Message-Id: <20260204-unique-ref-v14-5-17cb29ebacbb@kernel.org>
Date: Wed, 04 Feb 2026 12:56:49 +0100
From: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@...nel.org>
To: Miguel Ojeda <ojeda@...nel.org>, Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@...il.com>, 
 Gary Guo <gary@...yguo.net>, 
 Björn Roy Baron <bjorn3_gh@...tonmail.com>, 
 Benno Lossin <lossin@...nel.org>, Alice Ryhl <aliceryhl@...gle.com>, 
 Trevor Gross <tmgross@...ch.edu>, Danilo Krummrich <dakr@...nel.org>, 
 Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@...uxfoundation.org>, 
 Dave Ertman <david.m.ertman@...el.com>, Ira Weiny <ira.weiny@...el.com>, 
 Leon Romanovsky <leon@...nel.org>, Paul Moore <paul@...l-moore.com>, 
 Serge Hallyn <sergeh@...nel.org>, "Rafael J. Wysocki" <rafael@...nel.org>, 
 David Airlie <airlied@...il.com>, Simona Vetter <simona@...ll.ch>, 
 Alexander Viro <viro@...iv.linux.org.uk>, 
 Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>, Jan Kara <jack@...e.cz>, 
 Igor Korotin <igor.korotin.linux@...il.com>, 
 Daniel Almeida <daniel.almeida@...labora.com>, 
 Lorenzo Stoakes <lorenzo.stoakes@...cle.com>, 
 "Liam R. Howlett" <Liam.Howlett@...cle.com>, 
 Viresh Kumar <vireshk@...nel.org>, Nishanth Menon <nm@...com>, 
 Stephen Boyd <sboyd@...nel.org>, Bjorn Helgaas <bhelgaas@...gle.com>, 
 Krzysztof Wilczyński <kwilczynski@...nel.org>
Cc: linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, rust-for-linux@...r.kernel.org, 
 linux-block@...r.kernel.org, linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org, 
 dri-devel@...ts.freedesktop.org, linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, 
 linux-mm@...ck.org, linux-pm@...r.kernel.org, linux-pci@...r.kernel.org, 
 Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@...nel.org>, 
 Oliver Mangold <oliver.mangold@...me>
Subject: [PATCH v14 5/9] rust: Add `OwnableRefCounted`

From: Oliver Mangold <oliver.mangold@...me>

Types implementing one of these traits can safely convert between an
`ARef<T>` and an `Owned<T>`.

This is useful for types which generally are accessed through an `ARef`
but have methods which can only safely be called when the reference is
unique, like e.g. `block::mq::Request::end_ok()`.

Original patch by Oliver Mangold <oliver.mangold@...me> [1].

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20251117-unique-ref-v13-4-b5b243df1250@pm.me [1]
Signed-off-by: Andreas Hindborg <a.hindborg@...nel.org>
---
 rust/kernel/owned.rs     | 143 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs |  15 ++++-
 rust/kernel/types.rs     |   1 +
 3 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/rust/kernel/owned.rs b/rust/kernel/owned.rs
index b02edda11fcf6..85251c57f86c6 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/owned.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/owned.rs
@@ -14,18 +14,24 @@
     pin::Pin,
     ptr::NonNull, //
 };
+use kernel::{
+    sync::aref::ARef,
+    types::RefCounted, //
+};
 
