Message-ID: <ce3e6955-4a4c-4cb6-8dca-9f15807b6165@redhat.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Jul 2025 14:32:50 +0200
From: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
To: Zi Yan <ziy@...dia.com>
Cc: Mika Penttilä <mpenttil@...hat.com>,
 Balbir Singh <balbirs@...dia.com>, linux-mm@...ck.org,
 linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, Karol Herbst <kherbst@...hat.com>,
 Lyude Paul <lyude@...hat.com>, Danilo Krummrich <dakr@...nel.org>,
 David Airlie <airlied@...il.com>, Simona Vetter <simona@...ll.ch>,
 Jérôme Glisse <jglisse@...hat.com>,
 Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>, Barry Song <baohua@...nel.org>,
 Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@...ux.alibaba.com>,
 Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@....com>, Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
 Peter Xu <peterx@...hat.com>, Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@...wei.com>,
 Jane Chu <jane.chu@...cle.com>, Alistair Popple <apopple@...dia.com>,
 Donet Tom <donettom@...ux.ibm.com>, Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@...el.com>,
 Francois Dugast <francois.dugast@...el.com>,
 Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@...dia.com>
Subject: Re: [v2 02/11] mm/thp: zone_device awareness in THP handling code

On 31.07.25 13:26, Zi Yan wrote:
> On 31 Jul 2025, at 3:15, David Hildenbrand wrote:
> 
>> On 30.07.25 18:29, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>
>>> On 7/30/25 18:58, Zi Yan wrote:
>>>> On 30 Jul 2025, at 11:40, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>>
>>>>> On 7/30/25 18:10, Zi Yan wrote:
>>>>>> On 30 Jul 2025, at 8:49, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>> On 7/30/25 15:25, Zi Yan wrote:
>>>>>>>> On 30 Jul 2025, at 8:08, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>> On 7/30/25 14:42, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>>>>>>>> On 7/30/25 14:30, Zi Yan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>> On 30 Jul 2025, at 7:27, Zi Yan wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> On 30 Jul 2025, at 7:16, Mika Penttilä wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Hi,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>> On 7/30/25 12:21, Balbir Singh wrote:
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Make THP handling code in the mm subsystem for THP pages aware of zone
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> device pages. Although the code is designed to be generic when it comes
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> to handling splitting of pages, the code is designed to work for THP
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> page sizes corresponding to HPAGE_PMD_NR.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Modify page_vma_mapped_walk() to return true when a zone device huge
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> entry is present, enabling try_to_migrate() and other code migration
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> paths to appropriately process the entry. page_vma_mapped_walk() will
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> return true for zone device private large folios only when
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> PVMW_THP_DEVICE_PRIVATE is passed. This is to prevent locations that are
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> not zone device private pages from having to add awareness. The key
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> callback that needs this flag is try_to_migrate_one(). The other
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> callbacks page idle, damon use it for setting young/dirty bits, which is
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> not significant when it comes to pmd level bit harvesting.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> pmd_pfn() does not work well with zone device entries, use
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> pfn_pmd_entry_to_swap() for checking and comparison as for zone device
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> entries.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Zone device private entries when split via munmap go through pmd split,
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> but need to go through a folio split, deferred split does not work if a
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> fault is encountered because fault handling involves migration entries
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> (via folio_migrate_mapping) and the folio sizes are expected to be the
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> same there. This introduces the need to split the folio while handling
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> the pmd split. Because the folio is still mapped, but calling
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> folio_split() will cause lock recursion, the __split_unmapped_folio()
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> code is used with a new helper to wrap the code
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> split_device_private_folio(), which skips the checks around
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> folio->mapping, swapcache and the need to go through unmap and remap
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> folio.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Karol Herbst <kherbst@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Lyude Paul <lyude@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Danilo Krummrich <dakr@...nel.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: David Airlie <airlied@...il.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Simona Vetter <simona@...ll.ch>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: "Jérôme Glisse" <jglisse@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Barry Song <baohua@...nel.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@...ux.alibaba.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@....com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Peter Xu <peterx@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Zi Yan <ziy@...dia.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@...wei.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Jane Chu <jane.chu@...cle.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@...dia.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Donet Tom <donettom@...ux.ibm.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Mika Penttilä <mpenttil@...hat.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@...el.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Francois Dugast <francois.dugast@...el.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Cc: Ralph Campbell <rcampbell@...dia.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Matthew Brost <matthew.brost@...el.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Signed-off-by: Balbir Singh <balbirs@...dia.com>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ---
