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Message-Id: <61895919-76ef-485d-ad5c-0cff866566f3@app.fastmail.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Sep 2025 17:49:21 +0200
From: "Arnd Bergmann" <arnd@...db.de>
To: "Finn Thain" <fthain@...ux-m68k.org>
Cc: "Peter Zijlstra" <peterz@...radead.org>, "Will Deacon" <will@...nel.org>,
"Andrew Morton" <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
"Boqun Feng" <boqun.feng@...il.com>, "Jonathan Corbet" <corbet@....net>,
"Mark Rutland" <mark.rutland@....com>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
Linux-Arch <linux-arch@...r.kernel.org>,
"Geert Uytterhoeven" <geert@...ux-m68k.org>, linux-m68k@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [RFC v2 3/3] atomic: Add alignment check to instrumented atomic operations
On Wed, Sep 17, 2025, at 04:14, Finn Thain wrote:
> On Tue, 16 Sep 2025, Arnd Bergmann wrote:
>> On Tue, Sep 16, 2025, at 02:16, Finn Thain wrote:
>>
>> Right, especially since those structure definitions are more likely to
>> be used on older drivers, there are probably some that do happen on
>> m68k. On the other hand, any driver that is portable to non-m68k targets
>> won't have this problem.
>>
>
> Yes, but only inasmuchas drivers are completely portable. Any data
> structure accessed or declared using #if conditional code would defeat
> that kind of reasoning.
Sure, but those are extremely rare. If there is a structure definition,
it's usually done in a way that describes the hardware and is already
densely packed. There are only a handful of compile-time checks for
CONFIG_M68K and __m68k__ in the kernel, and none of those are
around data structure definitions.
>> I tried a trivial m68k defconfig build with "-Wpadded -malign-int" and
>> found 3021 instances of structure padding, compared to 2271 without
>> -malign-int. That is still something one could very reasonably go
>> through with 'vim -q output', as almost all of them are obviously
>> kernel-internal structures and not problematic.
>>
>
> So, 3021 is the number of structs potentially needing to be checked? This
> is not the kind of upper bound I consider feasible for careful manual
> editing (it's worse than I thought). We need the compiler to help.
It's the number of add pads, so there are some structures that
show up many times in that list.
There would be significantly more than those 3021 if you include
drivers that are not in defconfig. An 'allmodconfig' build brings the
number up to 17000, but it's easy to quickly bring that number down
again by excluding stuff that is obviously specific to a random Arm
SoC. I would also exclude all of fs/* and most of net/* as being clearly
irrelevant here.
In a given file, there are likely many instances either in the
same struct or a set of related structs, where all can be discarded
after looking at the pattern in that file.
See the end of this email for a count by directory.
I think just doing the uapi headers is probably enough to avoid
accidentally introducing a new ABI when either the kernel or userspace
gets built with -malign-int, everything inside of the kernel is
at most a bug that can be fixed later.
>> A quick manual scan only shows a number of uapi structures but very few
>> drivers. There are a few hardware structures that are internally packed
>> but in a structure that has gets an extra two bytes of harmless padding
>> at the end (struct CUSTOM, struct amiga_hw_present, struct
>> atari_hw_present, struct TT_DMA, struct pcc_regs).
>
> I wouldn't assume that padding at the end is inconsequential. I think the
> analysis requires comparing object code. E.g. add the same padding
> explicitly to see whether it alters object code under -mno-align-int.
There is clearly a difference in uapi headers, especially when
it gets passed through an ioctl that encodes the size of the structure
in the command code.
For the structures I listed above, I can see no way it would actually
make a difference.
>> The only ones I could find that actually seemed suspicious are:
>>
>> arch/m68k/include/asm/atarihw.h:426:10: warning: padding struct to align
>> 'dst_address' [-Wpadded] arch/m68k/include/asm/openprom.h:76:13:
>> warning: padding struct to align 'boot_dev_ctrl' [-Wpadded]
>> drivers/net/ethernet/i825xx/82596.c:250:1: warning: padding struct size
>> to alignment boundary
>>
>> I'm sure there are a few more, but probably not a lot more. See
>> https://pastebin.com/Z2bjnD0G for the full list. I've also tried
>> annotating the ones that show up in defconfig, see diffstat below.
>>
>> Unfortunately I found no way of annotating a struct a whole to use the
>> traditional padding rules: "#pragma pack(push, 2)" lowers the alignment
>> of all struct members to two bytes, including those with an explicit
>> alignment like __aligned_u64. A struct-wide __attribute__((packed,
>> aligned(2))) seems even worse, as it makes all members inside of the
>> struck tightly packed and only aligns the struct itself.
>>
>> This means all misaligned members have to be individually marked as
>> __packed, unless someone comes up with another type of annotation.
