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Message-Id: <42C9DF97-2E0F-453B-800A-1DA49BF8F29F@collabora.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2025 12:56:00 -0300
From: Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@...labora.com>
To: Michal Wilczynski <m.wilczynski@...sung.com>
Cc: Uwe Kleine-König <ukleinek@...nel.org>,
Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@...nel.org>,
Alex Gaynor <alex.gaynor@...il.com>,
Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>,
Gary Guo <gary@...yguo.net>,
Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@...tonmail.com>,
Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@...nel.org>,
Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@...gle.com>,
Trevor Gross <tmgross@...ch.edu>,
Danilo Krummrich <dakr@...nel.org>,
Drew Fustini <drew@...7.com>,
Guo Ren <guoren@...nel.org>,
Fu Wei <wefu@...hat.com>,
Rob Herring <robh@...nel.org>,
Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk+dt@...nel.org>,
Conor Dooley <conor+dt@...nel.org>,
Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@...ive.com>,
Palmer Dabbelt <palmer@...belt.com>,
Albert Ou <aou@...s.berkeley.edu>,
Alexandre Ghiti <alex@...ti.fr>,
Marek Szyprowski <m.szyprowski@...sung.com>,
Benno Lossin <lossin@...nel.org>,
Michael Turquette <mturquette@...libre.com>,
Drew Fustini <fustini@...nel.org>,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-pwm@...r.kernel.org,
rust-for-linux@...r.kernel.org,
linux-riscv@...ts.infradead.org,
devicetree@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH v12 3/3] rust: pwm: Add complete abstraction layer
Hi Michal,
> On 17 Jul 2025, at 06:08, Michal Wilczynski <m.wilczynski@...sung.com> wrote:
>
> Introduce a comprehensive abstraction layer for the PWM subsystem to
> enable writing drivers in Rust.
>
> Because `Device`, `Chip`, and `PwmOps` all refer to each other, they
> form a single, indivisible unit with circular dependencies. They are
> introduced together in this single commit to create a complete,
> compilable abstraction layer.
>
> The main components are:
> - Data Wrappers: Safe, idiomatic wrappers for core C types like
> `pwm_device`, and `pwm_chip`.
>
> - PwmOps Trait: An interface that drivers can implement to provide
> their hardware-specific logic, mirroring the C `pwm_ops` interface.
>
> - FFI VTable and Adapter: A bridge to connect the high-level PwmOps trait
> to the C kernel's pwm_ops vtable.
>
> - Allocation and Lifetime Management: A high-level `Chip::new()`
> API to safely allocate a chip and a `Registration` guard that integrates
> with `devres` to manage the chip's registration with the PWM core.
> An `AlwaysRefCounted` implementation and a custom release handler
> prevent memory leaks by managing the chip's lifetime and freeing
> driver data correctly.
>
> Reviewed-by: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@...nel.org>
> Signed-off-by: Michal Wilczynski <m.wilczynski@...sung.com>
> ---
> rust/kernel/pwm.rs | 653 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
> 1 file changed, 651 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/rust/kernel/pwm.rs b/rust/kernel/pwm.rs
> index 3fad101406eac728d9b12083fad7abf7b7f89b25..d881f662f0758fb0a8678386081e8cc237980871 100644
> --- a/rust/kernel/pwm.rs
> +++ b/rust/kernel/pwm.rs
> @@ -8,10 +8,14 @@
>
> use crate::{
> bindings,
> + container_of,
> + device::{self, Bound},
> + devres,
> + error::{self, to_result},
> prelude::*,
> - types::Opaque,
> + types::{ARef, AlwaysRefCounted, Opaque},
> };
> -use core::convert::TryFrom;
> +use core::{convert::TryFrom, marker::PhantomData, ptr::NonNull};
>
> /// PWM polarity. Mirrors [`enum pwm_polarity`](srctree/include/linux/pwm.h).
> #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
> @@ -135,3 +139,648 @@ pub fn enabled(&self) -> bool {
> self.0.enabled
> }
> }
> +
> +/// Describes the outcome of a `round_waveform` operation.
