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Message-ID: <CACT4Y+a5ZLpHEwd5LDK7oc8g9HgjsTbo6XgvEBTDBdqU8zCj8g@mail.gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Jul 2025 13:11:16 +0200
From: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>
To: Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>
Cc: quic_jiangenj@...cinc.com, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
kasan-dev@...glegroups.com, x86@...nel.org,
Aleksandr Nogikh <nogikh@...gle.com>, Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@...il.com>, Borislav Petkov <bp@...en8.de>,
Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>, Ingo Molnar <mingo@...hat.com>,
Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@...nel.org>, Marco Elver <elver@...gle.com>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>, Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v3 05/10] kcov: x86: introduce CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE
On Mon, 28 Jul 2025 at 17:26, Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com> wrote:
>
> The new config switches coverage instrumentation to using
> __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard(u32 *guard)
> instead of
> __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(void)
>
> This relies on Clang's -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard flag [1].
>
> Each callback receives a unique 32-bit guard variable residing in .bss.
> Those guards can be used by kcov to deduplicate the coverage on the fly.
>
> As a first step, we make the new instrumentation mode 1:1 compatible
> with the old one.
>
> [1] https://clang.llvm.org/docs/SanitizerCoverage.html#tracing-pcs-with-guards
>
> Cc: x86@...nel.org
> Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@...gle.com>
Reviewed-by: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@...gle.com>
>
> ---
> v3:
> - per Dmitry Vyukov's request, add better comments in
> scripts/module.lds.S and lib/Kconfig.debug
> - add -sanitizer-coverage-drop-ctors to scripts/Makefile.kcov
> to drop the unwanted constructors emitting unsupported relocations
> - merge the __sancov_guards section into .bss
>
> v2:
> - Address comments by Dmitry Vyukov
> - rename CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_GUARDS to CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE
> - update commit description and config description
> - Address comments by Marco Elver
> - rename sanitizer_cov_write_subsequent() to kcov_append_to_buffer()
> - make config depend on X86_64 (via ARCH_HAS_KCOV_UNIQUE)
> - swap #ifdef branches
> - tweak config description
> - remove redundant check for CONFIG_CC_HAS_SANCOV_TRACE_PC_GUARD
>
> Change-Id: Iacb1e71fd061a82c2acadf2347bba4863b9aec39
> ---
> arch/x86/Kconfig | 1 +
> arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S | 1 +
> include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h | 13 ++++++-
> include/linux/kcov.h | 2 +
> kernel/kcov.c | 61 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
> lib/Kconfig.debug | 26 +++++++++++++
> scripts/Makefile.kcov | 7 ++++
> scripts/module.lds.S | 35 ++++++++++++++++++
> tools/objtool/check.c | 1 +
> 9 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/Kconfig b/arch/x86/Kconfig
> index 8bed9030ad473..0533070d24fe7 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/Kconfig
> +++ b/arch/x86/Kconfig
> @@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ config X86
> select ARCH_HAS_FORTIFY_SOURCE
> select ARCH_HAS_GCOV_PROFILE_ALL
> select ARCH_HAS_KCOV if X86_64
> + select ARCH_HAS_KCOV_UNIQUE if X86_64
> select ARCH_HAS_KERNEL_FPU_SUPPORT
> select ARCH_HAS_MEM_ENCRYPT
> select ARCH_HAS_MEMBARRIER_SYNC_CORE
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
> index 4fa0be732af10..52fe6539b9c91 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
> +++ b/arch/x86/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
> @@ -372,6 +372,7 @@ SECTIONS
> . = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);
> *(BSS_MAIN)
> BSS_DECRYPTED
> + BSS_SANCOV_GUARDS
> . = ALIGN(PAGE_SIZE);
> __bss_stop = .;
> }
> diff --git a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> index fa5f19b8d53a0..ee78328eecade 100644
> --- a/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> +++ b/include/asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h
> @@ -102,7 +102,8 @@
> * sections to be brought in with rodata.
> */
> #if defined(CONFIG_LD_DEAD_CODE_DATA_ELIMINATION) || defined(CONFIG_LTO_CLANG) || \
> -defined(CONFIG_AUTOFDO_CLANG) || defined(CONFIG_PROPELLER_CLANG)
> + defined(CONFIG_AUTOFDO_CLANG) || defined(CONFIG_PROPELLER_CLANG) || \
> + defined(CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE)
> #define TEXT_MAIN .text .text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*
> #else
> #define TEXT_MAIN .text
> @@ -121,6 +122,16 @@ defined(CONFIG_AUTOFDO_CLANG) || defined(CONFIG_PROPELLER_CLANG)
> #define SBSS_MAIN .sbss
> #endif
>
> +#if defined(CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE)
> +/* BSS_SANCOV_GUARDS must be part of the .bss section so that it is zero-initialized. */
> +#define BSS_SANCOV_GUARDS \
> + __start___sancov_guards = .; \
> + *(__sancov_guards); \
> + __stop___sancov_guards = .;
> +#else
> +#define BSS_SANCOV_GUARDS
> +#endif
> +
> /*
> * GCC 4.5 and later have a 32 bytes section alignment for structures.
