linux-kernel - Re: [RFC PATCH v5 00/18] pkeys-based page table hardening

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Message-ID: <98c9689f-157b-4fbb-b1b4-15e5a68e2d32@os.amperecomputing.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Aug 2025 10:29:08 -0700
From: Yang Shi <yang@...amperecomputing.com>
To: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@....com>, linux-hardening@...r.kernel.org
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
 Andy Lutomirski <luto@...nel.org>, Catalin Marinas
 <catalin.marinas@....com>, Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@...ux.intel.com>,
 David Hildenbrand <david@...hat.com>, Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@...el.com>,
 Jann Horn <jannh@...gle.com>, Jeff Xu <jeffxu@...omium.org>,
 Joey Gouly <joey.gouly@....com>, Kees Cook <kees@...nel.org>,
 Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@...aro.org>,
 Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@...cle.com>, Marc Zyngier <maz@...nel.org>,
 Mark Brown <broonie@...nel.org>, Matthew Wilcox <willy@...radead.org>,
 Maxwell Bland <mbland@...orola.com>, "Mike Rapoport (IBM)"
 <rppt@...nel.org>, Peter Zijlstra <peterz@...radead.org>,
 Pierre Langlois <pierre.langlois@....com>,
 Quentin Perret <qperret@...gle.com>,
 Rick Edgecombe <rick.p.edgecombe@...el.com>,
 Ryan Roberts <ryan.roberts@....com>, Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>,
 Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@...e.cz>, Will Deacon <will@...nel.org>,
 linux-arm-kernel@...ts.infradead.org, linux-mm@...ck.org, x86@...nel.org
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v5 00/18] pkeys-based page table hardening

Hi Kevin,

On 8/15/25 1:54 AM, Kevin Brodsky wrote:
> This is a proposal to leverage protection keys (pkeys) to harden
> critical kernel data, by making it mostly read-only. The series includes
> a simple framework called "kpkeys" to manipulate pkeys for in-kernel use,
> as well as a page table hardening feature based on that framework,
> "kpkeys_hardened_pgtables". Both are implemented on arm64 as a proof of
> concept, but they are designed to be compatible with any architecture
> that supports pkeys.

[...]

>
> Note: the performance impact of set_memory_pkey() is likely to be
> relatively low on arm64 because the linear mapping uses PTE-level
> descriptors only. This means that set_memory_pkey() simply changes the
> attributes of some PTE descriptors. However, some systems may be able to
> use higher-level descriptors in the future [5], meaning that
> set_memory_pkey() may have to split mappings. Allocating page tables

I'm supposed the page table hardening feature will be opt-in due to its 
overhead? If so I think you can just keep kernel linear mapping using 
PTE, just like debug page alloc.

> from a contiguous cache of pages could help minimise the overhead, as
> proposed for x86 in [1].

I'm a little bit confused about how this can work. The contiguous cache 
of pages should be some large page, for example, 2M. But the page table 
pages allocated from the cache may have different permissions if I 
understand correctly. The default permission is RO, but some of them may 
become R/W at sometime, for example, when calling set_pte_at(). You 
still need to split the linear mapping, right?

Regards,
Yang

>
>