> +#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
> +pub enum RoundingOutcome {
> + /// The requested waveform was achievable exactly or by rounding values down.
> + ExactOrRoundedDown,
> +
> + /// The requested waveform could only be achieved by rounding up.
> + RoundedUp,
> +}
> +
> +/// Wrapper for a PWM device [`struct pwm_device`](srctree/include/linux/pwm.h).
> +#[repr(transparent)]
> +pub struct Device(Opaque<bindings::pwm_device>);
> +
> +impl Device {
> + /// Creates a reference to a [`Device`] from a valid C pointer.
> + ///
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// The caller must ensure that `ptr` is valid and remains valid for the lifetime of the
> + /// returned [`Device`] reference.
> + pub(crate) unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::pwm_device) -> &'a Self {
> + // SAFETY: The safety requirements guarantee the validity of the dereference, while the
> + // `Device` type being transparent makes the cast ok.
> + unsafe { &*ptr.cast::<Self>() }
> + }
from_raw(). See [0].
> +
> + /// Returns a raw pointer to the underlying `pwm_device`.
> + fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::pwm_device {
> + self.0.get()
> + }
> +
> + /// Gets the hardware PWM index for this device within its chip.
> + pub fn hwpwm(&self) -> u32 {
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid pointer for `self`'s lifetime.
> + unsafe { (*self.as_raw()).hwpwm }
> + }
> +
> + /// Gets a reference to the parent `Chip` that this device belongs to.
> + pub fn chip<T: PwmOps>(&self) -> &Chip<T> {
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid pointer. (*self.as_raw()).chip
> + // is assumed to be a valid pointer to `pwm_chip` managed by the kernel.
> + // Chip::as_ref's safety conditions must be met.
> + unsafe { Chip::<T>::as_ref((*self.as_raw()).chip) }
> + }
> +
> + /// Gets the label for this PWM device, if any.
> + pub fn label(&self) -> Option<&CStr> {
> + // SAFETY: self.as_raw() provides a valid pointer.
> + let label_ptr = unsafe { (*self.as_raw()).label };
> + if label_ptr.is_null() {
> + None
> + } else {
> + // SAFETY: label_ptr is non-null and points to a C string
> + // managed by the kernel, valid for the lifetime of the PWM device.
> + Some(unsafe { CStr::from_char_ptr(label_ptr) })
> + }
> + }
nit: this can be written more concisely, but I personally don’t mind.
> +
> + /// Gets a copy of the board-dependent arguments for this PWM device.
> + pub fn args(&self) -> Args {
> + // SAFETY: self.as_raw() gives a valid pointer to `pwm_device`.
> + // The `args` field is a valid `pwm_args` struct embedded within `pwm_device`.
> + // `Args::from_c_ptr`'s safety conditions are met by providing this pointer.
> + unsafe { Args::from_c_ptr(&(*self.as_raw()).args) }
> + }
> +
> + /// Gets a copy of the current state of this PWM device.
> + pub fn state(&self) -> State {
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` gives a valid pointer. `(*self.as_raw()).state`
> + // is a valid `pwm_state` struct. `State::from_c` copies this data.
> + State::from_c(unsafe { (*self.as_raw()).state })
> + }
> +
> + /// Sets the PWM waveform configuration and enables the PWM signal.
> + pub fn set_waveform(&self, wf: &Waveform, exact: bool) -> Result {
> + let c_wf = bindings::pwm_waveform::from(*wf);
> +
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid `*mut pwm_device` pointer.
> + // `&c_wf` is a valid pointer to a `pwm_waveform` struct. The C function
> + // handles all necessary internal locking.
> + let ret = unsafe { bindings::pwm_set_waveform_might_sleep(self.as_raw(), &c_wf, exact) };
> + to_result(ret)
> + }
> +
> + /// Queries the hardware for the configuration it would apply for a given
> + /// request.
