Message-ID: <d368e6ab-5751-9a8b-a22e-4aa2c2d7ee59@loongson.cn>
Date: Mon, 29 Dec 2025 16:50:15 +0800
From: Bibo Mao <maobibo@...ngson.cn>
To: Jinyang He <hejinyang@...ngson.cn>, lixianglai <lixianglai@...ngson.cn>
Cc: loongarch@...ts.linux.dev, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
 kvm@...r.kernel.org, stable@...r.kernel.org,
 Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@...nel.org>, WANG Xuerui <kernel@...0n.name>,
 Tianrui Zhao <zhaotianrui@...ngson.cn>,
 Charlie Jenkins <charlie@...osinc.com>, Thomas Gleixner
 <tglx@...utronix.de>, Tiezhu Yang <yangtiezhu@...ngson.cn>
Subject: Re: [PATCH V3 2/2] LoongArch: KVM: fix "unreliable stack" issue



On 2025/12/29 下午3:10, Jinyang He wrote:
> 
> On 2025-12-29 11:53, lixianglai wrote:
>> Hi Jinyang:
>>> On 2025-12-27 09:27, Xianglai Li wrote:
>>>
>>>> Insert the appropriate UNWIND macro definition into the 
>>>> kvm_exc_entry in
>>>> the assembly function to guide the generation of correct ORC table 
>>>> entries,
>>>> thereby solving the timeout problem of loading the livepatch-sample 
>>>> module
>>>> on a physical machine running multiple vcpus virtual machines.
>>>>
>>>> While solving the above problems, we have gained an additional benefit,
>>>> that is, we can obtain more call stack information
>>>>
>>>> Stack information that can be obtained before the problem is fixed:
>>>> [<0>] kvm_vcpu_block+0x88/0x120 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_vcpu_halt+0x68/0x580 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_emu_idle+0xd4/0xf0 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_handle_gspr+0x7c/0x700 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_handle_exit+0x160/0x270 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_exc_entry+0x100/0x1e0
>>>>
>>>> Stack information that can be obtained after the problem is fixed:
>>>> [<0>] kvm_vcpu_block+0x88/0x120 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_vcpu_halt+0x68/0x580 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_emu_idle+0xd4/0xf0 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_handle_gspr+0x7c/0x700 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_handle_exit+0x160/0x270 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_exc_entry+0x104/0x1e4
>>>> [<0>] kvm_enter_guest+0x38/0x11c
>>>> [<0>] kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x26c/0x498 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x200/0xcf8 [kvm]
>>>> [<0>] sys_ioctl+0x498/0xf00
>>>> [<0>] do_syscall+0x98/0x1d0
>>>> [<0>] handle_syscall+0xb8/0x158
>>>>
>>>> Cc: stable@...r.kernel.org
>>>> Signed-off-by: Xianglai Li <lixianglai@...ngson.cn>
>>>> ---
>>>> Cc: Huacai Chen <chenhuacai@...nel.org>
>>>> Cc: WANG Xuerui <kernel@...0n.name>
>>>> Cc: Tianrui Zhao <zhaotianrui@...ngson.cn>
>>>> Cc: Bibo Mao <maobibo@...ngson.cn>
>>>> Cc: Charlie Jenkins <charlie@...osinc.com>
>>>> Cc: Xianglai Li <lixianglai@...ngson.cn>
>>>> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@...utronix.de>
>>>> Cc: Tiezhu Yang <yangtiezhu@...ngson.cn>
>>>>
>>>>   arch/loongarch/kvm/switch.S | 28 +++++++++++++++++++---------
>>>>   1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/arch/loongarch/kvm/switch.S b/arch/loongarch/kvm/switch.S
>>>> index 93845ce53651..a3ea9567dbe5 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/loongarch/kvm/switch.S
>>>> +++ b/arch/loongarch/kvm/switch.S
>>>> @@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
>>>>   #include <asm/loongarch.h>
>>>>   #include <asm/regdef.h>
>>>>   #include <asm/unwind_hints.h>
>>>> +#include <linux/kvm_types.h>
>>>>     #define HGPR_OFFSET(x)        (PT_R0 + 8*x)
>>>>   #define GGPR_OFFSET(x)        (KVM_ARCH_GGPR + 8*x)
>>>> @@ -110,9 +111,9 @@
>>>>        * need to copy world switch code to DMW area.
>>>>        */
>>>>       .text
>>>> +    .p2align PAGE_SHIFT
>>>>       .cfi_sections    .debug_frame
>>>>   SYM_CODE_START(kvm_exc_entry)
>>>> -    .p2align PAGE_SHIFT
>>>>       UNWIND_HINT_UNDEFINED
>>>>       csrwr    a2,   KVM_TEMP_KS
>>>>       csrrd    a2,   KVM_VCPU_KS
>>>> @@ -170,6 +171,7 @@ SYM_CODE_START(kvm_exc_entry)
>>>>       /* restore per cpu register */
>>>>       ld.d    u0, a2, KVM_ARCH_HPERCPU
>>>>       addi.d    sp, sp, -PT_SIZE
>>>> +    UNWIND_HINT_REGS
>>>>         /* Prepare handle exception */
>>>>       or    a0, s0, zero
>>>> @@ -200,7 +202,7 @@ ret_to_host:
>>>>       jr      ra
>>>>     SYM_CODE_END(kvm_exc_entry)
>>>> -EXPORT_SYMBOL(kvm_exc_entry)
>>>> +EXPORT_SYMBOL_FOR_KVM(kvm_exc_entry)
>>>>     /*
>>>>    * int kvm_enter_guest(struct kvm_run *run, struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
>>>> @@ -215,6 +217,14 @@ SYM_FUNC_START(kvm_enter_guest)
>>>>       /* Save host GPRs */
>>>>       kvm_save_host_gpr a2
>>>>   +    /*
>>>> +     * The csr_era member variable of the pt_regs structure is 
>>>> required
>>>> +     * for unwinding orc to perform stack traceback, so we need to put
>>>> +     * pc into csr_era member variable here.
>>>> +     */
>>>> +    pcaddi    t0, 0
>>>> +    st.d    t0, a2, PT_ERA
>>> Hi, Xianglai,
>>>
