| lists.openwall.net | lists / announce owl-users owl-dev john-users john-dev passwdqc-users yescrypt popa3d-users / oss-security kernel-hardening musl sabotage tlsify passwords / crypt-dev xvendor / Bugtraq Full-Disclosure linux-kernel linux-netdev linux-ext4 linux-hardening linux-cve-announce PHC | |
|
Open Source and information security mailing list archives
| ||
|
Message-ID: <c5f22c8a-ad7d-4a9f-bcd5-15cbee2e8f19@amd.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Feb 2026 08:55:44 +0530
From: Bharata B Rao <bharata@....com>
To: <linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org>, <linux-mm@...ck.org>
CC: <Jonathan.Cameron@...wei.com>, <dave.hansen@...el.com>,
<gourry@...rry.net>, <mgorman@...hsingularity.net>, <mingo@...hat.com>,
<peterz@...radead.org>, <raghavendra.kt@....com>, <riel@...riel.com>,
<rientjes@...gle.com>, <sj@...nel.org>, <weixugc@...gle.com>,
<willy@...radead.org>, <ying.huang@...ux.alibaba.com>, <ziy@...dia.com>,
<dave@...olabs.net>, <nifan.cxl@...il.com>, <xuezhengchu@...wei.com>,
<yiannis@...corp.com>, <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>, <david@...hat.com>,
<byungchul@...com>, <kinseyho@...gle.com>, <joshua.hahnjy@...il.com>,
<yuanchu@...gle.com>, <balbirs@...dia.com>, <alok.rathore@...sung.com>,
<shivankg@....com>
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v5 00/10] mm: Hot page tracking and promotion
infrastructure
On 29-Jan-26 8:10 PM, Bharata B Rao wrote:
>
> Results
> =======
> TODO: Will post benchmark nubmers as reply to this patchset soon.
Here is the first set of results from a microbenchmark:
Test system details
-------------------
3 node AMD Zen5 system with 2 regular NUMA nodes (0, 1) and a CXL node (2)
$ numactl -H
available: 3 nodes (0-2)
node 0 cpus: 0-95,192-287
node 0 size: 128460 MB
node 1 cpus: 96-191,288-383
node 1 size: 128893 MB
node 2 cpus:
node 2 size: 257993 MB
node distances:
node 0 1 2
0: 10 32 50
1: 32 10 60
2: 255 255 10
Hotness sources
---------------
NUMAB0 - Without NUMA Balancing in base case and with no source enabled
in the patched case. No migrations occur.
NUMAB2 - Existing hot page promotion for the base case and
use of hint faults as source in the patched case.
pgtscan - Klruscand (MGLRU based PTE A bit scanning) source
hwhints - IBS as source
Pghot by default promotes after two accesses but for NUMAB2 source,
promotion is done after one access to match the base behaviour.
(/sys/kernel/debug/pghot/freq_threshold=1)
==============================================================
Scenario 1 - Enough memory in toptier and hence only promotion
==============================================================
Multi-threaded application with 64 threads that access memory at 4K granularity
repetitively and randomly. The number of accesses per thread and the randomness
pattern for each thread are fixed beforehand. The accesses are divided into
stores and loads in the ratio of 50:50.
Benchmark threads run on Node 0, while memory is initially provisioned on
CXL node 2 before the accesses start.
Repetitive accesses results in lowertier pages becoming hot and kmigrated
detecting and migrating them. The benchmark score is the time taken to finish
the accesses in microseconds. The sooner it finishes the better it is. All the
numbers shown below are average of 3 runs.
Default mode - Time taken (microseconds, lower is better)
---------------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
---------------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 117,069,417 115,802,776
NUMAB2 102,918,471 103,378,828
pgtscan NA 110,203,286
hwhints NA 92,880,388
---------------------------------------------------------
Default mode - Pages migrated (pgpromote_success)
---------------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
---------------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 0 0
NUMAB2 2097147 2097131
pgtscan NA 2097130
hwhints NA 1706556
---------------------------------------------------------
Precision mode - Time taken (microseconds, lower is better)
-----------------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
-----------------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 117,069,417 115,078,527
NUMAB2 102,918,471 101,742,985
pgtscan NA 110,024,513 NA
hwhints NA 101,163,603 NA
-----------------------------------------------------------
Precision mode - Pages migrated (pgpromote_success)
---------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
---------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 0 0
NUMAB2 2097147 2097144
pgtscan NA 2097129
hwhints NA 1144304
---------------------------------------------------
- The NUMAB2 benchmark numbers and pgpromote_success numbers more
or less match in base and patched case.