> + pub fn round_waveform(&self, wf: &mut Waveform) -> Result<RoundingOutcome> {
> + let mut c_wf = bindings::pwm_waveform::from(*wf);
> +
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid `*mut pwm_device` pointer.
> + // `&mut c_wf` is a valid pointer to a mutable `pwm_waveform` struct that
> + // the C function will update.
> + let ret = unsafe { bindings::pwm_round_waveform_might_sleep(self.as_raw(), &mut c_wf) };
> +
> + to_result(ret)?;
> +
> + *wf = Waveform::from(c_wf);
> +
> + if ret == 1 {
> + Ok(RoundingOutcome::RoundedUp)
> + } else {
> + Ok(RoundingOutcome::ExactOrRoundedDown)
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// Reads the current waveform configuration directly from the hardware.
> + pub fn get_waveform(&self) -> Result<Waveform> {
> + let mut c_wf = bindings::pwm_waveform::default();
> +
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` is a valid pointer. We provide a valid pointer
> + // to a stack-allocated `pwm_waveform` struct for the kernel to fill.
> + let ret = unsafe { bindings::pwm_get_waveform_might_sleep(self.as_raw(), &mut c_wf) };
> +
> + to_result(ret)?;
> +
> + Ok(Waveform::from(c_wf))
> + }
> +}
> +
> +/// Trait defining the operations for a PWM driver.
> +pub trait PwmOps: 'static + Sized {
> + /// The driver-specific hardware representation of a waveform.
> + ///
> + /// This type must be [`Copy`], [`Default`], and fit within `PWM_WFHWSIZE`.
> + type WfHw: Copy + Default;
Can’t you use a build_assert!() here? i.e.:
#[doc(hidden)]
const _CHECK_SZ: () = {
build_assert!(core::mem::size_of::<Self::WfHw>() <= bindings::PWM_WFHWSIZE as usize);
};
> +
> + /// Optional hook for when a PWM device is requested.
> + fn request(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _parent_dev: &device::Device<Bound>,
> + ) -> Result {
> + Ok(())
> + }
> +
> + /// Optional hook for capturing a PWM signal.
> + fn capture(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _result: &mut bindings::pwm_capture,
> + _timeout: usize,
> + _parent_dev: &device::Device<Bound>,
> + ) -> Result {
> + Err(ENOTSUPP)
> + }
> +
> + /// Convert a generic waveform to the hardware-specific representation.
> + /// This is typically a pure calculation and does not perform I/O.
> + fn round_waveform_tohw(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _wf: &Waveform,
> + ) -> Result<(c_int, Self::WfHw)> {
I don't think we should use tuples if we can help it. They massively hurt
comprehension, i.e.:
(c_int, Self::WfHw)
What is c_int here? and although Self::WfHw is at least clearer given the
surrounding context, it's still not great. Compare to:
struct RoundWaveform {
a_descriptive_field_name: c_int,
same_here: Self::WfHw
}
The above is much better.
> + Err(ENOTSUPP)
> + }
> +
> + /// Convert a hardware-specific representation back to a generic waveform.
> + /// This is typically a pure calculation and does not perform I/O.
> + fn round_waveform_fromhw(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _wfhw: &Self::WfHw,
> + _wf: &mut Waveform,
> + ) -> Result<c_int> {
> + Err(ENOTSUPP)
> + }
Please include at least a description of what this returns.
> +
> + /// Read the current hardware configuration into the hardware-specific representation.
> + fn read_waveform(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _parent_dev: &device::Device<Bound>,
> + ) -> Result<Self::WfHw> {
> + Err(ENOTSUPP)
> + }
> +
> + /// Write a hardware-specific waveform configuration to the hardware.
> + fn write_waveform(
> + _chip: &Chip<Self>,
> + _pwm: &Device,
> + _wfhw: &Self::WfHw,
> + _parent_dev: &device::Device<Bound>,
> + ) -> Result {
> + Err(ENOTSUPP)
> + }
> +}
Blank line?