> * Except GCC 4.9, that feels the need to align on 64 bytes.
> diff --git a/include/linux/kcov.h b/include/linux/kcov.h
> index 2b3655c0f2278..2acccfa5ae9af 100644
> --- a/include/linux/kcov.h
> +++ b/include/linux/kcov.h
> @@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ typedef unsigned long long kcov_u64;
> #endif
>
> void __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(void);
> +void __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard(u32 *guard);
> +void __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard_init(uint32_t *start, uint32_t *stop);
> void __sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp1(u8 arg1, u8 arg2);
> void __sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp2(u16 arg1, u16 arg2);
> void __sanitizer_cov_trace_cmp4(u32 arg1, u32 arg2);
> diff --git a/kernel/kcov.c b/kernel/kcov.c
> index 5170f367c8a1b..8154ac1c1622e 100644
> --- a/kernel/kcov.c
> +++ b/kernel/kcov.c
> @@ -194,27 +194,15 @@ static notrace unsigned long canonicalize_ip(unsigned long ip)
> return ip;
> }
>
> -/*
> - * Entry point from instrumented code.
> - * This is called once per basic-block/edge.
> - */
> -void notrace __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(void)
> +static notrace void kcov_append_to_buffer(unsigned long *area, int size,
> + unsigned long ip)
> {
> - struct task_struct *t;
> - unsigned long *area;
> - unsigned long ip = canonicalize_ip(_RET_IP_);
> - unsigned long pos;
> -
> - t = current;
> - if (!check_kcov_mode(KCOV_MODE_TRACE_PC, t))
> - return;
> -
> - area = t->kcov_state.area;
> /* The first 64-bit word is the number of subsequent PCs. */
> - pos = READ_ONCE(area[0]) + 1;
> - if (likely(pos < t->kcov_state.size)) {
> - /* Previously we write pc before updating pos. However, some
> - * early interrupt code could bypass check_kcov_mode() check
> + unsigned long pos = READ_ONCE(area[0]) + 1;
> +
> + if (likely(pos < size)) {
> + /*
> + * Some early interrupt code could bypass check_kcov_mode() check
> * and invoke __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(). If such interrupt is
> * raised between writing pc and updating pos, the pc could be
> * overitten by the recursive __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc().
> @@ -225,7 +213,40 @@ void notrace __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(void)
> area[pos] = ip;
> }
> }
> +
> +/*
> + * Entry point from instrumented code.
> + * This is called once per basic-block/edge.
> + */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE
> +void notrace __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard(u32 *guard)
> +{
> + if (!check_kcov_mode(KCOV_MODE_TRACE_PC, current))
> + return;
> +
> + kcov_append_to_buffer(current->kcov_state.area,
> + current->kcov_state.size,
> + canonicalize_ip(_RET_IP_));
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard);
> +
> +void notrace __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard_init(uint32_t *start,
> + uint32_t *stop)
> +{
> +}
> +EXPORT_SYMBOL(__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard_init);
> +#else /* !CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE */
> +void notrace __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(void)
> +{
> + if (!check_kcov_mode(KCOV_MODE_TRACE_PC, current))
> + return;
> +
> + kcov_append_to_buffer(current->kcov_state.area,
> + current->kcov_state.size,
> + canonicalize_ip(_RET_IP_));
> +}
> EXPORT_SYMBOL(__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc);
> +#endif
>
> #ifdef CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS
> static void notrace write_comp_data(u64 type, u64 arg1, u64 arg2, u64 ip)
> @@ -253,7 +274,7 @@ static void notrace write_comp_data(u64 type, u64 arg1, u64 arg2, u64 ip)
> start_index = 1 + count * KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP;
> end_pos = (start_index + KCOV_WORDS_PER_CMP) * sizeof(u64);
> if (likely(end_pos <= max_pos)) {
> - /* See comment in __sanitizer_cov_trace_pc(). */
> + /* See comment in kcov_append_to_buffer(). */
> WRITE_ONCE(area[0], count + 1);
> barrier();
> area[start_index] = type;
> diff --git a/lib/Kconfig.debug b/lib/Kconfig.debug
> index ebe33181b6e6e..a7441f89465f3 100644
> --- a/lib/Kconfig.debug
> +++ b/lib/Kconfig.debug
> @@ -2153,6 +2153,12 @@ config ARCH_HAS_KCOV
> build and run with CONFIG_KCOV. This typically requires
> disabling instrumentation for some early boot code.