- Though the pgtscan case promotes all possible pages, the
benchmark number suffers. This source needs tuning.
- Hwhints case is able to provide benchmark numbers similar to
base NUMAB2 even with less number of migrations.
- With both default and precision modes of pghot the benchmark
behaves more or less similarly.
==============================================================
Scenario 2 - Toptier memory overcommited, promotion + demotion
==============================================================
Single threaded application that allocates memory on both DRAM and CXL nodes
using mmap(MAP_POPULATE). Every 1G region of allocated memory on CXL node is
accessed at 4K granularity randomly and repetitively to build up the notion
of hotness in the 1GB region that is under access. This should drive promotion.
For promotion to work successfully, the DRAM memory that has been provisioned
(and not being accessed) should be demoted first. There is enough free memory
in the CXL node to for demotions.
In summary, this benchmark creates a memory pressure on DRAM node and does
CXL memory accesses to drive both demotion and promotion.
The number of accesses are fixed and hence, the quicker the accessed pages
get promoted to DRAM, the sooner the benchmark is expected to finish.
All the numbers shown below are average of 3 runs.
DRAM-node = 1
CXL-node = 2
Initial DRAM alloc ratio = 75%
Allocation-size = 171798691840
Initial DRAM Alloc-size = 128849018880
Initial CXL Alloc-size = 42949672960
Hot-region-size = 1073741824
Nr-regions = 160
Nr-regions DRAM = 120 (provisioned but not accessed)
Nr-hot-regions CXL = 40
Access pattern = random
Access granularity = 4096
Delay b/n accesses = 0
Load/store ratio = 50l50s
THP used = no
Nr accesses = 42949672960
Nr repetitions = 1024
Default mode - Time taken (microseconds, lower is better)
------------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
------------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 63,809,267 60,794,786
NUMAB2 67,541,601 62,376,991
pgtscan NA 67,902,126
hwhints NA 59,872,525
------------------------------------------------------
Default mode - Pages migrated (pgpromote_success)
-------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
-------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 0 0
NUMAB2 179635 932693 (High R2R variation in base)
pgtscan NA 27487
hwhints NA 274
---------------------------------------
Precision mode - Time taken (microseconds, lower is better)
------------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
------------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 63,809,267 64,553,914
NUMAB2 67,541,601 62,148,082
pgtscan NA 65,073,396
hwhints NA 59,958,655
------------------------------------------------------
Precision mode - Pages migrated (pgpromote_success)
---------------------------------------------------
Source Base Pghot
---------------------------------------------------
NUMAB0 0 0
NUMAB2 179635 988360 (High R2R variaion in base)
pgtscan NA 21418 (High R2R variation in patched)
hwhints NA 174 (High R2R variation in patched)
---------------------------------------------------
- The base case itself doesn't show any improvement in benchmark numbers due
to hot page promotion. The same pattern is seen in pghot case with all
the sources except hwhints. The benchmark itself may need tuning so that
promotion helps.
- There is a high run to run variation in the number of pages promoted in
base case.
- Most promotion attempts in base case fail because the NUMA hint fault
latency is found to exceed the threshold value (default threshold
is 1000ms) in majority of the promotion attempts.
- Unlike base NUMAB2 where the hint fault latency is the difference between the
PTE update time (during scanning) and the access time (hint fault), pghot uses
a single latency threshold (4000ms in pghot-default and 5000ms in
pghot-precise) for two purposes.
1. If the time difference between successive accesses are within the
threshold, the page is marked as hot.
2. Later when kmigrated picks up the page for migration, it will migrate
only if the difference between the current time and the time when the
page was marked hot is with the threshold.
Because of the above difference in behaviour, more number of pages get
qualified for promotion compared to base NUMAB2.
Powered by blists - more mailing lists