> +/// Bridges Rust `PwmOps` to the C `pwm_ops` vtable.
> +struct Adapter<T: PwmOps> {
> + _p: PhantomData<T>,
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: PwmOps> Adapter<T> {
> + const VTABLE: PwmOpsVTable = create_pwm_ops::<T>();
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// `wfhw_ptr` must be valid for writes of `size_of::<T::WfHw>()` bytes.
> + unsafe fn serialize_wfhw(wfhw: &T::WfHw, wfhw_ptr: *mut c_void) -> Result {
> + let size = core::mem::size_of::<T::WfHw>();
> + if size > bindings::PWM_WFHWSIZE as usize {
> + return Err(EINVAL);
> + }
See my previous comment on using build_assert if possible.
> +
> + // SAFETY: The caller ensures `wfhw_ptr` is valid for `size` bytes.
> + unsafe {
> + core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
> + core::ptr::from_ref::<T::WfHw>(wfhw).cast::<u8>(),
> + wfhw_ptr.cast::<u8>(),
> + size,
> + );
> + }
> +
> + Ok(())
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// `wfhw_ptr` must be valid for reads of `size_of::<T::WfHw>()` bytes.
> + unsafe fn deserialize_wfhw(wfhw_ptr: *const c_void) -> Result<T::WfHw> {
> + let size = core::mem::size_of::<T::WfHw>();
> + if size > bindings::PWM_WFHWSIZE as usize {
> + return Err(EINVAL);
> + }
> +
> + let mut wfhw = T::WfHw::default();
> + // SAFETY: The caller ensures `wfhw_ptr` is valid for `size` bytes.
> + unsafe {
> + core::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(
> + wfhw_ptr.cast::<u8>(),
> + core::ptr::from_mut::<T::WfHw>(&mut wfhw).cast::<u8>(),
> + size,
> + );
> + }
> +
> + Ok(wfhw)
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// `dev` must be a valid pointer to a `bindings::device` embedded within a
> + /// `bindings::pwm_chip`. This function is called by the device core when the
> + /// last reference to the device is dropped.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn release_callback(dev: *mut bindings::device) {
> + // SAFETY: The function's contract guarantees that `dev` points to a `device`
> + // field embedded within a valid `pwm_chip`. `container_of!` can therefore
> + // safely calculate the address of the containing struct.
> + let c_chip_ptr = unsafe { container_of!(dev, bindings::pwm_chip, dev) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: `c_chip_ptr` is a valid pointer to a `pwm_chip` as established
> + // above. Calling this FFI function is safe.
> + let drvdata_ptr = unsafe { bindings::pwmchip_get_drvdata(c_chip_ptr) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: The driver data was initialized in `new`. We run its destructor here.
> + unsafe { core::ptr::drop_in_place(drvdata_ptr.cast::<T>()) };
> +
> + // Now, call the original release function to free the `pwm_chip` itself.
> + // SAFETY: `dev` is the valid pointer passed into this callback, which is
> + // the expected argument for `pwmchip_release`.
> + unsafe { bindings::pwmchip_release(dev); }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn request_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
“p” and “c” are not good names. I understand that this is a mere callback, but still.
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: PWM core guarentees `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm) = unsafe { (Chip::<T>::as_ref(c), Device::as_ref(p)) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: The PWM core guarantees the parent device exists and is bound during callbacks.
> + let bound_parent = unsafe { chip.bound_parent_device() };
> + match T::request(chip, pwm, bound_parent) {
> + Ok(()) => 0,
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn capture_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
> + res: *mut bindings::pwm_capture,
> + timeout: usize,
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: Relies on the function's contract that `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm, result) =
> + unsafe { (Chip::<T>::as_ref(c), Device::as_ref(p), &mut *res) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: The PWM core guarantees the parent device exists and is bound during callbacks.