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    include/linux/huge_mm.h |   1 +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    include/linux/rmap.h    |   2 +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    include/linux/swapops.h |  17 +++
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    mm/huge_memory.c        | 268 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    mm/page_vma_mapped.c    |  13 +-
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    mm/pgtable-generic.c    |   6 +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    mm/rmap.c               |  22 +++-
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>    7 files changed, 278 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>> <snip>
>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +/**
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + * split_huge_device_private_folio - split a huge device private folio into
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + * smaller pages (of order 0), currently used by migrate_device logic to
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + * split folios for pages that are partially mapped
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + *
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + * @folio: the folio to split
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + *
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + * The caller has to hold the folio_lock and a reference via folio_get
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> + */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +int split_device_private_folio(struct folio *folio)
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +{
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	struct folio *end_folio = folio_next(folio);
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	struct folio *new_folio;
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	int ret = 0;
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	/*
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * Split the folio now. In the case of device
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * private pages, this path is executed when
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * the pmd is split and since freeze is not true
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * it is likely the folio will be deferred_split.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 *
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * With device private pages, deferred splits of
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * folios should be handled here to prevent partial
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * unmaps from causing issues later on in migration
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 * and fault handling flows.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	 */
>>>>>>>>>>>>>> +	folio_ref_freeze(folio, 1 + folio_expected_ref_count(folio));
>>>>>>>>>>>>> Why can't this freeze fail? The folio is still mapped afaics, why can't there be other references in addition to the caller?
>>>>>>>>>>>> Based on my off-list conversation with Balbir, the folio is unmapped in
>>>>>>>>>>>> CPU side but mapped in the device. folio_ref_freeeze() is not aware of
>>>>>>>>>>>> device side mapping.
>>>>>>>>>>> Maybe we should make it aware of device private mapping? So that the
>>>>>>>>>>> process mirrors CPU side folio split: 1) unmap device private mapping,
>>>>>>>>>>> 2) freeze device private folio, 3) split unmapped folio, 4) unfreeze,
>>>>>>>>>>> 5) remap device private mapping.
>>>>>>>>>> Ah ok this was about device private page obviously here, nevermind..
>>>>>>>>> Still, isn't this reachable from split_huge_pmd() paths and folio is mapped to CPU page tables as a huge device page by one or more task?
>>>>>>>> The folio only has migration entries pointing to it. From CPU perspective,
>>>>>>>> it is not mapped. The unmap_folio() used by __folio_split() unmaps a to-be-split
>>>>>>>> folio by replacing existing page table entries with migration entries
>>>>>>>> and after that the folio is regarded as “unmapped”.
>>>>>>>>
>>>>>>>> The migration entry is an invalid CPU page table entry, so it is not a CPU
>>>>>>> split_device_private_folio() is called for device private entry, not migrate entry afaics.
>>>>>> Yes, but from CPU perspective, both device private entry and migration entry
>>>>>> are invalid CPU page table entries, so the device private folio is “unmapped”
>>>>>> at CPU side.
>>>>> Yes both are "swap entries" but there's difference, the device private ones contribute to mapcount and refcount.
>>>> Right. That confused me when I was talking to Balbir and looking at v1.
>>>> When a device private folio is processed in __folio_split(), Balbir needed to
>>>> add code to skip CPU mapping handling code. Basically device private folios are
>>>> CPU unmapped and device mapped.
>>>>
>>>> Here are my questions on device private folios:
>>>> 1. How is mapcount used for device private folios? Why is it needed from CPU
>>>>      perspective? Can it be stored in a device private specific data structure?
>>>
>>> Mostly like for normal folios, for instance rmap when doing migrate. I think it would make
>>> common code more messy if not done that way but sure possible.
>>> And not consuming pfns (address space) at all would have benefits.
>>>
>>>> 2. When a device private folio is mapped on device, can someone other than
>>>>      the device driver manipulate it assuming core-mm just skips device private
>>>>      folios (barring the CPU access fault handling)?
>>>>
>>>> Where I am going is that can device private folios be treated as unmapped folios
>>>> by CPU and only device driver manipulates their mappings?
>>>>
>>> Yes not present by CPU but mm has bookkeeping on them. The private page has no content
>>> someone could change while in device, it's just pfn.
>>
>> Just to clarify: a device-private entry, like a device-exclusive entry, is a *page table mapping* tracked through the rmap -- even though they are not present page table entries.
>>
>> It would be better if they would be present page table entries that are PROT_NONE, but it's tricky to mark them as being "special" device-private, device-exclusive etc. Maybe there are ways to do that in the future.
>>
>> Maybe device-private could just be PROT_NONE, because we can identify the entry type based on the folio. device-exclusive is harder ...
>>
>>
>> So consider device-private entries just like PROT_NONE present page table entries. Refcount and mapcount is adjusted accordingly by rmap functions.
> 
> Thanks for the clarification.
> 
> So folio_mapcount() for device private folios should be treated the same
> as normal folios, even if the corresponding PTEs are not accessible from CPUs.
> Then I wonder if the device private large folio split should go through
> __folio_split(), the same as normal folios: unmap, freeze, split, unfreeze,
> remap. Otherwise, how can we prevent rmap changes during the split?

That is what I would expect: Replace device-private by migration 
entries, perform the migration/split/whatever, restore migration entries 
to device-private entries.

That will drive the mapcount to 0.

-- 
Cheers,

David / dhildenb

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