Message-Id: <20190311215125.17793-2-daniel@iogearbox.net>
Date:   Mon, 11 Mar 2019 22:51:17 +0100
From:   Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>
To:     ast@...nel.org
Cc:     bpf@...r.kernel.org, netdev@...r.kernel.org, joe@...d.net.nz,
        john.fastabend@...il.com, yhs@...com, andrii.nakryiko@...il.com,
        jakub.kicinski@...ronome.com, tgraf@...g.ch, lmb@...udflare.com,
        Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>
Subject: [PATCH rfc v3 bpf-next 1/9] bpf: implement lookup-free direct value access for maps

This generic extension to BPF maps allows for directly loading an
address residing inside a BPF map value as a single BPF ldimm64
instruction.

The idea is similar to what BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD does today, which
is a special src_reg flag for ldimm64 instruction that indicates
that inside the first part of the double insns's imm field is a
file descriptor which the verifier then replaces as a full 64bit
address of the map into both imm parts. For the newly added
BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE src_reg flag, the idea is the following:
the first part of the double insns's imm field is again a file
descriptor corresponding to the map, and the second part of the
imm field is an offset into the value. Both insns's off fields
build the optional key resp. index to the map if it contains
more than just one element. The verifier will then replace both
imm parts with an address that points into the BPF map value
for maps that support this operation. BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE is
a distinct flag as otherwise with BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD we could
not differ offset 0 between load of map pointer versus load of
map's value at offset 0, and changing BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD's
encoding into off by one to differ between regular map pointer
and map value pointer would add unnecessary complexity and
increases barrier for debuggability thus less suitable.

This extension allows for efficiently retrieving an address to
a map value memory area without having to issue a helper call
which needs to prepare registers according to calling convention,
etc, without needing the extra NULL test, and without having to
add the offset in an additional instruction to the value base
pointer. The verifier then treats the destination register as
PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE with constant reg->off from the user passed
offset from the second imm field, and guarantees that this is
within bounds of the map value. Any subsequent operations are
normally treated as typical map value handling without anything
else needed for verification.

The two map operations for direct value access have been added to
array map for now. In future other types could be supported as
well depending on the use case. The main use case for this commit
is to allow for BPF loader support for global variables that
reside in .data/.rodata/.bss sections such that we can directly
load the address of them with minimal additional infrastructure
required. Loader support has been added in subsequent commits for
libbpf library.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>
---
 include/linux/bpf.h               |   6 ++
 include/linux/bpf_verifier.h      |   4 ++
 include/uapi/linux/bpf.h          |  13 +++-
 kernel/bpf/arraymap.c             |  29 ++++++++
 kernel/bpf/core.c                 |   3 +-
 kernel/bpf/disasm.c               |   5 +-
 kernel/bpf/syscall.c              |  31 +++++++--
 kernel/bpf/verifier.c             | 109 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 tools/bpf/bpftool/xlated_dumper.c |   6 ++
 9 files changed, 168 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
index a2132e09dc1c..85b6b5dc883f 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ struct bpf_map_ops {
 			     const struct btf *btf,
 			     const struct btf_type *key_type,
 			     const struct btf_type *value_type);
+
+	/* Direct value access helpers. */
+	int (*map_direct_value_addr)(const struct bpf_map *map,
+				     u64 *imm, u32 idx, u32 off);
+	int (*map_direct_value_meta)(const struct bpf_map *map,
+				     u64 imm, u32 *idx, u32 *off);
 };
 
 struct bpf_map {
diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
index 69f7a3449eda..6e28f1c24710 100644
--- a/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
+++ b/include/linux/bpf_verifier.h
@@ -183,6 +183,10 @@ struct bpf_insn_aux_data {
 		unsigned long map_state;	/* pointer/poison value for maps */
 		s32 call_imm;			/* saved imm field of call insn */
 		u32 alu_limit;			/* limit for add/sub register with pointer */
+		struct {
+			u32 map_index;		/* index into used_maps[] */
+			u32 map_off;		/* offset from value base address */
+		};
 	};
 	int ctx_field_size; /* the ctx field size for load insn, maybe 0 */
 	int sanitize_stack_off; /* stack slot to be cleared */
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
index 3c38ac9a92a7..d0b80fce0fc9 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
@@ -255,8 +255,19 @@ enum bpf_attach_type {
  */
 #define BPF_F_ANY_ALIGNMENT	(1U << 1)
 