 /// Types that specify their own way of performing allocation and destruction. Typically, this trait
 /// is implemented on types from the C side.
 ///
-/// Implementing this trait allows types to be referenced via the [`Owned<Self>`] pointer type. This
-/// is useful when it is desirable to tie the lifetime of the reference to an owned object, rather
-/// than pass around a bare reference. [`Ownable`] types can define custom drop logic that is
-/// executed when the owned reference [`Owned<Self>`] pointing to the object is dropped.
+/// Implementing this trait allows types to be referenced via the [`Owned<Self>`] pointer type.
+///  - This is useful when it is desirable to tie the lifetime of an object reference to an owned
+///    object, rather than pass around a bare reference.
+///  - [`Ownable`] types can define custom drop logic that is executed when the owned reference
+///    of type [`Owned<_>`] pointing to the object is dropped.
 ///
 /// Note: The underlying object is not required to provide internal reference counting, because it
 /// represents a unique, owned reference. If reference counting (on the Rust side) is required,
-/// [`RefCounted`](crate::types::RefCounted) should be implemented.
+/// [`RefCounted`] should be implemented. [`OwnableRefCounted`] should be implemented if conversion
+/// between unique and shared (reference counted) ownership is needed.
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
@@ -63,8 +69,7 @@
 ///             Foo {},
 ///             flags::GFP_KERNEL,
 ///         )?;
-///         let result = NonNull::new(KBox::into_raw(result))
-///             .expect("Raw pointer to newly allocation KBox is null, this should never happen.");
+///         let result = NonNull::new(KBox::into_raw(result)).ok_or(ENOMEM)?;
 ///         // Count new allocation
 ///         *FOO_ALLOC_COUNT.lock() += 1;
 ///         // SAFETY: We just allocated the `Self`, thus it is valid and there cannot be any other
@@ -88,11 +93,12 @@
 /// }
 ///
 /// {
-///    let foo = Foo::new().expect("Failed to allocate a Foo. This shouldn't happen");
+///    let foo = Foo::new()?;
 ///    assert!(*FOO_ALLOC_COUNT.lock() == 1);
 /// }
 /// // `foo` is out of scope now, so we expect no live allocations.
 /// assert!(*FOO_ALLOC_COUNT.lock() == 0);
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
 /// ```
 pub unsafe trait Ownable {
     /// Releases the object.
@@ -194,3 +200,124 @@ fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe { T::release(self.ptr) };
     }
 }
+
+/// A trait for objects that can be wrapped in either one of the reference types [`Owned`] and
+/// [`ARef`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// A minimal example implementation of [`OwnableRefCounted`], [`Ownable`] and its usage with
+/// [`ARef`] and [`Owned`] looks like this:
+///
+/// ```
+/// # #![expect(clippy::disallowed_names)]
+/// # use core::cell::Cell;
+/// # use core::ptr::NonNull;
+/// # use kernel::alloc::{flags, kbox::KBox, AllocError};
+/// # use kernel::sync::aref::{ARef, RefCounted};
+/// # use kernel::types::{Owned, Ownable, OwnableRefCounted};
+///
+/// // An internally refcounted struct for demonstration purposes.
+/// //
+/// // # Invariants
+/// //
+/// // - `refcount` is always non-zero for a valid object.
+/// // - `refcount` is >1 if there is more than one Rust reference to it.
+/// //
+/// struct Foo {
+///     refcount: Cell<usize>,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl Foo {
+///     fn new() -> Result<Owned<Self>> {
+///         // We are just using a `KBox` here to handle the actual allocation, as our `Foo` is
+///         // not actually a C-allocated object.
+///         let result = KBox::new(
+///             Foo {
+///                 refcount: Cell::new(1),
+///             },
+///             flags::GFP_KERNEL,
+///         )?;
+///         let result = NonNull::new(KBox::into_raw(result)).ok_or(ENOMEM)?;
+///         // SAFETY: We just allocated the `Self`, thus it is valid and there cannot be any other
+///         // Rust references. Calling `into_raw()` makes us responsible for ownership and
+///         // we won't use the raw pointer anymore, thus we can transfer ownership to the `Owned`.
+///         Ok(unsafe { Owned::from_raw(result) })
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // SAFETY: We increment and decrement each time the respective function is called and only free
+/// // the `Foo` when the refcount reaches zero.
+/// unsafe impl RefCounted for Foo {
+///     fn inc_ref(&self) {
+///         self.refcount.replace(self.refcount.get() + 1);
+///     }
+///
+///     unsafe fn dec_ref(this: NonNull<Self>) {
+///         // SAFETY: By requirement on calling this function, the refcount is non-zero,
+///         // implying the underlying object is valid.
+///         let refcount = unsafe { &this.as_ref().refcount };
+///         let new_refcount = refcount.get() - 1;
+///         if new_refcount == 0 {
+///             // The `Foo` will be dropped when `KBox` goes out of scope.
+///             // SAFETY: The [`KBox<Foo>`] is still alive as the old refcount is 1. We can pass
+///             // ownership to the [`KBox`] as by requirement on calling this function,
+///             // the `Self` will no longer be used by the caller.
+///             unsafe { KBox::from_raw(this.as_ptr()) };
+///         } else {
+///             refcount.replace(new_refcount);
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// impl OwnableRefCounted for Foo {
+///     fn try_from_shared(this: ARef<Self>) -> Result<Owned<Self>, ARef<Self>> {
+///         if this.refcount.get() == 1 {
+///             // SAFETY: The `Foo` is still alive and has no other Rust references as the refcount
+///             // is 1.
+///             Ok(unsafe { Owned::from_raw(ARef::into_raw(this)) })
+///         } else {
+///             Err(this)
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // SAFETY: This implementation of `release()` is safe for any valid `Self`.
+/// unsafe impl Ownable for Foo {
+///     unsafe fn release(this: NonNull<Self>) {
+///         // SAFETY: Using `dec_ref()` from [`RefCounted`] to release is okay, as the refcount is
+///         // always 1 for an [`Owned<Foo>`].
+///         unsafe{ Foo::dec_ref(this) };
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// let foo = Foo::new()?;
+/// let mut foo = ARef::from(foo);
+/// {
+///     let bar = foo.clone();
+///     assert!(Owned::try_from(bar).is_err());
+/// }
+/// assert!(Owned::try_from(foo).is_ok());
+/// # Ok::<(), Error>(())
+/// ```
+pub trait OwnableRefCounted: RefCounted + Ownable + Sized {
+    /// Checks if the [`ARef`] is unique and converts it to an [`Owned`] if that is the case.
+    /// Otherwise it returns again an [`ARef`] to the same underlying object.
+    fn try_from_shared(this: ARef<Self>) -> Result<Owned<Self>, ARef<Self>>;
+
+    /// Converts the [`Owned`] into an [`ARef`].
+    fn into_shared(this: Owned<Self>) -> ARef<Self> {
+        // SAFETY: Safe by the requirements on implementing the trait.
+        unsafe { ARef::from_raw(Owned::into_raw(this)) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: OwnableRefCounted> TryFrom<ARef<T>> for Owned<T> {
+    type Error = ARef<T>;
+    /// Tries to convert the [`ARef`] to an [`Owned`] by calling
+    /// [`try_from_shared()`](OwnableRefCounted::try_from_shared). In case the [`ARef`] is not
+    /// unique, it returns again an [`ARef`] to the same underlying object.
+    fn try_from(b: ARef<T>) -> Result<Owned<T>, Self::Error> {
+        T::try_from_shared(b)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs b/rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs
index 3c63c9a5fb9be..77f6c8dc411eb 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/sync/aref.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@
     ops::Deref,
     ptr::NonNull, //
 };
+use kernel::types::{
+    OwnableRefCounted,
+    Owned, //
+};
 