>>> It should use `SYM_CODE_START` to mark the `kvm_enter_guest` rather than
>>> `SYM_FUNC_START`, since the `SYM_FUNC_START` is used to mark "C-likely"
>>> asm functionw. 
>>
>> Ok, I will use SYM_CODE_START to mark kvm_enter_guest in the next 
>> version.
>>
>>> I guess the kvm_enter_guest is something like exception
>>> handler becuase the last instruction is "ertn". So usually it should
>>> mark UNWIND_HINT_REGS where can find last frame info by "$sp".
>>> However, all info is store to "$a2", this mark should be
>>>   `UNWIND_HINT sp_reg=ORC_REG_A2(???) type=UNWIND_HINT_TYPE_REGS`.
>>> I don't konw why save this function internal PC here by `pcaddi t0, 0`,
>>> and I think it is no meaning(, for exception handler, they save last PC
>>> by read CSR.ERA). The `kvm_enter_guest` saves registers by
>>> "$a2"("$sp" - PT_REGS) beyond stack ("$sp"), it is dangerous if IE
>>> is enable. So I wonder if there is really a stacktrace through this 
>>> function?
>>>
>> The stack backtracking issue in switch.S is rather complex because it 
>> involves the switching between cpu root-mode and guest-mode:
>> Real stack backtracking should be divided into two parts:
>> part 1:
>>     [<0>] kvm_enter_guest+0x38/0x11c
>>     [<0>] kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x26c/0x498 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x200/0xcf8 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] sys_ioctl+0x498/0xf00
>>     [<0>] do_syscall+0x98/0x1d0
>>     [<0>] handle_syscall+0xb8/0x158
>>
>> part 2:
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_block+0x88/0x120 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_halt+0x68/0x580 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_emu_idle+0xd4/0xf0 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_handle_gspr+0x7c/0x700 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_handle_exit+0x160/0x270 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_exc_entry+0x104/0x1e4
>>
>>
>> In "part 1", after executing kvm_enter_guest, the cpu switches from 
>> root-mode to guest-mode.
>> In this case, stack backtracking is indeed very rare.
>>
>> In "part 2", the cpu switches from the guest-mode to the root-mode,
>> and most of the stack backtracking occurs during this phase.
>>
>> To obtain the longest call chain, we save pc in kvm_enter_guest to 
>> pt_regs.csr_era,
>> and after restoring the sp of the root-mode cpu in kvm_exc_entry,
>> The ORC entry was re-established using "UNWIND_HINT_REGS",
>>  and then we obtained the following stack backtrace as we wanted:
>>
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_block+0x88/0x120 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_halt+0x68/0x580 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_emu_idle+0xd4/0xf0 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_handle_gspr+0x7c/0x700 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_handle_exit+0x160/0x270 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_exc_entry+0x104/0x1e4
> I found this might be a coincidence—correct behavior due to the incorrect
> UNWIND_HINT_REGS mark and unusual stack adjustment.
> 
> First, the kvm_enter_guest contains only a single branch instruction, ertn.
> It hardware-jump to the CSR.ERA address directly, jump into kvm_exc_entry.
> 
> At this point, the stack layout looks like this:
> -------------------------------
>    frame from call to `kvm_enter_guest`
> -------------------------------  <- $sp
>    PT_REGS
> -------------------------------  <- $a2
> 
> Then kvm_exc_entry adjust stack without save any register (e.g. $ra, $sp)
> but still marked UNWIND_HINT_REGS.
> After the adjustment:
> -------------------------------
>    frame from call to `kvm_enter_guest`
> -------------------------------
>    PT_REGS
> -------------------------------  <- $a2, new $sp
> 
> During unwinding, when the unwinder reaches kvm_exc_entry,
> it meets the mark of PT_REGS and correctly recovers
>   pc = regs.csr_era, sp = regs.sp, ra = regs.ra
> 
> a) Can we avoid "ertn" rather than `jr reg (or jirl ra, reg, 0)`
> instead, like call? The kvm_exc_entry cannot back to kvm_enter_guest
> if we use "ertn", so should the kvm_enter_guest appear on the stacktrace?
> 
> b) Can we adjust $sp before entering kvm_exc_entry? Then we can mark
> UNWIND_HINT_REGS at the beginning of kvm_exc_entry, which something
> like ret_from_kernel_thread_asm.
Talk is cheap. Could you show your code?

Regards
Bibo Mao
> 
>> [<0>] kvm_enter_guest+0x38/0x11c
>>     [<0>] kvm_arch_vcpu_ioctl_run+0x26c/0x498 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] kvm_vcpu_ioctl+0x200/0xcf8 [kvm]
>>     [<0>] sys_ioctl+0x498/0xf00
>>     [<0>] do_syscall+0x98/0x1d0
>>     [<0>] handle_syscall+0xb8/0x158
>>
>> Doing so is equivalent to ignoring the details of the cpu root-mode 
>> and guest-mode switching.
>> About what you said in the IE enable phase is dangerous,
>> interrupts are always off during the cpu root-mode and guest-mode 
>> switching in kvm_enter_guest and kvm_exc_entry.
>>
> 

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