This is a patch originated with Stefano Salsano and Fabio Ludovici. It provides several alternative loss models for use with netem. This patch adds two state machine based loss models. See: http://netgroup.uniroma2.it/twiki/bin/view.cgi/Main/NetemCLG Signed-off-by: Stephen Hemminger --- include/linux/pkt_sched.h | 26 ++++ net/sched/sch_netem.c | 274 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- 2 files changed, 296 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) --- a/net/sched/sch_netem.c 2011-02-23 14:53:08.144607422 -0800 +++ b/net/sched/sch_netem.c 2011-02-23 15:01:29.159338952 -0800 @@ -47,6 +47,20 @@ layering other disciplines. It does not need to do bandwidth control either since that can be handled by using token bucket or other rate control. + + Correlated Loss Generator models + + Added generation of correlated loss according to the + "Gilbert-Elliot" model, a 4-state markov model. + + References: + [1] NetemCLG Home http://netgroup.uniroma2.it/NetemCLG + [2] S. Salsano, F. Ludovici, A. Ordine, "Definition of a general + and intuitive loss model for packet networks and its implementation + in the Netem module in the Linux kernel", available in [1] + + Authors: Stefano Salsano */ struct netem_sched_data { @@ -73,6 +87,26 @@ struct netem_sched_data { u32 size; s16 table[0]; } *delay_dist; + + enum { + CLG_RANDOM, + CLG_4_STATES, + CLG_GILB_ELL, + } loss_model; + + /* Correlated Loss Generation models */ + struct clgstate { + /* state of the Markov chain */ + u8 state; + + /* 4-states and Gilbert-Elliot models */ + u32 a1; /* p13 for 4-states or p for GE */ + u32 a2; /* p31 for 4-states or r for GE */ + u32 a3; /* p32 for 4-states or h for GE */ + u32 a4; /* p14 for 4-states or 1-k for GE */ + u32 a5; /* p23 used only in 4-states */ + } clg; + }; /* Time stamp put into socket buffer control block */ @@ -115,6 +149,122 @@ static u32 get_crandom(struct crndstate return answer; } +/* loss_4state - 4-state model loss generator + * Generates losses according to the 4-state Markov chain adopted in + * the GI (General and Intuitive) loss model. + */ +static bool loss_4state(struct netem_sched_data *q) +{ + struct clgstate *clg = &q->clg; + u32 rnd = net_random(); + + /* + * Makes a comparision between rnd and the transition + * probabilities outgoing from the current state, then decides the + * next state and if the next packet has to be transmitted or lost. + * The four states correspond to: + * 1 => successfully transmitted packets within a gap period + * 4 => isolated losses within a gap period + * 3 => lost packets within a burst period + * 2 => successfully transmitted packets within a burst period + */ + switch (clg->state) { + case 1: + if (rnd < clg->a4) { + clg->state = 4; + return true; + } else if (clg->a4 < rnd && rnd < clg->a1) { + clg->state = 3; + return true; + } else if (clg->a1 < rnd) + clg->state = 1; + + break; + case 2: + if (rnd < clg->a5) { + clg->state = 3; + return true; + } else + clg->state = 2; + + break; + case 3: + if (rnd < clg->a3) + clg->state = 2; + else if (clg->a3 < rnd && rnd < clg->a2 + clg->a3) { + clg->state = 1; + return true; + } else if (clg->a2 + clg->a3 < rnd) { + clg->state = 3; + return true; + } + break; + case 4: + clg->state = 1; + break; + } + + return false; +} + +/* loss_gilb_ell - Gilbert-Elliot model loss generator + * Generates losses according to the Gilbert-Elliot loss model or + * its special cases (Gilbert or Simple