> + let bound_parent = unsafe { chip.bound_parent_device() };
> + match T::capture(chip, pwm, result, timeout, bound_parent) {
> + Ok(()) => 0,
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn round_waveform_tohw_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
> + w: *const bindings::pwm_waveform,
> + wh: *mut c_void,
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: Relies on the function's contract that `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm, wf) = unsafe {
> + (
> + Chip::<T>::as_ref(c),
> + Device::as_ref(p),
> + Waveform::from(*w),
> + )
> + };
> + match T::round_waveform_tohw(chip, pwm, &wf) {
> + Ok((status, wfhw)) => {
> + // SAFETY: `wh` is valid per this function's safety contract.
> + if unsafe { Self::serialize_wfhw(&wfhw, wh) }.is_err() {
> + return EINVAL.to_errno();
> + }
> + status
> + }
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn round_waveform_fromhw_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
> + wh: *const c_void,
> + w: *mut bindings::pwm_waveform,
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: Relies on the function's contract that `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm) = unsafe { (Chip::<T>::as_ref(c), Device::as_ref(p)) };
> + // SAFETY: `deserialize_wfhw`'s safety contract is met by this function's contract.
> + let wfhw = match unsafe { Self::deserialize_wfhw(wh) } {
> + Ok(v) => v,
> + Err(e) => return e.to_errno(),
> + };
> +
> + let mut rust_wf = Waveform::default();
> + match T::round_waveform_fromhw(chip, pwm, &wfhw, &mut rust_wf) {
> + Ok(ret) => {
> + // SAFETY: `w` is guaranteed valid by the C caller.
> + unsafe {
> + *w = rust_wf.into();
> + };
> + ret
> + }
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn read_waveform_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
> + wh: *mut c_void,
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: Relies on the function's contract that `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm) = unsafe { (Chip::<T>::as_ref(c), Device::as_ref(p)) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: The PWM core guarantees the parent device exists and is bound during callbacks.
> + let bound_parent = unsafe { chip.bound_parent_device() };
> + match T::read_waveform(chip, pwm, bound_parent) {
> + // SAFETY: `wh` is valid per this function's safety contract.
> + Ok(wfhw) => match unsafe { Self::serialize_wfhw(&wfhw, wh) } {
> + Ok(()) => 0,
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + },
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// Pointers from C must be valid.
> + unsafe extern "C" fn write_waveform_callback(
> + c: *mut bindings::pwm_chip,
> + p: *mut bindings::pwm_device,
> + wh: *const c_void,
> + ) -> c_int {
> + // SAFETY: Relies on the function's contract that `c` and `p` are valid pointers.
> + let (chip, pwm) = unsafe { (Chip::<T>::as_ref(c), Device::as_ref(p)) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: The PWM core guarantees the parent device exists and is bound during callbacks.
> + let bound_parent = unsafe { chip.bound_parent_device() };
> +
> + // SAFETY: `wh` is valid per this function's safety contract.
> + let wfhw = match unsafe { Self::deserialize_wfhw(wh) } {
> + Ok(v) => v,
> + Err(e) => return e.to_errno(),
> + };
> + match T::write_waveform(chip, pwm, &wfhw, bound_parent) {
> + Ok(()) => 0,
> + Err(e) => e.to_errno(),
> + }
> + }
> +}
> +
> +/// VTable structure wrapper for PWM operations.
> +/// Mirrors [`struct pwm_ops`](srctree/include/linux/pwm.h).
> +#[repr(transparent)]
> +pub struct PwmOpsVTable(bindings::pwm_ops);
> +
> +// SAFETY: PwmOpsVTable is Send. The vtable contains only function pointers
> +// and a size, which are simple data types that can be safely moved across
> +// threads. The thread-safety of calling these functions is handled by the
> +// kernel's locking mechanisms.
> +unsafe impl Send for PwmOpsVTable {}
> +
> +// SAFETY: PwmOpsVTable is Sync. The vtable is immutable after it is created,
> +// so it can be safely referenced and accessed concurrently by multiple threads
> +// e.g. to read the function pointers.
