Date:   Tue, 7 Mar 2023 16:01:28 -0800
From:   Andrii Nakryiko <andrii.nakryiko@...il.com>
To:     Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@...il.com>
Cc:     Alexei Starovoitov <alexei.starovoitov@...il.com>,
        Joanne Koong <joannelkoong@...il.com>,
        bpf <bpf@...r.kernel.org>,
        Martin KaFai Lau <martin.lau@...nel.org>,
        Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@...nel.org>,
        Alexei Starovoitov <ast@...nel.org>,
        Daniel Borkmann <daniel@...earbox.net>,
        Network Development <netdev@...r.kernel.org>,
        Toke Høiland-Jørgensen <toke@...nel.org>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v13 bpf-next 09/10] bpf: Add bpf_dynptr_slice and bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr

On Tue, Mar 7, 2023 at 9:35 AM Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@...il.com> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Mar 07, 2023 at 04:45:14PM CET, Alexei Starovoitov wrote:
> > On Tue, Mar 7, 2023 at 2:22 AM Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi <memxor@...il.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > On Tue, Mar 07, 2023 at 03:23:25AM CET, Alexei Starovoitov wrote:
> > > > On Sun, Mar 5, 2023 at 11:10 PM Kumar Kartikeya Dwivedi
> > > > <memxor@...il.com> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > On Wed, Mar 01, 2023 at 04:49:52PM CET, Joanne Koong wrote:
> > > > > > Two new kfuncs are added, bpf_dynptr_slice and bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr.
> > > > > > The user must pass in a buffer to store the contents of the data slice
> > > > > > if a direct pointer to the data cannot be obtained.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > For skb and xdp type dynptrs, these two APIs are the only way to obtain
> > > > > > a data slice. However, for other types of dynptrs, there is no
> > > > > > difference between bpf_dynptr_slice(_rdwr) and bpf_dynptr_data.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > For skb type dynptrs, the data is copied into the user provided buffer
> > > > > > if any of the data is not in the linear portion of the skb. For xdp type
> > > > > > dynptrs, the data is copied into the user provided buffer if the data is
> > > > > > between xdp frags.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > If the skb is cloned and a call to bpf_dynptr_data_rdwr is made, then
> > > > > > the skb will be uncloned (see bpf_unclone_prologue()).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Please note that any bpf_dynptr_write() automatically invalidates any prior
> > > > > > data slices of the skb dynptr. This is because the skb may be cloned or
> > > > > > may need to pull its paged buffer into the head. As such, any
> > > > > > bpf_dynptr_write() will automatically have its prior data slices
> > > > > > invalidated, even if the write is to data in the skb head of an uncloned
> > > > > > skb. Please note as well that any other helper calls that change the
> > > > > > underlying packet buffer (eg bpf_skb_pull_data()) invalidates any data
> > > > > > slices of the skb dynptr as well, for the same reasons.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Signed-off-by: Joanne Koong <joannelkoong@...il.com>
> > > > > > ---
> > > > >
> > > > > Sorry for chiming in late.
> > > > >
> > > > > I see one potential hole in bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr. If the returned pointer is
> > > > > actually pointing to the stack (but verified as a PTR_TO_MEM in verifier state),
> > > > > we won't reflect changes to the stack state in the verifier for writes happening
> > > > > through it.
> > > > >
> > > > > For the worst case scenario, this will basically allow overwriting values of
> > > > > spilled pointers and doing arbitrary kernel memory reads/writes. This is only an
> > > > > issue when bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr at runtime returns a pointer to the supplied
> > > > > buffer residing on program stack. To verify, by forcing the memcpy to buffer for
> > > > > skb_header_pointer I was able to make it dereference a garbage value for
> > > > > l4lb_all selftest.
> > > > >
> > > > > --- a/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
> > > > > +++ b/kernel/bpf/helpers.c
> > > > > @@ -2253,7 +2253,13 @@ __bpf_kfunc void *bpf_dynptr_slice(const struct bpf_dynptr_kern *ptr, u32 offset
> > > > >         case BPF_DYNPTR_TYPE_RINGBUF:
> > > > >                 return ptr->data + ptr->offset + offset;
> > > > >         case BPF_DYNPTR_TYPE_SKB:
> > > > > -               return skb_header_pointer(ptr->data, ptr->offset + offset, len, buffer);
> > > > > +       {
> > > > > +               void *p = skb_header_pointer(ptr->data, ptr->offset + offset, len, buffer);
> > > > > +               if (p == buffer)
> > > > > +                       return p;
> > > > > +               memcpy(buffer, p, len);
> > > > > +               return buffer;
> > > > > +       }
> > > > >