-/* when bpf_ldimm64->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD, bpf_ldimm64->imm == fd */
+/* When BPF ldimm64's insn[0].src_reg != 0 then this can have
+ * two extensions:
+ *
+ * insn[0].src_reg:  BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD   BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE
+ * insn[0].imm:      map fd              map fd
+ * insn[1].imm:      0                   offset into value
+ * insn[0].off:      0                   32 bit index to the
+ * insn[1].off:      0                   map value
+ * ldimm64 rewrite:  address of map      address of map[index]+offset
+ * verifier type:    CONST_PTR_TO_MAP    PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE
+ */
 #define BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD	1
+#define BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE	2
 
 /* when bpf_call->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL, bpf_call->imm == pc-relative
  * offset to another bpf function
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/arraymap.c b/kernel/bpf/arraymap.c
index c72e0d8e1e65..862d20422ad1 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/arraymap.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/arraymap.c
@@ -160,6 +160,33 @@ static void *array_map_lookup_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key)
 	return array->value + array->elem_size * (index & array->index_mask);
 }
 
+static int array_map_direct_value_addr(const struct bpf_map *map, u64 *imm,
+				       u32 idx, u32 off)
+{
+	struct bpf_array *array = container_of(map, struct bpf_array, map);
+
+	if (idx >= map->max_entries || off >= map->value_size)
+		return -EINVAL;
+	*imm = (unsigned long)(array->value +
+			       array->elem_size * (idx & array->index_mask));
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int array_map_direct_value_meta(const struct bpf_map *map, u64 imm,
+				       u32 *idx, u32 *off)
+{
+	struct bpf_array *array = container_of(map, struct bpf_array, map);
+	u64 rem, base = (unsigned long)array->value, slot = map->value_size;
+	u64 range = slot * map->max_entries;
+
+	if (imm < base || imm >= base + range)
+		return -ENOENT;
+	base = imm - base;
+	*idx = div64_u64_rem(base, slot, &rem);
+	*off = rem;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /* emit BPF instructions equivalent to C code of array_map_lookup_elem() */
 static u32 array_map_gen_lookup(struct bpf_map *map, struct bpf_insn *insn_buf)
 {
@@ -419,6 +446,8 @@ const struct bpf_map_ops array_map_ops = {
 	.map_update_elem = array_map_update_elem,
 	.map_delete_elem = array_map_delete_elem,
 	.map_gen_lookup = array_map_gen_lookup,
+	.map_direct_value_addr = array_map_direct_value_addr,
+	.map_direct_value_meta = array_map_direct_value_meta,
 	.map_seq_show_elem = array_map_seq_show_elem,
 	.map_check_btf = array_map_check_btf,
 };
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/core.c b/kernel/bpf/core.c
index 3f08c257858e..af3dcd8b852b 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/core.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/core.c
@@ -292,7 +292,8 @@ int bpf_prog_calc_tag(struct bpf_prog *fp)
 		dst[i] = fp->insnsi[i];
 		if (!was_ld_map &&
 		    dst[i].code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW) &&
-		    dst[i].src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD) {
+		    (dst[i].src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD ||
+		     dst[i].src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE)) {
 			was_ld_map = true;
 			dst[i].imm = 0;
 		} else if (was_ld_map &&
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
index de73f55e42fd..d9ce383c0f9c 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/disasm.c
@@ -205,10 +205,11 @@ void print_bpf_insn(const struct bpf_insn_cbs *cbs,
 			 * part of the ldimm64 insn is accessible.
 			 */
 			u64 imm = ((u64)(insn + 1)->imm << 32) | (u32)insn->imm;
-			bool map_ptr = insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD;
+			bool is_ptr = insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD ||
+				      insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE;
 			char tmp[64];
 