> +unsafe impl Sync for PwmOpsVTable {}
> +
> +impl PwmOpsVTable {
> + /// Returns a raw pointer to the underlying `pwm_ops` struct.
> + pub(crate) fn as_raw(&self) -> *const bindings::pwm_ops {
> + &self.0
> + }
> +}
> +
> +/// Creates a PWM operations vtable for a type `T` that implements `PwmOps`.
> +///
> +/// This is used to bridge Rust trait implementations to the C `struct pwm_ops`
> +/// expected by the kernel.
> +pub const fn create_pwm_ops<T: PwmOps>() -> PwmOpsVTable {
> + // SAFETY: `core::mem::zeroed()` is unsafe. For `pwm_ops`, all fields are
> + // `Option<extern "C" fn(...)>` or data, so a zeroed pattern (None/0) is valid initially.
> + let mut ops: bindings::pwm_ops = unsafe { core::mem::zeroed() };
> +
> + ops.request = Some(Adapter::<T>::request_callback);
> + ops.capture = Some(Adapter::<T>::capture_callback);
> +
> + ops.round_waveform_tohw = Some(Adapter::<T>::round_waveform_tohw_callback);
> + ops.round_waveform_fromhw = Some(Adapter::<T>::round_waveform_fromhw_callback);
> + ops.read_waveform = Some(Adapter::<T>::read_waveform_callback);
> + ops.write_waveform = Some(Adapter::<T>::write_waveform_callback);
> + ops.sizeof_wfhw = core::mem::size_of::<T::WfHw>();
> +
> + PwmOpsVTable(ops)
> +}
> +
> +/// Wrapper for a PWM chip/controller ([`struct pwm_chip`](srctree/include/linux/pwm.h)).
> +#[repr(transparent)]
> +pub struct Chip<T: PwmOps>(Opaque<bindings::pwm_chip>, PhantomData<T>);
> +
> +impl<T: PwmOps> Chip<T> {
> + /// Creates a reference to a [`Chip`] from a valid pointer.
> + ///
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// The caller must ensure that `ptr` is valid and remains valid for the lifetime of the
> + /// returned [`Chip`] reference.
> + pub(crate) unsafe fn as_ref<'a>(ptr: *mut bindings::pwm_chip) -> &'a Self {
> + // SAFETY: The safety requirements guarantee the validity of the dereference, while the
> + // `Chip` type being transparent makes the cast ok.
> + unsafe { &*ptr.cast::<Self>() }
> + }
> +
> + /// Returns a raw pointer to the underlying `pwm_chip`.
> + pub(crate) fn as_raw(&self) -> *mut bindings::pwm_chip {
> + self.0.get()
> + }
> +
> + /// Gets the number of PWM channels (hardware PWMs) on this chip.
> + pub fn npwm(&self) -> u32 {
This name is not good IMHO. We don’t have to provide a 1:1 match with C.
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid pointer for `self`'s lifetime.
> + unsafe { (*self.as_raw()).npwm }
> + }
> +
> + /// Returns `true` if the chip supports atomic operations for configuration.
> + pub fn is_atomic(&self) -> bool {
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid pointer for `self`'s lifetime.
> + unsafe { (*self.as_raw()).atomic }
> + }
> +
> + /// Returns a reference to the embedded `struct device` abstraction.
> + pub fn device(&self) -> &device::Device {
> + // SAFETY: `self.as_raw()` provides a valid pointer to `bindings::pwm_chip`.
> + // The `dev` field is an instance of `bindings::device` embedded within `pwm_chip`.
> + // Taking a pointer to this embedded field is valid.
> + // `device::Device` is `#[repr(transparent)]`.
> + // The lifetime of the returned reference is tied to `self`.
> + unsafe { device::Device::as_ref(&raw mut (*self.as_raw()).dev) }
> + }
IIRC, these are supposed to be prefixed with “-“ to highlight that it’s a bulleted list.
> +
> + /// Gets the *typed* driver specific data associated with this chip's embedded device.
