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Message-ID: <20260119205601.105821-4-wander@redhat.com>
Date: Mon, 19 Jan 2026 17:45:39 -0300
From: Wander Lairson Costa <wander@...hat.com>
To: Steven Rostedt <rostedt@...dmis.org>,
Gabriele Monaco <gmonaco@...hat.com>,
Nam Cao <namcao@...utronix.de>,
Wander Lairson Costa <wander@...hat.com>,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org (open list),
linux-trace-kernel@...r.kernel.org (open list:RUNTIME VERIFICATION (RV))
Subject: [PATCH 03/26] rv/rvgen: replace % string formatting with f-strings
Replace all instances of percent-style string formatting with
f-strings across the rvgen codebase. This modernizes the string
formatting to use Python 3.6+ features, providing clearer and more
maintainable code while improving runtime performance.
The conversion handles all formatting cases including simple variable
substitution, multi-variable formatting, and complex format specifiers.
Dynamic width formatting is converted from "%*s" to "{var:>{width}}"
using proper alignment syntax. Template strings for generated C code
properly escape braces using double-brace syntax to produce literal
braces in the output.
F-strings provide approximately 2x performance improvement over percent
formatting and are the recommended approach in modern Python.
Signed-off-by: Wander Lairson Costa <wander@...hat.com>
---
tools/verification/rvgen/__main__.py | 6 +--
tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/automata.py | 6 +--
tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2c.py | 40 +++++++-------
tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2k.py | 26 ++++-----
tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/generator.py | 59 ++++++++++-----------
tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/ltl2k.py | 30 +++++------
6 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/__main__.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/__main__.py
index 768b11a1e978b..eeeccf81d4b90 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/__main__.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/__main__.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
params = parser.parse_args()
if params.subcmd == "monitor":
- print("Opening and parsing the specification file %s" % params.spec)
+ print(f"Opening and parsing the specification file {params.spec}")
if params.monitor_class == "da":
monitor = dot2k(params.spec, params.monitor_type, vars(params))
elif params.monitor_class == "ltl":
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
else:
monitor = Container(vars(params))
- print("Writing the monitor into the directory %s" % monitor.name)
+ print(f"Writing the monitor into the directory {monitor.name}")
monitor.print_files()
print("Almost done, checklist")
if params.subcmd == "monitor":
- print(" - Edit the %s/%s.c to add the instrumentation" % (monitor.name, monitor.name))
+ print(f" - Edit the {monitor.name}/{monitor.name}.c to add the instrumentation")
print(monitor.fill_tracepoint_tooltip())
print(monitor.fill_makefile_tooltip())
print(monitor.fill_kconfig_tooltip())
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/automata.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/automata.py
index 8d88c3b65d00d..3e24313a2eaec 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/automata.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/automata.py
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ class Automata:
basename = ntpath.basename(self.__dot_path)
if not basename.endswith(".dot") and not basename.endswith(".gv"):
print("not a dot file")
- raise AutomataError("not a dot file: %s" % self.__dot_path)
+ raise AutomataError(f"not a dot file: {self.__dot_path}")
model_name = ntpath.splitext(basename)[0]
if model_name.__len__() == 0:
- raise AutomataError("not a dot file: %s" % self.__dot_path)
+ raise AutomataError(f"not a dot file: {self.__dot_path}")
return model_name
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class Automata:
line = dot_lines[cursor].split()
if (line[0] != "digraph") and (line[1] != "state_automaton"):
- raise AutomataError("Not a valid .dot format: %s" % self.__dot_path)
+ raise AutomataError(f"Not a valid .dot format: {self.__dot_path}")
else:
cursor += 1
return dot_lines
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2c.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2c.py
