linux-kernel - [PATCH bpf-next 2/2] bpf: Test nospec after dead stack write in helper

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Message-ID: <20260127115912.3026761-3-luis.gerhorst@fau.de>
Date: Tue, 27 Jan 2026 12:59:12 +0100
From: Luis Gerhorst <luis.gerhorst@....de>
To: Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
	Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>,
	John Fastabend <john.fastabend@...il.com>,
	Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@...nel.org>,
	Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@...ux.dev>,
	Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@...il.com>,
	Song Liu <song@...nel.org>,
	Yonghong Song <yonghong.song@...ux.dev>,
	KP Singh <kpsingh@...nel.org>,
	Stanislav Fomichev <sdf@...ichev.me>,
	Hao Luo <haoluo@...gle.com>,
	Jiri Olsa <jolsa@...nel.org>,
	Shuah Khan <shuah@...nel.org>,
	Luis Gerhorst <luis.gerhorst@....de>,
	Ihor Solodrai <isolodrai@...a.com>,
	Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@...il.com>,
	bpf@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-kselftest@...r.kernel.org
Cc: Yinhao Hu <dddddd@...t.edu.cn>,
	Kaiyan Mei <M202472210@...t.edu.cn>,
	Dongliang Mu <dzm91@...t.edu.cn>
Subject: [PATCH bpf-next 2/2] bpf: Test nospec after dead stack write in helper

Without the fix from the previous commit, the selftest fails:

$ ./tools/testing/selftests/bpf/vmtest.sh -- \
        ./test_progs -t verifier_unpriv
[...]
run_subtest:PASS:obj_open_mem 0 nsec
libbpf: BTF loading error: -EPERM
libbpf: Error loading .BTF into kernel: -EPERM. BTF is optional, ignoring.
libbpf: prog 'unpriv_nospec_after_helper_stack_write': BPF program load failed: -EFAULT
libbpf: prog 'unpriv_nospec_after_helper_stack_write': failed to load: -EFAULT
libbpf: failed to load object 'verifier_unpriv'
run_subtest:FAIL:unexpected_load_failure unexpected error: -14 (errno 14)
VERIFIER LOG:
=============
0: R1=ctx() R10=fp0
0: (b7) r0 = 0                        ; R0=P0
1: (55) if r0 != 0x1 goto pc+6 2: R0=Pscalar() R1=ctx() R10=fp0
2: (b7) r2 = 0                        ; R2=P0
3: (bf) r3 = r10                      ; R3=fp0 R10=fp0
4: (07) r3 += -16                     ; R3=fp-16
5: (b7) r4 = 4                        ; R4=P4
6: (b7) r5 = 0                        ; R5=P0
7: (85) call bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative#68
verifier bug: speculation barrier after jump instruction may not have the desired effect (BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_JMP || BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_JMP32)
processed 9 insns (limit 1000000) max_states_per_insn 0 total_states 0 peak_states 0 mark_read 0
=============
[...]

The test is based on the PoC from the report.

Signed-off-by: Luis Gerhorst <luis.gerhorst@....de>
Reported-by: Yinhao Hu <dddddd@...t.edu.cn>
Reported-by: Kaiyan Mei <M202472210@...t.edu.cn>
Reported-by: Dongliang Mu <dzm91@...t.edu.cn>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/bpf/7678017d-b760-4053-a2d8-a6879b0dbeeb@hust.edu.cn/
---
 .../selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_unpriv.c     | 22 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_unpriv.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_unpriv.c
index 28b4f7035ceb..8ee1243e62a8 100644
--- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_unpriv.c
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_unpriv.c
@@ -950,4 +950,26 @@ l3_%=:	r0 = 0;						\
 "	::: __clobber_all);
 }
 
+SEC("socket")
+__description("unpriv: nospec after dead stack write in helper")
+__success __success_unpriv
+__retval(0)
+/* Dead code sanitizer rewrites the call to `goto -1`. */
+__naked void unpriv_dead_helper_stack_write_nospec_result(void)
+{
+	asm volatile ("					\
+	r0 = 0;						\
+	if r0 != 1 goto l0_%=;				\
+	r2 = 0;						\
+	r3 = r10;					\
+	r3 += -16;					\
+	r4 = 4;						\
+	r5 = 0;						\
+	call %[bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative];		\
+l0_%=:	exit;						\
+"	:
+	: __imm(bpf_skb_load_bytes_relative)
+	: __clobber_all);
+}
+
 char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";
-- 
2.52.0