I don’t think this emphasis adds anything of value. (IMHO)
> + pub fn drvdata(&self) -> &T {
This is off-topic (sorry), but I wonder if this shouldn’t be renamed “driver_data()” across the tree.
> + // SAFETY: `pwmchip_get_drvdata` returns the pointer to the private data area,
> + // which we know holds our `T`. The pointer is valid for the lifetime of `self`.
> + unsafe { &*bindings::pwmchip_get_drvdata(self.as_raw()).cast::<T>() }
> + }
> +
> + /// Returns a reference to the parent device of this PWM chip's device.
> + ///
> + /// # Safety
> + ///
> + /// The caller must guarantee that the parent device exists and is bound.
> + /// This is guaranteed by the PWM core during `PwmOps` callbacks.
> + unsafe fn bound_parent_device(&self) -> &device::Device<Bound> {
> + // SAFETY: Per the function's safety contract, the parent device exists.
> + let parent = unsafe { self.device().parent().unwrap_unchecked() };
> +
> + // SAFETY: Per the function's safety contract, the parent device is bound.
> + // The pointer is cast from `&Device` to `&Device<Bound>`.
> + unsafe { &*core::ptr::from_ref(parent).cast::<device::Device<Bound>>() }
> + }
> +
> + /// Allocates and wraps a PWM chip using `bindings::pwmchip_alloc`.
> + ///
> + /// Returns an [`ARef<Chip>`] managing the chip's lifetime via refcounting
> + /// on its embedded `struct device`.
> + pub fn new(
> + parent_dev: &device::Device,
> + npwm: u32,
> + data: impl pin_init::PinInit<T, Error>,
> + ) -> Result<ARef<Self>> {
> +
> + let sizeof_priv = core::mem::size_of::<T>();
> + // SAFETY: `pwmchip_alloc` allocates memory for the C struct and our private data.
> + let c_chip_ptr_raw = unsafe {
> + bindings::pwmchip_alloc(parent_dev.as_raw(), npwm, sizeof_priv)
> + };
> +
> + let c_chip_ptr: *mut bindings::pwm_chip = error::from_err_ptr(c_chip_ptr_raw)?;
> +
> + // SAFETY: The `drvdata` pointer is the start of the private area, which is where
> + // we will construct our `T` object.
> + let drvdata_ptr = unsafe { bindings::pwmchip_get_drvdata(c_chip_ptr) };
> +
> + // SAFETY: We construct the `T` object in-place in the allocated private memory.
> + unsafe { data.__pinned_init(drvdata_ptr.cast())? };
> +
> + // SAFETY: `c_chip_ptr` points to a valid chip.
> + unsafe { (*c_chip_ptr).dev.release = Some(Adapter::<T>::release_callback); }
> +
> + // SAFETY: `c_chip_ptr` points to a valid chip.
> + // The `Adapter`'s `VTABLE` has a 'static lifetime, so the pointer
> + // returned by `as_raw()` is always valid.
> + unsafe { (*c_chip_ptr).ops = Adapter::<T>::VTABLE.as_raw(); }
> +
> + // Cast the `*mut bindings::pwm_chip` to `*mut Chip`. This is valid because
> + // `Chip` is `repr(transparent)` over `Opaque<bindings::pwm_chip>`, and
> + // `Opaque<T>` is `repr(transparent)` over `T`.
> + let chip_ptr_as_self = c_chip_ptr.cast::<Self>();
> +
> + // SAFETY: `chip_ptr_as_self` points to a valid `Chip` (layout-compatible with
> + // `bindings::pwm_chip`) whose embedded device has refcount 1.
> + // `ARef::from_raw` takes this pointer and manages it via `AlwaysRefCounted`.
> + Ok(unsafe { ARef::from_raw(NonNull::new_unchecked(chip_ptr_as_self)) })
> + }
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: Implements refcounting for `Chip` using the embedded `struct device`.