index 1a1770e7f20c0..78959d345c26e 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2c.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2c.py
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
def __get_enum_states_content(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("\t%s%s = 0," % (self.initial_state, self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"\t{self.initial_state}{self.enum_suffix} = 0,")
for state in self.states:
if state != self.initial_state:
- buff.append("\t%s%s," % (state, self.enum_suffix))
- buff.append("\tstate_max%s" % (self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"\t{state}{self.enum_suffix},")
+ buff.append(f"\tstate_max{self.enum_suffix}")
return buff
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
def format_states_enum(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("enum %s {" % self.enum_states_def)
+ buff.append(f"enum {self.enum_states_def} {{")
buff.append(self.get_enum_states_string())
buff.append("};\n")
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
first = True
for event in self.events:
if first:
- buff.append("\t%s%s = 0," % (event, self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"\t{event}{self.enum_suffix} = 0,")
first = False
else:
- buff.append("\t%s%s," % (event, self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"\t{event}{self.enum_suffix},")
- buff.append("\tevent_max%s" % self.enum_suffix)
+ buff.append(f"\tevent_max{self.enum_suffix}")
return buff
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
def format_events_enum(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("enum %s {" % self.enum_events_def)
+ buff.append(f"enum {self.enum_events_def} {{")
buff.append(self.get_enum_events_string())
buff.append("};\n")
@@ -93,25 +93,25 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
min_type = "unsigned int"
if self.states.__len__() > 1000000:
- raise AutomataError("Too many states: %d" % self.states.__len__())
+ raise AutomataError(f"Too many states: {self.states.__len__()}")
return min_type
def format_automaton_definition(self):
min_type = self.get_minimun_type()
buff = []
- buff.append("struct %s {" % self.struct_automaton_def)
- buff.append("\tchar *state_names[state_max%s];" % (self.enum_suffix))
- buff.append("\tchar *event_names[event_max%s];" % (self.enum_suffix))
- buff.append("\t%s function[state_max%s][event_max%s];" % (min_type, self.enum_suffix, self.enum_suffix))
- buff.append("\t%s initial_state;" % min_type)
- buff.append("\tbool final_states[state_max%s];" % (self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"struct {self.struct_automaton_def} {{")
+ buff.append(f"\tchar *state_names[state_max{self.enum_suffix}];")
+ buff.append(f"\tchar *event_names[event_max{self.enum_suffix}];")
+ buff.append(f"\t{min_type} function[state_max{self.enum_suffix}][event_max{self.enum_suffix}];")
+ buff.append(f"\t{min_type} initial_state;")
+ buff.append(f"\tbool final_states[state_max{self.enum_suffix}];")
buff.append("};\n")
return buff
def format_aut_init_header(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("static const struct %s %s = {" % (self.struct_automaton_def, self.var_automaton_def))
+ buff.append(f"static const struct {self.struct_automaton_def} {self.var_automaton_def} = {{")
return buff
def __get_string_vector_per_line_content(self, buff):
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
next_state = self.function[x][y] + self.enum_suffix
if linetoolong:
- line += "\t\t\t%s" % next_state
+ line += f"\t\t\t{next_state}"
else:
- line += "%*s" % (maxlen, next_state)
+ line += f"{next_state:>{maxlen}}"
if y != nr_events-1:
line += ",\n" if linetoolong else ", "
else:
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
def format_aut_init_final_states(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("\t.final_states = { %s }," % self.get_aut_init_final_states())
+ buff.append(f"\t.final_states = {{ {self.get_aut_init_final_states()} }},")
return buff
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ class Dot2c(Automata):
def format_invalid_state(self):
buff = []
- buff.append("#define %s state_max%s\n" % (self.invalid_state_str, self.enum_suffix))
+ buff.append(f"#define {self.invalid_state_str} state_max{self.enum_suffix}\n")
return buff
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2k.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2k.py
