assert!(!wait_die_mutex.as_ref().is_locked());
+    }
+}
2.49.0

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