> +unsafe impl<T: PwmOps> AlwaysRefCounted for Chip<T> {
> + #[inline]
> + fn inc_ref(&self) {
> + // SAFETY: `self.0.get()` points to a valid `pwm_chip` because `self` exists.
> + // The embedded `dev` is valid. `get_device` increments its refcount.
> + unsafe { bindings::get_device(&raw mut (*self.0.get()).dev); }
> + }
> +
> + #[inline]
> + unsafe fn dec_ref(obj: NonNull<Chip<T>>) {
> + let c_chip_ptr = obj.cast::<bindings::pwm_chip>().as_ptr();
> +
> + // SAFETY: `obj` is a valid pointer to a `Chip` (and thus `bindings::pwm_chip`)
> + // with a non-zero refcount. `put_device` handles decrement and final release.
> + unsafe { bindings::put_device(&raw mut (*c_chip_ptr).dev); }
> + }
> +}
> +
> +// SAFETY: `Chip` is a wrapper around `*mut bindings::pwm_chip`. The underlying C
> +// structure's state is managed and synchronized by the kernel's device model
> +// and PWM core locking mechanisms. Therefore, it is safe to move the `Chip`
> +// wrapper (and the pointer it contains) across threads.
> +unsafe impl<T: PwmOps + Send> Send for Chip<T> {}
> +
> +// SAFETY: It is safe for multiple threads to have shared access (`&Chip`) because
> +// the `Chip` data is immutable from the Rust side without holding the appropriate
> +// kernel locks, which the C core is responsible for. Any interior mutability is
> +// handled and synchronized by the C kernel code.
> +unsafe impl<T: PwmOps + Sync> Sync for Chip<T> {}
> +
> +/// A resource guard that ensures `pwmchip_remove` is called on drop.
> +///
> +/// This struct is intended to be managed by the `devres` framework by transferring its ownership
> +/// via [`Devres::register`]. This ties the lifetime of the PWM chip registration
> +/// to the lifetime of the underlying device.
> +pub struct Registration<T: PwmOps> {
> + chip: ARef<Chip<T>>,
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: 'static + PwmOps + Send + Sync> Registration<T> {
> + /// Registers a PWM chip with the PWM subsystem.
> + ///
> + /// Transfers its ownership to the `devres` framework, which ties its lifetime
> + /// to the parent device.
> + /// On unbind of the parent device, the `devres` entry will be dropped, automatically
> + /// calling `pwmchip_remove`. This function should be called from the driver's `probe`.
> + pub fn register(
> + dev: &device::Device<Bound>,
> + chip: ARef<Chip<T>>,
> + ) -> Result {
> + let chip_parent = chip.device().parent().ok_or(EINVAL)?;
> + if dev.as_raw() != chip_parent.as_raw() {
> + return Err(EINVAL);
> + }
> +
> + let c_chip_ptr = chip.as_raw();
> +
> + // SAFETY: `c_chip_ptr` points to a valid chip with its ops initialized.
> + // `__pwmchip_add` is the C function to register the chip with the PWM core.
> + unsafe {
> + to_result(bindings::__pwmchip_add(c_chip_ptr, core::ptr::null_mut()))?;
> + }
> +
> + let registration = Registration { chip };
> +
> + devres::Devres::new_foreign_owned(dev, registration, GFP_KERNEL)
> + }
> +}
> +
> +impl<T: PwmOps> Drop for Registration<T> {
> + fn drop(&mut self) {
> + let chip_raw = self.chip.as_raw();
> +
> + // SAFETY: `chip_raw` points to a chip that was successfully registered.
> + // `bindings::pwmchip_remove` is the correct C function to unregister it.
> + // This `drop` implementation is called automatically by `devres` on driver unbind.
> + unsafe { bindings::pwmchip_remove(chip_raw); }
> + }
> +}
>
> --
> 2.34.1
>
>
— Daniel
[0] https://lore.kernel.org/rust-for-linux/20250711-device-as-ref-v2-0-1b16ab6402d7@google.com/
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