index ed0a3c9011069..1c0d0235bdf62 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2k.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/dot2k.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
self.monitor_type = MonitorType
Monitor.__init__(self, extra_params)
Dot2c.__init__(self, file_path, extra_params.get("model_name"))
- self.enum_suffix = "_%s" % self.name
+ self.enum_suffix = f"_{self.name}"
def fill_monitor_type(self):
return self.monitor_type.upper()
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
def fill_tracepoint_handlers_skel(self):
buff = []
for event in self.events:
- buff.append("static void handle_%s(void *data, /* XXX: fill header */)" % event)
+ buff.append(f"static void handle_{event}(void *data, /* XXX: fill header */)")
buff.append("{")
handle = "handle_event"
if self.is_start_event(event):
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
handle = "handle_start_run_event"
if self.monitor_type == "per_task":
buff.append("\tstruct task_struct *p = /* XXX: how do I get p? */;");
- buff.append("\tda_%s_%s(p, %s%s);" % (handle, self.name, event, self.enum_suffix));
+ buff.append(f"\tda_{handle}_{self.name}(p, {event}{self.enum_suffix});");
else:
- buff.append("\tda_%s_%s(%s%s);" % (handle, self.name, event, self.enum_suffix));
+ buff.append(f"\tda_{handle}_{self.name}({event}{self.enum_suffix});");
buff.append("}")
buff.append("")
return '\n'.join(buff)
@@ -48,20 +48,20 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
def fill_tracepoint_attach_probe(self):
buff = []
for event in self.events:
- buff.append("\trv_attach_trace_probe(\"%s\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_%s);" % (self.name, event))
+ buff.append(f"\trv_attach_trace_probe(\"{self.name}\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_{event});")
return '\n'.join(buff)
def fill_tracepoint_detach_helper(self):
buff = []
for event in self.events:
- buff.append("\trv_detach_trace_probe(\"%s\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_%s);" % (self.name, event))
+ buff.append(f"\trv_detach_trace_probe(\"{self.name}\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_{event});")
return '\n'.join(buff)
def fill_model_h_header(self):
buff = []
buff.append("/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */")
buff.append("/*")
- buff.append(" * Automatically generated C representation of %s automaton" % (self.name))
+ buff.append(f" * Automatically generated C representation of {self.name} automaton")
buff.append(" * For further information about this format, see kernel documentation:")
buff.append(" * Documentation/trace/rv/deterministic_automata.rst")
buff.append(" */")
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
#
# Adjust the definition names
#
- self.enum_states_def = "states_%s" % self.name
- self.enum_events_def = "events_%s" % self.name
- self.struct_automaton_def = "automaton_%s" % self.name
- self.var_automaton_def = "automaton_%s" % self.name
+ self.enum_states_def = f"states_{self.name}"
+ self.enum_events_def = f"events_{self.name}"
+ self.struct_automaton_def = f"automaton_{self.name}"
+ self.var_automaton_def = f"automaton_{self.name}"
buff = self.fill_model_h_header()
buff += self.format_model()
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@ class dot2k(Monitor, Dot2c):
tp_args.insert(0, tp_args_id)
tp_proto_c = ", ".join([a+b for a,b in tp_args])
tp_args_c = ", ".join([b for a,b in tp_args])
- buff.append(" TP_PROTO(%s)," % tp_proto_c)
- buff.append(" TP_ARGS(%s)" % tp_args_c)
+ buff.append(f" TP_PROTO({tp_proto_c}),")
+ buff.append(f" TP_ARGS({tp_args_c})")
return '\n'.join(buff)
def fill_main_c(self):
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/generator.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/generator.py
index af1662e2c20a7..6d16fb68798a7 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/generator.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/generator.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class RVGenerator:
if platform.system() != "Linux":
raise OSError("I can only run on Linux.")
- kernel_path = os.path.join("/lib/modules/%s/build" % platform.release(), self.rv_dir)
+ kernel_path = os.path.join(f"/lib/modules/{platform.release()}/build", self.rv_dir)
# if the current kernel is from a distro this may not be a full kernel tree
# verify that one of the files we are going to modify is available
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ class RVGenerator:
return self._read_file(path)
def fill_parent(self):