Gilbert) + * + * Makes a comparision between random number and the transition + * probabilities outgoing from the current state, then decides the + * next state. A second random number is extracted and the comparision + * with the loss probability of the current state decides if the next + * packet will be transmitted or lost. + */ +static bool loss_gilb_ell(struct netem_sched_data *q) +{ + struct clgstate *clg = &q->clg; + + switch (clg->state) { + case 1: + if (net_random() < clg->a1) + clg->state = 2; + if (net_random() < clg->a4) + return true; + case 2: + if (net_random() < clg->a2) + clg->state = 1; + if (clg->a3 > net_random()) + return true; + } + + return false; +} + +static bool loss_event(struct netem_sched_data *q) +{ + switch (q->loss_model) { + case CLG_RANDOM: + /* Random packet drop 0 => none, ~0 => all */ + return q->loss && q->loss >= get_crandom(&q->loss_cor); + + case CLG_4_STATES: + /* 4state loss model algorithm (used also for GI model) + * Extracts a value from the markov 4 state loss generator, + * if it is 1 drops a packet and if needed writes the event in + * the kernel logs + */ + return loss_4state(q); + + case CLG_GILB_ELL: + /* Gilbert-Elliot loss model algorithm + * Extracts a value from the Gilbert-Elliot loss generator, + * if it is 1 drops a packet and if needed writes the event in + * the kernel logs + */ + return loss_gilb_ell(q); + } + + return false; /* not reached */ +} + + /* tabledist - return a pseudo-randomly distributed value with mean mu and * std deviation sigma. Uses table lookup to approximate the desired * distribution, and a uniformly-distributed pseudo-random source. @@ -167,8 +317,8 @@ static int netem_enqueue(struct sk_buff if (q->duplicate && q->duplicate >= get_crandom(&q->dup_cor)) ++count; - /* Random packet drop 0 => none, ~0 => all */ - if (q->loss && q->loss >= get_crandom(&q->loss_cor)) + /* Drop packet? */ + if (loss_event(q)) --count; if (count == 0) { @@ -385,10 +535,66 @@ static void get_corrupt(struct Qdisc *sc init_crandom(&q->corrupt_cor, r->correlation); } +static int get_loss_clg(struct Qdisc *sch, const struct nlattr *attr) +{ + struct netem_sched_data *q = qdisc_priv(sch); + const struct nlattr *la; + int rem; + + nla_for_each_nested(la, attr, rem) { + u16 type = nla_type(la); + + switch(type) { + case NETEM_LOSS_GI: { + const struct tc_netem_gimodel *gi = nla_data(la); + + if (nla_len(la) != sizeof(struct tc_netem_gimodel)) { + pr_info("netem: incorrect gi model size\n"); + return -EINVAL; + } + + q->loss_model = CLG_4_STATES; + + q->clg.state = 1; + q->clg.a1 = gi->p13; + q->clg.a2 = gi->p31; + q->clg.a3 = gi->p32; + q->clg.a4 = gi->p14; + q->clg.a5 = gi->p23; + break; + } + + case NETEM_LOSS_GE: { + const struct tc_netem_gemodel *ge = nla_data(la); + + if (nla_len(la) != sizeof(struct tc_netem_gemodel)) { + pr_info("netem: incorrect gi model size\n"); + return -EINVAL; + } + + q->loss_model = CLG_GILB_ELL; + q->clg.state = 1; + q->clg.a1 = ge->p; + q->clg.a2 = ge->r; + q->clg.a3 = ge->h; + q->clg.a4 = ge->k1; + break; + } + + default: + pr_info("netem: unknown loss type %u\n", type); + return -EINVAL; + } + } + + return 0; +} + static const struct nla_policy netem_policy[TCA_NETEM_MAX + 1] = { [TCA_NETEM_CORR] = { .len = sizeof(struct tc_netem_corr) }, [TCA_NETEM_REORDER] = { .len = sizeof(struct tc_netem_reorder) }, [TCA_NETEM_CORRUPT] = { .len = sizeof(struct tc_netem_corrupt) }, + [TCA_NETEM_LOSS] = { .type = NLA_NESTED }, }; static