>>
>
> Right. The trick will be to annotate the affected struct members by
> automatic program transformation.
I don't think automated transformation is going to work well here,
as you may not want the same approach in each case, depending
on what the code is:
- it may be enough to annotate a single member as packed in
order to make the entire structure compatible
- some structures may have lots of misaligned members, but
no holes, so a global __attribute__((packed, aligned(2))) on
that struct is cleaner
- if there are holes, some strategic additions of explicit
padding can be cleaner than annotating each misaligned
member.
- automation won't be able to tell whether a structure is
ABI relevant or not
- similarly, many files are not going to be interesting for
m68k. E.g. if drivers/infiniband has an ABI that is
different for -malign-int, that can likely be ignored
because nobody cares in practice.
> It would be sufficient to have a plug-in to list the sites of all members
> potentially needing annnotation. The list could be manually pared down and
> the actual annotating could be scripted. Note that this list would be
> shorter than a -Wpadded list, because there's a bunch of padding that's
> not relevant.
Yes, that should work to rule out many instances and to find out
exactly where packing attributes are required.
Arnd
2 arch/m68k/atari
5 arch/m68k/include/asm
39 block
1 block/fs
11 block/partitions
34 crypto
6 crypto/asymmetric_keys
10 drivers/accessibility/speakup
11 drivers/android
12 drivers/android/tests
15 drivers/ata
8 drivers/auxdisplay
11 drivers/base
5 drivers/base/firmware_loader
2 drivers/base/firmware_loader/builtin
10 drivers/base/regmap
2 drivers/base/test
2 drivers/bcma
18 drivers/block
2 drivers/block/aoe
7 drivers/block/drbd
4 drivers/block/null_blk
7 drivers/block/rnbd
2 drivers/block/zram
55 drivers/bluetooth
4 drivers/bus
2 drivers/bus/mhi/ep
4 drivers/bus/mhi/host
3 drivers/cdx
6 drivers/cdx/controller
3 drivers/char
8 drivers/char/hw_random
35 drivers/char/ipmi
11 drivers/char/tpm
1 drivers/char/tpm/eventlog
3 drivers/char/tpm/st33zp24
1 drivers/char/xillybus
48 drivers/clk
5 drivers/clk/actions
8 drivers/clk/bcm
8 drivers/clk/imx
6 drivers/clk/ingenic
11 drivers/clk/mediatek
24 drivers/clk/qcom
2 drivers/clk/ralink
21 drivers/clk/renesas
6 drivers/clk/samsung
1 drivers/clk/sifive
9 drivers/clk/socfpga
11 drivers/clk/sophgo
3 drivers/clk/sprd
2 drivers/clk/starfive
17 drivers/clk/sunxi-ng
1 drivers/clk/ti
1 drivers/clk/versatile
6 drivers/clk/visconti
2 drivers/clk/xilinx
43 drivers/clocksource
1 drivers/comedi
48 drivers/comedi/drivers
6 drivers/comedi/drivers/tests
9 drivers/counter
37 drivers/crypto
3 drivers/crypto/amlogic
4 drivers/crypto/aspeed
28 drivers/crypto/caam
17 drivers/crypto/ccree
3 drivers/crypto/hisilicon/sec
7 drivers/crypto/inside-secure
5 drivers/crypto/inside-secure/eip93
2 drivers/crypto/intel/ixp4xx
4 drivers/crypto/intel/keembay
3 drivers/crypto/marvell/cesa
7 drivers/crypto/qce
4 drivers/crypto/starfive
6 drivers/crypto/tegra
7 drivers/crypto/virtio
2 drivers/crypto/xilinx
4 drivers/dax
2 drivers/devfreq
1 drivers/devfreq/event
48 drivers/dma
3 drivers/dma-buf
1 drivers/dma-buf/heaps
7 drivers/dma/amd/qdma
4 drivers/dma/dw
3 drivers/dma/dw-axi-dmac
2 drivers/dma/lgm
3 drivers/dma/mediatek
5 drivers/dma/qcom
1 drivers/dma/sf-pdma
4 drivers/dma/sh
12 drivers/dma/stm32
14 drivers/dma/ti
27 drivers/dma/xilinx
5 drivers/dpll/zl3073x
14 drivers/extcon
11 drivers/firewire
8 drivers/firmware
35 drivers/firmware/arm_scmi
10 drivers/firmware/arm_scmi/transports
6 drivers/firmware/arm_scmi/vendors/imx
1 drivers/firmware/cirrus
2 drivers/firmware/google
9 drivers/firmware/imx
1 drivers/firmware/microchip
2 drivers/firmware/samsung
11 drivers/fpga
10 drivers/fsi
2 drivers/gnss
47 drivers/gpio
8 drivers/gpio/pinctrl
4 drivers/gpu/drm
12 drivers/gpu/drm/arm
15 drivers/gpu/drm/arm/display/komeda
1 drivers/gpu/drm/arm/display/komeda/d71
2 drivers/gpu/drm/atmel-hlcdc
40 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge
9 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/adv7511
8 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/analogix
9 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/cadence
4 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/imx
11 drivers/gpu/drm/bridge/synopsys
1 drivers/gpu/drm/clients
4 drivers/gpu/drm/display
5 drivers/gpu/drm/etnaviv
15 drivers/gpu/drm/exynos
3 drivers/gpu/drm/gud
3 drivers/gpu/drm/hisilicon/kirin
1 drivers/gpu/drm/imx/dc
11 drivers/gpu/drm/imx/dcss
2 drivers/gpu/drm/imx/ipuv3