- return "&rv_%s" % self.parent if self.parent else "NULL"
+ return f"&rv_{self.parent}" if self.parent else "NULL"
def fill_include_parent(self):
if self.parent:
- return "#include <monitors/%s/%s.h>\n" % (self.parent, self.parent)
+ return f"#include <monitors/{self.parent}/{self.parent}.h>\n"
return ""
def fill_tracepoint_handlers_skel(self):
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class RVGenerator:
buff = []
buff.append(" # XXX: add dependencies if there")
if self.parent:
- buff.append(" depends on RV_MON_%s" % self.parent.upper())
+ buff.append(f" depends on RV_MON_{self.parent.upper()}")
buff.append(" default y")
return '\n'.join(buff)
@@ -145,31 +145,30 @@ class RVGenerator:
monitor_class_type = self.fill_monitor_class_type()
if self.auto_patch:
self._patch_file("rv_trace.h",
- "// Add new monitors based on CONFIG_%s here" % monitor_class_type,
- "#include <monitors/%s/%s_trace.h>" % (self.name, self.name))
- return " - Patching %s/rv_trace.h, double check the result" % self.rv_dir
+ f"// Add new monitors based on CONFIG_{monitor_class_type} here",
+ f"#include <monitors/{self.name}/{self.name}_trace.h>")
+ return f" - Patching {self.rv_dir}/rv_trace.h, double check the result"
- return """ - Edit %s/rv_trace.h:
-Add this line where other tracepoints are included and %s is defined:
-#include <monitors/%s/%s_trace.h>
-""" % (self.rv_dir, monitor_class_type, self.name, self.name)
+ return f""" - Edit {self.rv_dir}/rv_trace.h:
+Add this line where other tracepoints are included and {monitor_class_type} is defined:
+#include <monitors/{self.name}/{self.name}_trace.h>
+"""
def _kconfig_marker(self, container=None) -> str:
- return "# Add new %smonitors here" % (container + " "
- if container else "")
+ return f"# Add new {container + ' ' if container else ''}monitors here"
def fill_kconfig_tooltip(self):
if self.auto_patch:
# monitors with a container should stay together in the Kconfig
self._patch_file("Kconfig",
self._kconfig_marker(self.parent),
- "source \"kernel/trace/rv/monitors/%s/Kconfig\"" % (self.name))
- return " - Patching %s/Kconfig, double check the result" % self.rv_dir
+ f"source \"kernel/trace/rv/monitors/{self.name}/Kconfig\"")
+ return f" - Patching {self.rv_dir}/Kconfig, double check the result"
- return """ - Edit %s/Kconfig:
+ return f""" - Edit {self.rv_dir}/Kconfig:
Add this line where other monitors are included:
-source \"kernel/trace/rv/monitors/%s/Kconfig\"
-""" % (self.rv_dir, self.name)
+source \"kernel/trace/rv/monitors/{self.name}/Kconfig\"
+"""
def fill_makefile_tooltip(self):
name = self.name
@@ -177,18 +176,18 @@ source \"kernel/trace/rv/monitors/%s/Kconfig\"
if self.auto_patch:
self._patch_file("Makefile",
"# Add new monitors here",
- "obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_%s) += monitors/%s/%s.o" % (name_up, name, name))
- return " - Patching %s/Makefile, double check the result" % self.rv_dir
+ f"obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_{name_up}) += monitors/{name}/{name}.o")
+ return f" - Patching {self.rv_dir}/Makefile, double check the result"
- return """ - Edit %s/Makefile:
+ return f""" - Edit {self.rv_dir}/Makefile:
Add this line where other monitors are included:
-obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_%s) += monitors/%s/%s.o
-""" % (self.rv_dir, name_up, name, name)
+obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_{name_up}) += monitors/{name}/{name}.o
+"""
def fill_monitor_tooltip(self):
if self.auto_patch:
- return " - Monitor created in %s/monitors/%s" % (self.rv_dir, self. name)
- return " - Move %s/ to the kernel's monitor directory (%s/monitors)" % (self.name, self.rv_dir)
+ return f" - Monitor created in {self.rv_dir}/monitors/{self.name}"
+ return f" - Move {self.name}/ to the kernel's monitor directory ({self.rv_dir}/monitors)"
def __create_directory(self):
path = self.name
@@ -205,13 +204,13 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_%s) += monitors/%s/%s.o
file.close()
def _create_file(self, file_name, content):
- path = "%s/%s" % (self.name, file_name)
+ path = f"{self.name}/{file_name}"
if self.auto_patch:
path = os.path.join(self.rv_dir, "monitors", path)
self.__write_file(path, content)
def __get_main_name(self):
- path = "%s/%s" % (self.name, "main.c")
+ path = f"{self.name}/main.c"
if not os.path.exists(path):
return "main.c"
return "__main.c"
@@ -221,11 +220,11 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_RV_MON_%s) += monitors/%s/%s.o