int parse_attr(struct nlattr *tb[], int maxtype, struct nlattr *nla, @@ -396,11 +602,15 @@ static int parse_attr(struct nlattr *tb[ { int nested_len = nla_len(nla) - NLA_ALIGN(len); - if (nested_len < 0) + if (nested_len < 0) { + pr_info("netem: invalid attributes len %d\n", nested_len); return -EINVAL; + } + if (nested_len >= nla_attr_size(0)) return nla_parse(tb, maxtype, nla_data(nla) + NLA_ALIGN(len), nested_len, policy); + memset(tb, 0, sizeof(struct nlattr *) * (maxtype + 1)); return 0; } @@ -456,7 +666,11 @@ static int netem_change(struct Qdisc *sc if (tb[TCA_NETEM_CORRUPT]) get_corrupt(sch, tb[TCA_NETEM_CORRUPT]); - return 0; + q->loss_model = CLG_RANDOM; + if (tb[TCA_NETEM_LOSS]) + ret = get_loss_clg(sch, tb[TCA_NETEM_LOSS]); + + return ret; } /* @@ -551,6 +765,7 @@ static int netem_init(struct Qdisc *sch, qdisc_watchdog_init(&q->watchdog, sch); + q->loss_model = CLG_RANDOM; q->qdisc = qdisc_create_dflt(sch->dev_queue, &tfifo_qdisc_ops, TC_H_MAKE(sch->handle, 1)); if (!q->qdisc) { @@ -575,6 +790,54 @@ static void netem_destroy(struct Qdisc * dist_free(q->delay_dist); } +static int dump_loss_model(const struct netem_sched_data *q, + struct sk_buff *skb) +{ + struct nlattr *nest; + + nest = nla_nest_start(skb, TCA_NETEM_LOSS); + if (nest == NULL) + goto nla_put_failure; + + switch (q->loss_model) { + case CLG_RANDOM: + /* legacy loss model */ + nla_nest_cancel(skb, nest); + return 0; /* no data */ + + case CLG_4_STATES: { + struct tc_netem_gimodel gi = { + .p13 = q->clg.a1, + .p31 = q->clg.a2, + .p32 = q->clg.a3, + .p14 = q->clg.a4, + .p23 = q->clg.a5, + }; + + NLA_PUT(skb, NETEM_LOSS_GI, sizeof(gi), &gi); + break; + } + case CLG_GILB_ELL: { + struct tc_netem_gemodel ge = { + .p = q->clg.a1, + .r = q->clg.a2, + .h = q->clg.a3, + .k1 = q->clg.a4, + }; + + NLA_PUT(skb, NETEM_LOSS_GE, sizeof(ge), &ge); + break; + } + } + + nla_nest_end(skb, nest); + return 0; + +nla_put_failure: + nla_nest_cancel(skb, nest); + return -1; +} + static int netem_dump(struct Qdisc *sch, struct sk_buff *skb) { const struct netem_sched_data *q = qdisc_priv(sch); @@ -605,6 +868,9 @@ static int netem_dump(struct Qdisc *sch, corrupt.correlation = q->corrupt_cor.rho; NLA_PUT(skb, TCA_NETEM_CORRUPT, sizeof(corrupt), &corrupt); + if (dump_loss_model(q, skb) != 0) + goto nla_put_failure; + return nla_nest_end(skb, nla); nla_put_failure: --- a/include/linux/pkt_sched.h 2011-02-23 14:53:08.164607720 -0800 +++ b/include/linux/pkt_sched.h 2011-02-23 14:58:19.532718370 -0800 @@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ enum { TCA_NETEM_DELAY_DIST, TCA_NETEM_REORDER, TCA_NETEM_CORRUPT, + TCA_NETEM_LOSS, __TCA_NETEM_MAX, }; @@ -494,6 +495,31 @@ struct tc_netem_corrupt { __u32 correlation; }; +enum { + NETEM_LOSS_UNSPEC, + NETEM_LOSS_GI, /* General Intuitive - 4 state model */ + NETEM_LOSS_GE, /* Gilbert Elliot models */ + __NETEM_LOSS_MAX +}; +#define NETEM_LOSS_MAX (__NETEM_LOSS_MAX - 1) + +/* State transition probablities for 4 state model */ +struct tc_netem_gimodel { + __u32 p13; + __u32 p31; + __u32 p32; + __u32 p14; + __u32 p23; +}; + +/* Gilbert-Elliot models */ +struct tc_netem_gemodel { + __u32 p; + __u32 r; + __u32 h; + __u32 k1; +}; + #define NETEM_DIST_SCALE 8192 #define NETEM_DIST_MAX 16384 -- To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe netdev" in the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org More majordomo info at http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html