6 drivers/gpu/drm/ingenic
9 drivers/gpu/drm/kmb
4 drivers/gpu/drm/lima
7 drivers/gpu/drm/logicvc
2 drivers/gpu/drm/mcde
39 drivers/gpu/drm/mediatek
17 drivers/gpu/drm/meson
2 drivers/gpu/drm/mxsfb
8 drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm
41 drivers/gpu/drm/omapdrm/dss
41 drivers/gpu/drm/panel
2 drivers/gpu/drm/pl111
8 drivers/gpu/drm/renesas/rcar-du
2 drivers/gpu/drm/renesas/rz-du
22 drivers/gpu/drm/rockchip
1 drivers/gpu/drm/scheduler/tests
4 drivers/gpu/drm/sitronix
2 drivers/gpu/drm/solomon
5 drivers/gpu/drm/sprd
11 drivers/gpu/drm/sti
3 drivers/gpu/drm/stm
13 drivers/gpu/drm/sun4i
1 drivers/gpu/drm/sysfb
23 drivers/gpu/drm/tegra
13 drivers/gpu/drm/tests
1 drivers/gpu/drm/tests/sysfb
10 drivers/gpu/drm/tidss
3 drivers/gpu/drm/tiny
2 drivers/gpu/drm/ttm
4 drivers/gpu/drm/ttm/tests
3 drivers/gpu/drm/v3d
8 drivers/gpu/drm/virtio
3 drivers/gpu/drm/vkms
4 drivers/gpu/drm/vkms/tests
9 drivers/gpu/drm/xlnx
13 drivers/gpu/host1x
11 drivers/gpu/host1x/hw
13 drivers/gpu/ipu-v3
10 drivers/greybus
135 drivers/hid
4 drivers/hid/i2c-hid
5 drivers/hid/usbhid
1 drivers/hte
271 drivers/hwmon
5 drivers/hwmon/occ
4 drivers/hwmon/peci
19 drivers/hwmon/pmbus
8 drivers/hwtracing/intel_th
1 drivers/hwtracing/stm
9 drivers/i2c
110 drivers/i2c/busses
4 drivers/i2c/muxes
1 drivers/i2c/muxes/pinctrl
15 drivers/i3c/master
5 drivers/i3c/master/mipi-i3c-hci
2 drivers/iio
82 drivers/iio/accel
248 drivers/iio/adc
6 drivers/iio/addac
7 drivers/iio/amplifiers
2 drivers/iio/cdc
25 drivers/iio/chemical
1 drivers/iio/common/cros_ec_sensors
2 drivers/iio/common/ms_sensors
5 drivers/iio/common/ssp_sensors
80 drivers/iio/dac
2 drivers/iio/dummy
19 drivers/iio/frequency
19 drivers/iio/gyro
11 drivers/iio/humidity
2 drivers/iio/humidity/common/ms_sensors
23 drivers/iio/imu
3 drivers/iio/imu/bmi160
4 drivers/iio/imu/bmi270
7 drivers/iio/imu/bmi323
4 drivers/iio/imu/bno055
7 drivers/iio/imu/inv_icm42600
7 drivers/iio/imu/inv_mpu6050
19 drivers/iio/imu/st_lsm6dsx
79 drivers/iio/light
24 drivers/iio/magnetometer
3 drivers/iio/orientation
3 drivers/iio/position
11 drivers/iio/potentiometer
1 drivers/iio/potentiostat
34 drivers/iio/pressure
2 drivers/iio/pressure/common/ms_sensors
26 drivers/iio/proximity
9 drivers/iio/resolver
19 drivers/iio/temperature
2 drivers/iio/temperature/common/ms_sensors
2 drivers/iio/trigger
32 drivers/infiniband/core
11 drivers/infiniband/sw/siw
4 drivers/infiniband/ulp/ipoib
5 drivers/infiniband/ulp/iser
6 drivers/infiniband/ulp/isert
11 drivers/infiniband/ulp/rtrs
10 drivers/infiniband/ulp/srp
5 drivers/infiniband/ulp/srpt
8 drivers/input
1 drivers/input/gameport
29 drivers/input/joystick
2 drivers/input/joystick/iforce
43 drivers/input/keyboard
57 drivers/input/misc
42 drivers/input/mouse
40 drivers/input/rmi4
8 drivers/input/serio
5 drivers/input/tablet
119 drivers/input/touchscreen
2 drivers/interconnect
1 drivers/interconnect/imx
5 drivers/iommu
15 drivers/iommu/iommufd
2 drivers/ipack/devices
6 drivers/irqchip
9 drivers/isdn/hardware/mISDN
4 drivers/isdn/mISDN
56 drivers/leds
2 drivers/leds/blink
9 drivers/leds/flash
9 drivers/leds/rgb
5 drivers/leds/trigger
19 drivers/mailbox
97 drivers/md
20 drivers/md/bcache
9 drivers/md/persistent-data
9 drivers/media/cec/core
3 drivers/media/cec/i2c
3 drivers/media/cec/platform/cec-gpio
3 drivers/media/cec/platform/tegra
8 drivers/media/cec/usb/extron-da-hd-4k-plus
4 drivers/media/cec/usb/pulse8
1 drivers/media/cec/usb/rainshadow
4 drivers/media/common
5 drivers/media/common/b2c2
5 drivers/media/common/siano
1 drivers/media/common/v4l2-tpg
4 drivers/media/common/videobuf2
6 drivers/media/dvb-core
381 drivers/media/dvb-frontends
30 drivers/media/dvb-frontends/cxd2880
55 drivers/media/dvb-frontends/drx39xyj
3 drivers/media/firewire
215 drivers/media/i2c
2 drivers/media/i2c/adv748x
19 drivers/media/i2c/ccs
1 drivers/media/i2c/cx25840
1 drivers/media/i2c/et8ek8
3 drivers/media/i2c/s5c73m3
1 drivers/media/mc
6 drivers/media/platform/allegro-dvt
2 drivers/media/platform/amlogic/c3/isp
1 drivers/media/platform/amlogic/c3/mipi-adapter
1 drivers/media/platform/amlogic/meson-ge2d
8 drivers/media/platform/amphion
2 drivers/media/platform/aspeed
4 drivers/media/platform/atmel
2 drivers/media/platform/cadence
7 drivers/media/platform/chips-media/coda
25 drivers/media/platform/chips-media/wave5
3 drivers/media/platform/imagination
2 drivers/media/platform/intel
2 drivers/media/platform/marvell
4 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/jpeg
4 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp
9 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/mdp3