>
> +config CC_HAS_SANCOV_TRACE_PC
> + def_bool $(cc-option,-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc)
> +
> +config CC_HAS_SANCOV_TRACE_PC_GUARD
> + def_bool $(cc-option,-fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard)
> +
> config KCOV
> bool "Code coverage for fuzzing"
> depends on ARCH_HAS_KCOV
> @@ -2166,6 +2172,26 @@ config KCOV
>
> For more details, see Documentation/dev-tools/kcov.rst.
>
> +config ARCH_HAS_KCOV_UNIQUE
> + bool
> + help
> + An architecture should select this when it can successfully
> + build and run with CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE.
> +
> +config KCOV_UNIQUE
> + depends on KCOV
> + depends on CC_HAS_SANCOV_TRACE_PC_GUARD && ARCH_HAS_KCOV_UNIQUE
> + bool "Enable unique program counter collection mode for KCOV"
> + help
> + This option enables KCOV's unique program counter (PC) collection mode,
> + which deduplicates PCs on the fly when the KCOV_UNIQUE_ENABLE ioctl is
> + used.
> +
> + This significantly reduces the memory footprint for coverage data
> + collection compared to trace mode, as it prevents the kernel from
> + storing the same PC multiple times.
> + Enabling this mode incurs a slight increase in kernel binary size.
> +
> config KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS
> bool "Enable comparison operands collection by KCOV"
> depends on KCOV
> diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.kcov b/scripts/Makefile.kcov
> index 78305a84ba9d2..c3ad5504f5600 100644
> --- a/scripts/Makefile.kcov
> +++ b/scripts/Makefile.kcov
> @@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
> # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
> +ifeq ($(CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE),y)
> +kcov-flags-y += -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard
> +# Drop per-file constructors that -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc-guard inserts by default.
> +# Kernel does not need them, and they may produce unknown relocations.
> +kcov-flags-y += -mllvm -sanitizer-coverage-drop-ctors
> +else
> kcov-flags-y += -fsanitize-coverage=trace-pc
> +endif
> kcov-flags-$(CONFIG_KCOV_ENABLE_COMPARISONS) += -fsanitize-coverage=trace-cmp
>
> kcov-rflags-y += -Cpasses=sancov-module
> diff --git a/scripts/module.lds.S b/scripts/module.lds.S
> index 450f1088d5fd3..17f36d5112c5d 100644
> --- a/scripts/module.lds.S
> +++ b/scripts/module.lds.S
> @@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ SECTIONS {
> .bss : {
> *(.bss .bss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
> *(.bss..L*)
> + *(__sancov_guards)
> }
>
> .data : {
> @@ -64,6 +65,40 @@ SECTIONS {
> MOD_CODETAG_SECTIONS()
> }
> #endif
> +
> +#ifdef CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE
> + /*
> + * CONFIG_KCOV_UNIQUE creates COMDAT groups for instrumented functions,
> + * which has the following consequences in the presence of
> + * -ffunction-sections:
> + * - Separate .init.text and .exit.text sections in the modules are not
> + * merged together, which results in errors trying to create
> + * duplicate entries in /sys/module/MODNAME/sections/ at module load
> + * time.
> + * - Each function is placed in a separate .text.funcname section, so
> + * there is no .text section anymore. Collecting them together here
> + * has mostly aesthetic purpose, although some tools may be expecting
> + * it to be present.
> + */
> + .text : {
> + *(.text .text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
> + *(.text..L*)
> + }
> + .init.text : {
> + *(.init.text .init.text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
> + *(.init.text..L*)
> + }
> + .exit.text : {
> + *(.exit.text .exit.text.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
> + *(.exit.text..L*)
> + }
> + .bss : {
> + *(.bss .bss.[0-9a-zA-Z_]*)
> + *(.bss..L*)
> + *(__sancov_guards)
> + }
> +#endif
> +
> MOD_SEPARATE_CODETAG_SECTIONS()
> }
>
> diff --git a/tools/objtool/check.c b/tools/objtool/check.c
> index 67d76f3a1dce5..60eb5faa27d28 100644
> --- a/tools/objtool/check.c
> +++ b/tools/objtool/check.c
> @@ -1156,6 +1156,7 @@ static const char *uaccess_safe_builtin[] = {
> "write_comp_data",
> "check_kcov_mode",
> "__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc",
> + "__sanitizer_cov_trace_pc_guard",
> "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp1",
> "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp2",
> "__sanitizer_cov_trace_const_cmp4",
> --
> 2.50.1.470.g6ba607880d-goog
>
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