-			if (map_ptr && !allow_ptr_leaks)
+			if (is_ptr && !allow_ptr_leaks)
 				imm = 0;
 
 			verbose(cbs->private_data, "(%02x) r%d = %s\n",
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
index bc34cf9fe9ee..b0c7a6485c49 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
@@ -2061,13 +2061,27 @@ static int bpf_map_get_fd_by_id(const union bpf_attr *attr)
 }
 
 static const struct bpf_map *bpf_map_from_imm(const struct bpf_prog *prog,
-					      unsigned long addr)
+					      unsigned long addr, u32 *idx,
+					      u32 *off, u32 *type)
 {
+	const struct bpf_map *map;
 	int i;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < prog->aux->used_map_cnt; i++)
-		if (prog->aux->used_maps[i] == (void *)addr)
-			return prog->aux->used_maps[i];
+	*off = *idx = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < prog->aux->used_map_cnt; i++) {
+		map = prog->aux->used_maps[i];
+		if (map == (void *)addr) {
+			*type = BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD;
+			return map;
+		}
+		if (!map->ops->map_direct_value_meta)
+			continue;
+		if (!map->ops->map_direct_value_meta(map, addr, idx, off)) {
+			*type = BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE;
+			return map;
+		}
+	}
+
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -2075,6 +2089,7 @@ static struct bpf_insn *bpf_insn_prepare_dump(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
 {
 	const struct bpf_map *map;
 	struct bpf_insn *insns;
+	u32 idx, off, type;
 	u64 imm;
 	int i;
 
@@ -2102,11 +2117,13 @@ static struct bpf_insn *bpf_insn_prepare_dump(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
 			continue;
 
 		imm = ((u64)insns[i + 1].imm << 32) | (u32)insns[i].imm;
-		map = bpf_map_from_imm(prog, imm);
+		map = bpf_map_from_imm(prog, imm, &idx, &off, &type);
 		if (map) {
-			insns[i].src_reg = BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD;
+			insns[i].src_reg = type;
 			insns[i].imm = map->id;
-			insns[i + 1].imm = 0;
+			insns[i].off = (u16)idx;
+			insns[i + 1].imm = off;
+			insns[i + 1].off = (u16)(idx >> 16);
 			continue;
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
index ce166a002d16..57678cef9a2c 100644
--- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
+++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c
@@ -4944,25 +4944,20 @@ static int check_cond_jmp_op(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/* return the map pointer stored inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
-static struct bpf_map *ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(struct bpf_insn *insn)
-{
-	u64 imm64 = ((u64) (u32) insn[0].imm) | ((u64) (u32) insn[1].imm) << 32;
-
-	return (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) imm64;
-}
-
 /* verify BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
 static int check_ld_imm(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
 {
+	struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux = cur_aux(env);
 	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = cur_regs(env);
+	struct bpf_map *map;
 	int err;
 
 	if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW) {
 		verbose(env, "invalid BPF_LD_IMM insn\n");
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
-	if (insn->off != 0) {
+
+	if (insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE && insn->off != 0) {
 		verbose(env, "BPF_LD_IMM64 uses reserved fields\n");
 		return -EINVAL;
 	}
@@ -4979,11 +4974,22 @@ static int check_ld_imm(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	/* replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr() should have caught bad ld_imm64 */
-	BUG_ON(insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD);
+	map = env->used_maps[aux->map_index];
+	mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, insn->dst_reg);
+	regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = map;
+
+	if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE) {
+		regs[insn->dst_reg].type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE;
+		regs[insn->dst_reg].off = aux->map_off;
+		if (map_value_has_spin_lock(map))
+			regs[insn->dst_reg].id = ++env->id_gen;
+	} else if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD) {
+		regs[insn->dst_reg].type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
+	} else {
+		verbose(env, "bpf verifier is misconfigured\n");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
 
-	regs[insn->dst_reg].type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
-	regs[insn->dst_reg].map_ptr = ld_imm64_to_map_ptr(insn);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -6664,23 +6670,34 @@ static int replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 		}
 
 		if (insn[0].code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
+			struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux;
 			struct bpf_map *map;
 			struct fd f;
-
-			if (i == insn_cnt - 1 || insn[1].code != 0 ||
-			    insn[1].dst_reg != 0 || insn[1].src_reg != 0 ||
-			    insn[1].off != 0) {
+			u64 addr;
+
+			if (i == insn_cnt - 1 ||
+			    insn[1].code != 0 ||
+			    insn[1].dst_reg != 0 ||
+			    insn[1].src_reg != 0 ||
+			    (insn[1].off != 0 &&
+			     insn[0].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE)) {
 				verbose(env, "invalid bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
 				return -EINVAL;
 			}
 