5 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/common/decoder
3 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/common/encoder
5 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/decoder
28 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/decoder/vdec
4 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/encoder
6 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vcodec/encoder/venc
2 drivers/media/platform/mediatek/vpu
8 drivers/media/platform/microchip
1 drivers/media/platform/nuvoton
2 drivers/media/platform/nvidia/tegra-vde
11 drivers/media/platform/nxp
2 drivers/media/platform/nxp/dw100
5 drivers/media/platform/nxp/imx-jpeg
20 drivers/media/platform/qcom/camss
3 drivers/media/platform/qcom/iris
17 drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus
11 drivers/media/platform/renesas
4 drivers/media/platform/renesas/rcar-vin
8 drivers/media/platform/renesas/rzg2l-cru
18 drivers/media/platform/renesas/vsp1
1 drivers/media/platform/rockchip/rga
5 drivers/media/platform/rockchip/rkisp1
5 drivers/media/platform/rockchip/rkvdec
5 drivers/media/platform/samsung/exynos-gsc
25 drivers/media/platform/samsung/exynos4-is
3 drivers/media/platform/samsung/s5p-jpeg
25 drivers/media/platform/samsung/s5p-mfc
7 drivers/media/platform/st/sti/bdisp
1 drivers/media/platform/st/sti/c8sectpfe
5 drivers/media/platform/st/sti/delta
8 drivers/media/platform/st/sti/hva
5 drivers/media/platform/st/stm32
1 drivers/media/platform/st/stm32/dma2d
5 drivers/media/platform/st/stm32/stm32-dcmipp
2 drivers/media/platform/sunxi/sun4i-csi
3 drivers/media/platform/synopsys/hdmirx
1 drivers/media/platform/ti/am437x
2 drivers/media/platform/ti/cal
5 drivers/media/platform/ti/davinci
1 drivers/media/platform/ti/j721e-csi2rx
3 drivers/media/platform/ti/omap
31 drivers/media/platform/ti/omap3isp
6 drivers/media/platform/ti/vpe
10 drivers/media/platform/verisilicon
5 drivers/media/platform/xilinx
16 drivers/media/radio
2 drivers/media/radio/si470x
56 drivers/media/rc
5 drivers/media/rc/img-ir
4 drivers/media/spi
2 drivers/media/test-drivers
1 drivers/media/test-drivers/vicodec
28 drivers/media/test-drivers/vidtv
3 drivers/media/test-drivers/vimc
27 drivers/media/test-drivers/vivid
93 drivers/media/tuners
2 drivers/media/usb/as102
6 drivers/media/usb/au0828
1 drivers/media/usb/b2c2
28 drivers/media/usb/cx231xx
24 drivers/media/usb/dvb-usb
34 drivers/media/usb/dvb-usb-v2
22 drivers/media/usb/em28xx
5 drivers/media/usb/go7007
53 drivers/media/usb/gspca
3 drivers/media/usb/gspca/gl860
2 drivers/media/usb/gspca/m5602
4 drivers/media/usb/gspca/stv06xx
6 drivers/media/usb/hdpvr
1 drivers/media/usb/msi2500
7 drivers/media/usb/pvrusb2
7 drivers/media/usb/pwc
2 drivers/media/usb/s2255
1 drivers/media/usb/siano
1 drivers/media/usb/stk1160
28 drivers/media/usb/uvc
1 drivers/media/v4l2-core
12 drivers/memory
1 drivers/memory/samsung
6 drivers/memory/tegra
13 drivers/memstick/core
2 drivers/memstick/host
18 drivers/mfd
23 drivers/misc
2 drivers/misc/altera-stapl
1 drivers/misc/amd-sbi
7 drivers/misc/eeprom
2 drivers/misc/lis3lv02d
2 drivers/misc/lkdtm
8 drivers/mmc/core
97 drivers/mmc/host
7 drivers/most
6 drivers/mtd
1 drivers/mtd/chips
12 drivers/mtd/devices
1 drivers/mtd/maps
1 drivers/mtd/nand
34 drivers/mtd/nand/raw
3 drivers/mtd/nand/raw/atmel
2 drivers/mtd/nand/raw/brcmnand
4 drivers/mtd/nand/raw/gpmi-nand
2 drivers/mtd/nand/raw/ingenic
1 drivers/mtd/parsers
8 drivers/mtd/spi-nor
1 drivers/mtd/spi-nor/controllers
9 drivers/mtd/ubi
37 drivers/net
3 drivers/net/arcnet
1 drivers/net/bonding
3 drivers/net/caif
7 drivers/net/can
2 drivers/net/can/c_can
1 drivers/net/can/cc770
2 drivers/net/can/flexcan
7 drivers/net/can/m_can
3 drivers/net/can/rcar
2 drivers/net/can/slcan
1 drivers/net/can/softing
3 drivers/net/can/spi
12 drivers/net/can/spi/mcp251xfd
12 drivers/net/can/usb
2 drivers/net/can/usb/etas_es58x
6 drivers/net/can/usb/kvaser_usb
4 drivers/net/can/usb/peak_usb
14 drivers/net/dsa
13 drivers/net/dsa/b53
5 drivers/net/dsa/hirschmann
17 drivers/net/dsa/microchip
20 drivers/net/dsa/mv88e6xxx
1 drivers/net/dsa/ocelot
6 drivers/net/dsa/qca
6 drivers/net/dsa/realtek
13 drivers/net/dsa/sja1105
3 drivers/net/ethernet
1 drivers/net/ethernet/3com
10 drivers/net/ethernet/8390
3 drivers/net/ethernet/adi
5 drivers/net/ethernet/airoha
5 drivers/net/ethernet/amd
5 drivers/net/ethernet/amd/xgbe
18 drivers/net/ethernet/apm/xgene
2 drivers/net/ethernet/apm/xgene-v2
1 drivers/net/ethernet/arc
3 drivers/net/ethernet/asix
5 drivers/net/ethernet/atheros
14 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom
5 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/asp2
11 drivers/net/ethernet/broadcom/genet
4 drivers/net/ethernet/cadence
2 drivers/net/ethernet/calxeda
3 drivers/net/ethernet/cirrus
3 drivers/net/ethernet/cortina
4 drivers/net/ethernet/davicom
11 drivers/net/ethernet/engleder
2 drivers/net/ethernet/faraday
16 drivers/net/ethernet/freescale
9 drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/enetc
58 drivers/net/ethernet/freescale/fman
3 drivers/net/ethernet/fujitsu
1 drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon
16 drivers/net/ethernet/hisilicon/hns
1 drivers/net/ethernet/i825xx
10 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell
17 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/mvpp2
52 drivers/net/ethernet/marvell/prestera
25 drivers/net/ethernet/mediatek
2 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxbf_gige
4 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxfw
51 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw
1 drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlxsw/mlxfw
7 drivers/net/ethernet/micrel
4 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip
23 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/lan966x
30 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5
26 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/sparx5/lan969x
6 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/vcap
22 drivers/net/ethernet/microchip/vcap/sparx5
6 drivers/net/ethernet/mscc
1 drivers/net/ethernet/ni
4 drivers/net/ethernet/qualcomm
4 drivers/net/ethernet/qualcomm/emac
4 drivers/net/ethernet/qualcomm/rmnet
14 drivers/net/ethernet/renesas
5 drivers/net/ethernet/samsung/sxgbe
3 drivers/net/ethernet/smsc
6 drivers/net/ethernet/socionext
40 drivers/net/ethernet/stmicro/stmmac
3 drivers/net/ethernet/sunplus
3 drivers/net/ethernet/synopsys
4 drivers/net/ethernet/vertexcom
5 drivers/net/ethernet/via
8 drivers/net/ethernet/wiznet
10 drivers/net/ethernet/xilinx
11 drivers/net/hamradio
34 drivers/net/ieee802154
32 drivers/net/ipa
6 drivers/net/ipa/data
1 drivers/net/ipvlan
8 drivers/net/mctp
4 drivers/net/mdio
21 drivers/net/netdevsim
5 drivers/net/ovpn
3 drivers/net/pcs
58 drivers/net/phy
14 drivers/net/phy/mscc
4 drivers/net/phy/qcom
1 drivers/net/phy/realtek
2 drivers/net/plip
6 drivers/net/ppp
3 drivers/net/pse-pd
2 drivers/net/slip
1 drivers/net/team
34 drivers/net/usb
7 drivers/net/vxlan
13 drivers/net/wan
2 drivers/net/wan/framer/pef2256
7 drivers/net/wireguard
2 drivers/net/wireguard/selftest
9 drivers/net/wireless/ath
148 drivers/net/wireless/ath/ath10k
173 drivers/net/wireless/ath/ath11k
61 drivers/net/wireless/ath/ath6kl
100 drivers/net/wireless/ath/ath9k
28 drivers/net/wireless/ath/carl9170
53 drivers/net/wireless/ath/wcn36xx
8 drivers/net/wireless/atmel
70 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/b43
27 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/b43legacy
74 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac
44 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bca
2 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/bca/include
45 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/cyw
2 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/cyw/include
3 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/include
44 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/wcc
2 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmfmac/wcc/include
39 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmsmac
1 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmsmac/include
64 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmsmac/phy
3 drivers/net/wireless/broadcom/brcm80211/brcmutil/include
7 drivers/net/wireless/intersil/p54
22 drivers/net/wireless/marvell/libertas
9 drivers/net/wireless/marvell/libertas_tf
147 drivers/net/wireless/marvell/mwifiex
69 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76
59 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7615
61 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt76x0
57 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt76x2
50 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7921
51 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt76/mt7925
10 drivers/net/wireless/mediatek/mt7601u
34 drivers/net/wireless/microchip/wilc1000
10 drivers/net/wireless/purelifi/plfxlc
14 drivers/net/wireless/ralink/rt2x00
5 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtl818x/rtl8187
25 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtl8xxxu
106 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi
59 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/btcoexist
102 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192c
1 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192c/rtl8192ce
104 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192cu
2 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192cu/rtl8192c
1 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192cu/rtl8192ce
102 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192d
97 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192du
1 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtlwifi/rtl8192du/rtl8192d
90 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw88
224 drivers/net/wireless/realtek/rtw89
33 drivers/net/wireless/rsi
11 drivers/net/wireless/silabs/wfx
31 drivers/net/wireless/st/cw1200
11 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wl1251
2 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wl12xx
36 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wl12xx/wlcore
4 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wl18xx
36 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wl18xx/wlcore
40 drivers/net/wireless/ti/wlcore
13 drivers/net/wireless/virtual
11 drivers/net/wireless/zydas/zd1211rw
2 drivers/net/wwan
15 drivers/nfc
3 drivers/nfc/fdp
3 drivers/nfc/nfcmrvl
1 drivers/nfc/nxp-nci
5 drivers/nfc/pn533
2 drivers/nfc/pn544
4 drivers/nfc/s3fwrn5
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6 drivers/nfc/st21nfca
5 drivers/nfc/st95hf
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36 drivers/nvme/target
16 drivers/nvme/target/host
22 drivers/nvme/target/target
7 drivers/nvmem
3 drivers/of
3 drivers/opp
5 drivers/pci
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1 drivers/phy
5 drivers/phy/allwinner
1 drivers/phy/amlogic
6 drivers/phy/broadcom
9 drivers/phy/cadence
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8 drivers/phy/mediatek
3 drivers/phy/microchip
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2 drivers/phy/mscc
16 drivers/phy/qualcomm
1 drivers/phy/ralink
6 drivers/phy/realtek
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19 drivers/phy/rockchip
4 drivers/phy/samsung
6 drivers/phy/socionext
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1 drivers/phy/tegra
7 drivers/phy/ti
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24 drivers/pinctrl
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9 drivers/pinctrl/qcom
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6 drivers/pinctrl/samsung
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1 drivers/pinctrl/starfive
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1 drivers/pinctrl/visconti
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7 drivers/platform/cznic
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6 drivers/platform/olpc
3 drivers/pnp
3 drivers/pnp/isapnp
2 drivers/power/reset
1 drivers/power/sequencing
74 drivers/power/supply
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1 drivers/pps/clients
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21 drivers/pwm
43 drivers/regulator
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3 drivers/slimbus
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25 drivers/soc/qcom
2 drivers/soc/samsung
4 drivers/soc/sunxi
4 drivers/soundwire
122 drivers/spi
4 drivers/spmi
3 drivers/ssb
6 drivers/staging/fbtft
3 drivers/staging/gpib/agilent_82357a
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34 drivers/staging/greybus
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1 drivers/staging/iio/addac
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4 drivers/staging/media/tegra-video
11 drivers/staging/most/dim2
1 drivers/staging/most/i2c
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1 drivers/staging/most/video
2 drivers/staging/octeon
63 drivers/staging/rtl8723bs/hal
138 drivers/staging/rtl8723bs/include
1 drivers/staging/vc04_services/bcm2835-audio
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1 drivers/staging/vc04_services/bcm2835-camera
3 drivers/staging/vc04_services/bcm2835-camera/vchiq-mmal
4 drivers/staging/vc04_services/interface/vchiq_arm
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4 drivers/staging/vc04_services/vchiq-mmal/interface/vchiq_arm
14 drivers/target
5 drivers/target/iscsi
1 drivers/target/loopback
3 drivers/target/sbp
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2 drivers/target/tcm_remote
1 drivers/tee
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1 drivers/thermal/renesas
2 drivers/thermal/samsung