 /// Types that are internally reference counted.
 ///
@@ -35,7 +39,10 @@
 /// Note: Implementing this trait allows types to be wrapped in an [`ARef<Self>`]. It requires an
 /// internal reference count and provides only shared references. If unique references are required
 /// [`Ownable`](crate::types::Ownable) should be implemented which allows types to be wrapped in an
-/// [`Owned<Self>`](crate::types::Owned).
+/// [`Owned<Self>`](crate::types::Owned). Implementing the trait
+/// [`OwnableRefCounted`] allows to convert between unique and
+/// shared references (i.e. [`Owned<Self>`](crate::types::Owned) and
+/// [`ARef<Self>`](crate::types::Owned)).
 ///
 /// # Safety
 ///
@@ -185,6 +192,12 @@ fn from(b: &T) -> Self {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: OwnableRefCounted> From<Owned<T>> for ARef<T> {
+    fn from(b: Owned<T>) -> Self {
+        T::into_shared(b)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: RefCounted> Drop for ARef<T> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // SAFETY: The type invariants guarantee that the `ARef` owns the reference we're about to
diff --git a/rust/kernel/types.rs b/rust/kernel/types.rs
index 9b96aa2ebdb7e..f43c091eeb8b7 100644
--- a/rust/kernel/types.rs
+++ b/rust/kernel/types.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 pub use crate::{
     owned::{
         Ownable,
+        OwnableRefCounted,
         Owned, //
     },
     sync::aref::{

-- 
2.51.2

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