-			if (insn->src_reg == 0)
+			if (insn[0].src_reg == 0)
 				/* valid generic load 64-bit imm */
 				goto next_insn;
 
-			if (insn[0].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD ||
-			    insn[1].imm != 0) {
-				verbose(env, "unrecognized bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
+			/* In final convert_pseudo_ld_imm64() step, this is
+			 * converted into regular 64-bit imm load insn.
+			 */
+			if ((insn[0].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD &&
+			     insn[0].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE) ||
+			    (insn[0].src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD &&
+			     insn[1].imm != 0)) {
+				verbose(env,
+					"unrecognized bpf_ld_imm64 insn\n");
 				return -EINVAL;
 			}
 
@@ -6698,16 +6715,49 @@ static int replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 				return err;
 			}
 
-			/* store map pointer inside BPF_LD_IMM64 instruction */
-			insn[0].imm = (u32) (unsigned long) map;
-			insn[1].imm = ((u64) (unsigned long) map) >> 32;
+			aux = &env->insn_aux_data[i];
+			if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD) {
+				addr = (unsigned long)map;
+			} else {
+				u32 idx = ((u32)(u16)insn[0].off) |
+					  ((u32)(u16)insn[1].off) << 16;
+				u32 off = insn[1].imm;
+
+				if (off >= BPF_MAX_VAR_OFF) {
+					verbose(env, "direct value offset of %u is not allowed\n", off);
+					fdput(f);
+					return -EINVAL;
+				}
+
+				if (!map->ops->map_direct_value_addr) {
+					verbose(env, "no direct value access support for this map type\n");
+					fdput(f);
+					return -EINVAL;
+				}
+
+				err = map->ops->map_direct_value_addr(map, &addr, idx, off);
+				if (err) {
+					verbose(env, "invalid access to map value pointer, value_size=%u index=%u off=%u\n",
+						map->value_size, idx, off);
+					fdput(f);
+					return err;
+				}
+
+				aux->map_off = off;
+				addr += off;
+			}
+
+			insn[0].imm = (u32)addr;
+			insn[1].imm = addr >> 32;
 
 			/* check whether we recorded this map already */
-			for (j = 0; j < env->used_map_cnt; j++)
+			for (j = 0; j < env->used_map_cnt; j++) {
 				if (env->used_maps[j] == map) {
+					aux->map_index = j;
 					fdput(f);
 					goto next_insn;
 				}
+			}
 
 			if (env->used_map_cnt >= MAX_USED_MAPS) {
 				fdput(f);
@@ -6724,6 +6774,8 @@ static int replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 				fdput(f);
 				return PTR_ERR(map);
 			}
+
+			aux->map_index = env->used_map_cnt;
 			env->used_maps[env->used_map_cnt++] = map;
 
 			if (bpf_map_is_cgroup_storage(map) &&
@@ -6778,9 +6830,12 @@ static void convert_pseudo_ld_imm64(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
 	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
 	int i;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++)
-		if (insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW))
+	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
+		if (insn->code == (BPF_LD | BPF_IMM | BPF_DW)) {
 			insn->src_reg = 0;
+			insn->off = (insn + 1)->off = 0;
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 /* single env->prog->insni[off] instruction was replaced with the range
diff --git a/tools/bpf/bpftool/xlated_dumper.c b/tools/bpf/bpftool/xlated_dumper.c
index 7073dbe1ff27..5391a9a70112 100644
--- a/tools/bpf/bpftool/xlated_dumper.c
+++ b/tools/bpf/bpftool/xlated_dumper.c
@@ -195,6 +195,12 @@ static const char *print_imm(void *private_data,
 	if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_FD)
 		snprintf(dd->scratch_buff, sizeof(dd->scratch_buff),
 			 "map[id:%u]", insn->imm);
+	else if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_MAP_VALUE)
+		snprintf(dd->scratch_buff, sizeof(dd->scratch_buff),
+			 "map[id:%u][%u]+%u", insn->imm,
+			 ((__u32)(__u16)insn[0].off) |
+			 ((__u32)(__u16)insn[1].off) << 16,
+			 (insn + 1)->imm);
 	else
 		snprintf(dd->scratch_buff, sizeof(dd->scratch_buff),
 			 "0x%llx", (unsigned long long)full_imm);
-- 
2.17.1

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