11 drivers/thermal/tegra
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16 drivers/tty
7 drivers/tty/ipwireless
59 drivers/tty/serial
16 drivers/tty/serial/8250
2 drivers/ufs/core
3 drivers/ufs/host
6 drivers/usb/atm
3 drivers/usb/c67x00
10 drivers/usb/cdns3
11 drivers/usb/cdns3/host
9 drivers/usb/chipidea
14 drivers/usb/chipidea/host
10 drivers/usb/class
1 drivers/usb/common
6 drivers/usb/core
1 drivers/usb/core/misc
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19 drivers/usb/dwc3
1 drivers/usb/dwc3/host
12 drivers/usb/fotg210
3 drivers/usb/gadget
103 drivers/usb/gadget/function
6 drivers/usb/gadget/legacy
49 drivers/usb/gadget/udc
8 drivers/usb/gadget/udc/aspeed-vhub
4 drivers/usb/gadget/udc/bdc
75 drivers/usb/host
1 drivers/usb/image
6 drivers/usb/isp1760
30 drivers/usb/misc
10 drivers/usb/misc/sisusbvga
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7 drivers/usb/mtu3
28 drivers/usb/musb
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3 drivers/usb/renesas_usbhs
2 drivers/usb/roles
66 drivers/usb/serial
23 drivers/usb/storage
1 drivers/usb/storage/scsi
12 drivers/usb/typec
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3 drivers/vdpa/vdpa_sim
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20 drivers/video/backlight
25 drivers/video/fbdev
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1 drivers/virt/coco/guest
19 drivers/virtio
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6 drivers/w1/masters
4 drivers/w1/slaves
34 drivers/watchdog
18 fs
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150 fs/bcachefs
74 fs/btrfs
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5 fs/crypto
1 fs/debugfs
10 fs/dlm
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1 fs/efs
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18 fs/ext4
27 fs/f2fs
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22 fs/nfs
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24 fs/smb/server
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10 include/acpi
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59 include/drm
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39 include/drm/display
10 include/drm/ttm
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5 include/linux/amba
14 include/linux/bcma
3 include/linux/can
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32 include/linux/ceph
4 include/linux/clk
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2 include/linux/crush
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5 include/linux/dsa
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1 include/linux/fpga
1 include/linux/framer
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10 include/linux/greybus
3 include/linux/hsi
9 include/linux/i3c
11 include/linux/iio
1 include/linux/iio/accel
5 include/linux/iio/adc
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5 include/linux/iio/frequency
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1 include/linux/mdio
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1 include/linux/mfd/da9150
2 include/linux/mfd/madera
1 include/linux/mfd/mt6358
5 include/linux/mfd/samsung
5 include/linux/mfd/wm831x
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38 include/linux/mmc
40 include/linux/mtd
13 include/linux/netfilter
6 include/linux/netfilter/ipset
1 include/linux/netfilter_arp
4 include/linux/netfilter_bridge
1 include/linux/netfilter_ipv4
3 include/linux/phy
4 include/linux/pinctrl
87 include/linux/platform_data
1 include/linux/platform_data/txx9
1 include/linux/platform_data/x86
8 include/linux/power
3 include/linux/pse-pd
18 include/linux/regulator
1 include/linux/remoteproc
1 include/linux/reset
2 include/linux/rtc
4 include/linux/sched
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8 include/linux/soc/ti
13 include/linux/soundwire
26 include/linux/spi
16 include/linux/ssb
17 include/linux/sunrpc
82 include/linux/usb
69 include/media
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24 include/media/i2c
7 include/media/tpg
7 include/memory
627 include/net
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90 include/net/bluetooth
5 include/net/caif
6 include/net/libeth
64 include/net/netfilter
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15 include/net/netns
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1 include/net/phonet
40 include/net/sctp
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29 include/pcmcia
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89 include/scsi
2 include/soc/at91
7 include/soc/fsl/qe