> > > > > --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_l4lb_noinline_dynptr.c
> > > > > +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/test_l4lb_noinline_dynptr.c
> > > > > @@ -470,7 +470,10 @@ int balancer_ingress(struct __sk_buff *ctx)
> > > > >         eth = bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr(&ptr, 0, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
> > > > >         if (!eth)
> > > > >                 return TC_ACT_SHOT;
> > > > > -       eth_proto = eth->eth_proto;
> > > > > +       *(void **)buffer = ctx;
> > > >
> > > > Great catch.
> > > > To fix the issue I think we should simply disallow such
> > > > stack abuse. The compiler won't be spilling registers
> > > > into C array on the stack.
> > > > This manual spill/fill is exploiting verifier logic.
> > > > After bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr() we can mark all slots of the
> > > > buffer as STACK_POISON or some better name and
> > > > reject spill into such slots.
> > > >
> > >
> > > I agree this is simpler, but I'm not sure it will work properly. Verifier won't
> > > know when the lifetime of the buffer ends, so if we disallow spills until its
> > > written over it's going to be a pain for users.
> > >
> > > Something like:
> > >
> > > for (...) {
> > >         char buf[64];
> > >         bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr(..., buf, 64);
> > >         ...
> > > }
> > >
> > > .. and then compiler decides to spill something where buf was located on stack
> > > outside the for loop. The verifier can't know when buf goes out of scope to
> > > unpoison the slots.
> >
> > You're saying the "verifier doesn't know when buf ...".
> > The same applies to the compiler. It has no visibility
> > into what bpf_dynptr_slice_rdwr is doing.
>
> That is true, it can't assume anything about the side effects. But I am talking
> about the point in the program when the buffer object no longer lives. Use of
> the escaped pointer to such an object any longer is UB. The compiler is well
> within its rights to reuse its stack storage at that point, including for
> spilling registers. Which is why "outside the for loop" in my earlier reply.
>
> > So it never spills into a declared C array
> > as I tried to explain in the previous reply.
> > Spill/fill slots are always invisible to C.
> > (unless of course you do pointer arithmetic asm style)
>
> When the declared array's lifetime ends, it can.
> https://godbolt.org/z/Ez7v4xfnv
>
> The 2nd call to bar as part of unrolled loop happens with fp-8, then it calls
> baz, spills r0 to fp-8, and calls bar again with fp-8.
>
> If such a stack slot is STACK_POISON, verifier will reject this program.
>
> >
> > > > > +       *(void **)eth = (void *)0xdeadbeef;
> > > > > +       ctx = *(void **)buffer;
> > > > > +       eth_proto = eth->eth_proto + ctx->len;
> > > > >         if (eth_proto == bpf_htons(ETH_P_IP))
> > > > >                 err = process_packet(&ptr, eth, nh_off, false, ctx);
> > > > >
> > > > > I think the proper fix is to treat it as a separate return type distinct from
> > > > > PTR_TO_MEM like PTR_TO_MEM_OR_PKT (or handle PTR_TO_MEM | DYNPTR_* specially),
> > > > > fork verifier state whenever there is a write, so that one path verifies it as
> > > > > PTR_TO_PACKET, while another as PTR_TO_STACK (if buffer was a stack ptr). I
> > > > > think for the rest it's not a problem, but there are allow_ptr_leak checks
> > > > > applied to PTR_TO_STACK and PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, so that needs to be rechecked.
> > > > > Then we ensure that program is safe in either path.
> > > > >
> > > > > Also we need to fix regsafe to not consider other PTR_TO_MEMs equivalent to such
> > > > > a pointer. We could also fork verifier states on return, to verify either path
> > > > > separately right from the point following the call instruction.
> > > >
> > > > This is too complex imo.
> > >
> > > A better way to phrase this is to verify with R0 = PTR_TO_PACKET in one path,
> > > and push_stack with R0 = buffer's reg->type + size set to len in the other path
> > > for exploration later. In terms of verifier infra everything is there already,
> > > it just needs to analyze both cases which fall into the regular code handling
> > > the reg->type's. Probably then no adjustments to regsafe are needed either. It's
> > > like exploring branch instructions.
> >
> > I still don't like it. There is no reason to go a complex path
> > when much simpler suffices.

This issue you are discussing is the reason we don't support
bpf_dynptr_from_mem() taking PTR_TO_STACK (which is a pity, but we
postponed it initially).

I've been thinking about something along the lines of STACK_POISON,
but remembering associated id/ref_obj_id. When ref is released, turn
STACK_POISON to STACK_MISC. If it's bpf_dynptr_slice_rdrw() or
bpf_dynptr_from_mem(), which don't have ref_obj_id, they still have ID
associated with returned pointer, so can we somehow incorporate that?

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