self.__create_directory()
- path = "%s.c" % self.name
+ path = f"{self.name}.c"
self._create_file(path, main_c)
model_h = self.fill_model_h()
- path = "%s.h" % self.name
+ path = f"{self.name}.h"
self._create_file(path, model_h)
kconfig = self.fill_kconfig()
@@ -256,5 +255,5 @@ class Monitor(RVGenerator):
def print_files(self):
super().print_files()
trace_h = self.fill_trace_h()
- path = "%s_trace.h" % self.name
+ path = f"{self.name}_trace.h"
self._create_file(path, trace_h)
diff --git a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/ltl2k.py b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/ltl2k.py
index b075f98d50c47..fa9ea6d597095 100644
--- a/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/ltl2k.py
+++ b/tools/verification/rvgen/rvgen/ltl2k.py
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
]
for node in self.ba:
- buf.append("\tS%i," % node.id)
+ buf.append(f"\tS{node.id},")
buf.append("\tRV_NUM_BA_STATES")
buf.append("};")
buf.append("static_assert(RV_NUM_BA_STATES <= RV_MAX_BA_STATES);")
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
def _fill_atoms(self):
buf = ["enum ltl_atom {"]
for a in sorted(self.atoms):
- buf.append("\tLTL_%s," % a)
+ buf.append(f"\tLTL_{a},")
buf.append("\tLTL_NUM_ATOM")
buf.append("};")
buf.append("static_assert(LTL_NUM_ATOM <= RV_MAX_LTL_ATOM);")
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
]
for name in self.atoms_abbr:
- buf.append("\t\t\"%s\"," % name)
+ buf.append(f"\t\t\"{name}\",")
buf.extend([
"\t};",
@@ -113,19 +113,19 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
continue
if isinstance(node.op, ltl2ba.AndOp):
- buf.append("\tbool %s = %s && %s;" % (node, node.op.left, node.op.right))
+ buf.append(f"\tbool {node} = {node.op.left} && {node.op.right};")
required_values |= {str(node.op.left), str(node.op.right)}
elif isinstance(node.op, ltl2ba.OrOp):
- buf.append("\tbool %s = %s || %s;" % (node, node.op.left, node.op.right))
+ buf.append(f"\tbool {node} = {node.op.left} || {node.op.right};")
required_values |= {str(node.op.left), str(node.op.right)}
elif isinstance(node.op, ltl2ba.NotOp):
- buf.append("\tbool %s = !%s;" % (node, node.op.child))
+ buf.append(f"\tbool {node} = !{node.op.child};")
required_values.add(str(node.op.child))
for atom in self.atoms:
if atom.lower() not in required_values:
continue
- buf.append("\tbool %s = test_bit(LTL_%s, mon->atoms);" % (atom.lower(), atom))
+ buf.append(f"\tbool {atom.lower()} = test_bit(LTL_{atom}, mon->atoms);")
buf.reverse()
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
])
for node in self.ba:
- buf.append("\tcase S%i:" % node.id)
+ buf.append(f"\tcase S{node.id}:")
for o in sorted(node.outgoing):
line = "\t\tif "
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
lines = break_long_line(line, indent)
buf.extend(lines)
- buf.append("\t\t\t__set_bit(S%i, next);" % o.id)
+ buf.append(f"\t\t\t__set_bit(S{o.id}, next);")
buf.append("\t\tbreak;")
buf.extend([
"\t}",
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
lines = break_long_line(line, indent)
buf.extend(lines)
- buf.append("\t\t__set_bit(S%i, mon->states);" % node.id)
+ buf.append(f"\t\t__set_bit(S{node.id}, mon->states);")
buf.append("}")
return buf
@@ -205,23 +205,21 @@ class ltl2k(generator.Monitor):
buff = []
buff.append("static void handle_example_event(void *data, /* XXX: fill header */)")
buff.append("{")
- buff.append("\tltl_atom_update(task, LTL_%s, true/false);" % self.atoms[0])
+ buff.append(f"\tltl_atom_update(task, LTL_{self.atoms[0]}, true/false);")
buff.append("}")
buff.append("")
return '\n'.join(buff)
def fill_tracepoint_attach_probe(self):
- return "\trv_attach_trace_probe(\"%s\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_example_event);" \
- % self.name
+ return f"\trv_attach_trace_probe(\"{self.name}\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_example_event);"
def fill_tracepoint_detach_helper(self):
- return "\trv_detach_trace_probe(\"%s\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_sample_event);" \
- % self.name
+ return f"\trv_detach_trace_probe(\"{self.name}\", /* XXX: tracepoint */, handle_sample_event);"
def fill_atoms_init(self):
buff = []
for a in self.atoms:
- buff.append("\tltl_atom_set(mon, LTL_%s, true/false);" % a)
+ buff.append(f"\tltl_atom_set(mon, LTL_{a}, true/false);")
return '\n'.join(buff)
def fill_model_h(self):
--
2.52.0
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