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17 include/soc/mscc
5 include/soc/tegra
162 include/sound
31 include/target
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6 include/trace/events/../fs/dlm
15 include/trace/events/../net/bridge
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4 include/uapi/linux/dvb
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11 include/uapi/sound
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32 include/video
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1 io_uring/kernel/futex
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6 lib/mm
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5 lib/xz
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7 net/atm
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41 net/batman-adv
28 net/bluetooth
4 net/bluetooth/bnep
4 net/bluetooth/hidp
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31 net/bridge
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8 net/caif
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23 net/ipv4
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102 net/mac80211/tests
3 net/mac802154
4 net/mpls
15 net/mptcp
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44 net/netfilter
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11 net/netfilter/ipset
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11 net/nfc
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1 net/qrtr
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53 net/sched
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1 net/shaper/core
38 net/smc
5 net/sunrpc
1 net/sunrpc/auth_gss
37 net/tipc
4 net/tls
2 net/unix
4 net/vmw_vsock
24 net/wireless
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10 net/xfrm
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6 security/apparmor/include
3 security/integrity/evm
1 security/integrity/ima
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10 security/selinux/ss
36 security/tomoyo
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3 sound/core
3 sound/core/oss
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9 sound/drivers
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9 sound/firewire
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9 sound/firewire/dice
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9 sound/firewire/fireface
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8 sound/firewire/fireworks
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9 sound/firewire/motu
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16 sound/firewire/oxfw
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11 sound/firewire/tascam
11 sound/firewire/tascam/.
31 sound/hda/codecs
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7 sound/hda/codecs/hdmi
15 sound/hda/codecs/realtek
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2 sound/pcmcia/pdaudiocf
1 sound/soc/adi
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18 sound/soc/amd/sof/amd
2 sound/soc/apple
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2 sound/soc/bcm
335 sound/soc/codecs
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6 sound/soc/fsl/codecs
1 sound/soc/generic
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3 sound/soc/intel/keembay
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3 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8186/common
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3 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8188/common
4 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8195
1 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8195/codecs
3 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8195/common
9 sound/soc/mediatek/mt8365
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2 sound/soc/meson
10 sound/soc/qcom
1 sound/soc/qcom/codecs
17 sound/soc/qcom/qdsp6
2 sound/soc/renesas
1 sound/soc/renesas/rcar
4 sound/soc/rockchip
2 sound/soc/rockchip/codecs
3 sound/soc/samsung
12 sound/soc/samsung/codecs
19 sound/soc/sof
14 sound/soc/sof/imx
17 sound/soc/sof/intel
17 sound/soc/sof/mediatek
17 sound/soc/sof/mediatek/mt8186
17 sound/soc/sof/mediatek/mt8195
11 sound/soc/sof/xtensa
2 sound/soc/sprd
4 sound/soc/starfive
4 sound/soc/stm
5 sound/soc/sunxi
2 sound/soc/tegra
16 sound/soc/ti
2 sound/soc/uniphier
10 sound/soc/usb
4 sound/soc/xilinx
1 sound/spi
43 sound/usb
10 sound/usb/6fire
7 sound/usb/caiaq
5 sound/usb/hiface
3 sound/usb/line6
5 sound/usb/misc
44 sound/usb/qcom
5 sound/usb/usx2y
1 sound/virtio
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