Date: Tue, 26 Sep 2023 15:10:54 -0700
From: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii.nakryiko@...il.com>
To: Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org>
Cc: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@...nel.org>, bpf@...r.kernel.org, netdev@...r.kernel.org, 
	linux-fsdevel@...r.kernel.org, linux-security-module@...r.kernel.org, 
	keescook@...omium.org, lennart@...ttering.net, kernel-team@...a.com, 
	sargun@...gun.me
Subject: Re: [PATCH v5 bpf-next 03/13] bpf: introduce BPF token object

On Tue, Sep 26, 2023 at 9:21 AM Christian Brauner <brauner@...nel.org> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Sep 19, 2023 at 02:47:50PM -0700, Andrii Nakryiko wrote:
> > Add new kind of BPF kernel object, BPF token. BPF token is meant to
> > allow delegating privileged BPF functionality, like loading a BPF
> > program or creating a BPF map, from privileged process to a *trusted*
> > unprivileged process, all while have a good amount of control over which
> > privileged operations could be performed using provided BPF token.
> >
> > This is achieved through mounting BPF FS instance with extra delegation
> > mount options, which determine what operations are delegatable, and also
> > constraining it to the owning user namespace (as mentioned in the
> > previous patch).
> >
> > BPF token itself is just a derivative from BPF FS and can be created
> > through a new bpf() syscall command, BPF_TOKEN_CREAT, which accepts
> > a path specification (using the usual fd + string path combo) to a BPF
> > FS mount. Currently, BPF token "inherits" delegated command, map types,
> > prog type, and attach type bit sets from BPF FS as is. In the future,
> > having an BPF token as a separate object with its own FD, we can allow
> > to further restrict BPF token's allowable set of things either at the creation
> > time or after the fact, allowing the process to guard itself further
> > from, e.g., unintentionally trying to load undesired kind of BPF
> > programs. But for now we keep things simple and just copy bit sets as is.
> >
> > When BPF token is created from BPF FS mount, we take reference to the
> > BPF super block's owning user namespace, and then use that namespace for
> > checking all the {CAP_BPF, CAP_PERFMON, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_SYS_ADMIN}
> > capabilities that are normally only checked against init userns (using
> > capable()), but now we check them using ns_capable() instead (if BPF
> > token is provided). See bpf_token_capable() for details.
> >
> > Such setup means that BPF token in itself is not sufficient to grant BPF
> > functionality. User namespaced process has to *also* have necessary
> > combination of capabilities inside that user namespace. So while
> > previously CAP_BPF was useless when granted within user namespace, now
> > it gains a meaning and allows container managers and sys admins to have
> > a flexible control over which processes can and need to use BPF
> > functionality within the user namespace (i.e., container in practice).
> > And BPF FS delegation mount options and derived BPF tokens serve as
> > a per-container "flag" to grant overall ability to use bpf() (plus further
> > restrict on which parts of bpf() syscalls are treated as namespaced).
> >
> > The alternative to creating BPF token object was:
> >   a) not having any extra object and just pasing BPF FS path to each
> >      relevant bpf() command. This seems suboptimal as it's racy (mount
> >      under the same path might change in between checking it and using it
> >      for bpf() command). And also less flexible if we'd like to further
> >      restrict ourselves compared to all the delegated functionality
> >      allowed on BPF FS.
> >   b) use non-bpf() interface, e.g., ioctl(), but otherwise also create
> >      a dedicated FD that would represent a token-like functionality. This
> >      doesn't seem superior to having a proper bpf() command, so
> >      BPF_TOKEN_CREATE was chosen.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@...nel.org>
> > ---
> >  include/linux/bpf.h            |  42 ++++++++
> >  include/uapi/linux/bpf.h       |  39 +++++++
> >  kernel/bpf/Makefile            |   2 +-
> >  kernel/bpf/inode.c             |   4 +-
> >  kernel/bpf/syscall.c           |  17 +++
> >  kernel/bpf/token.c             | 189 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> >  tools/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h |  39 +++++++
> >  7 files changed, 330 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> >  create mode 100644 kernel/bpf/token.c
> >
> > diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h
> > index 026923a60cad..ae13538f5465 100644
> > --- a/include/linux/bpf.h
> > +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h
> > @@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ struct module;
> >  struct bpf_func_state;
> >  struct ftrace_ops;
> >  struct cgroup;
> > +struct bpf_token;
> > +struct user_namespace;
> >
> >  extern struct idr btf_idr;
> >  extern spinlock_t btf_idr_lock;
> > @@ -1572,6 +1574,13 @@ struct bpf_mount_opts {
> >       u64 delegate_attachs;
> >  };
> >
> > +struct bpf_token {
> > +     struct work_struct work;
> > +     atomic64_t refcnt;
> > +     struct user_namespace *userns;
> > +     u64 allowed_cmds;
> > +};
> > +
> >  struct bpf_struct_ops_value;
> >  struct btf_member;
> >
> > @@ -2162,6 +2171,8 @@ static inline void bpf_map_dec_elem_count(struct bpf_map *map)
> >
> >  extern int sysctl_unprivileged_bpf_disabled;
> >
> > +bool bpf_token_capable(const struct bpf_token *token, int cap);
> > +
> >  static inline bool bpf_allow_ptr_leaks(void)
> >  {
> >       return perfmon_capable();
> > @@ -2196,6 +2207,14 @@ int bpf_link_new_fd(struct bpf_link *link);
> >  struct bpf_link *bpf_link_get_from_fd(u32 ufd);
> >  struct bpf_link *bpf_link_get_curr_or_next(u32 *id);
> >
> > +void bpf_token_inc(struct bpf_token *token);
> > +void bpf_token_put(struct bpf_token *token);
> > +int bpf_token_create(union bpf_attr *attr);
> > +int bpf_token_new_fd(struct bpf_token *token);
> > +struct bpf_token *bpf_token_get_from_fd(u32 ufd);
> > +
> > +bool bpf_token_allow_cmd(const struct bpf_token *token, enum bpf_cmd cmd);
> > +
> >  int bpf_obj_pin_user(u32 ufd, int path_fd, const char __user *pathname);
> >  int bpf_obj_get_user(int path_fd, const char __user *pathname, int flags);
> >
> > @@ -2557,6 +2576,29 @@ static inline int bpf_obj_get_user(const char __user *pathname, int flags)
> >       return -EOPNOTSUPP;
> >  }
> >
> > +static inline bool bpf_token_capable(const struct bpf_token *token, int cap)
> > +{
> > +     return capable(cap) || (cap != CAP_SYS_ADMIN && capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN));
> > +}
> > +
> > +static inline void bpf_token_inc(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +}
> > +
> > +static inline void bpf_token_put(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +}
> > +
> > +static inline int bpf_token_new_fd(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +     return -EOPNOTSUPP;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static inline struct bpf_token *bpf_token_get_from_fd(u32 ufd)
> > +{
> > +     return ERR_PTR(-EOPNOTSUPP);
> > +}
> > +
> >  static inline void __dev_flush(void)
> >  {
> >  }
> > diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > index 73b155e52204..36e98c6f8944 100644
> > --- a/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > +++ b/include/uapi/linux/bpf.h
> > @@ -847,6 +847,37 @@ union bpf_iter_link_info {
> >   *           Returns zero on success. On error, -1 is returned and *errno*
> >   *           is set appropriately.
> >   *
> > + * BPF_TOKEN_CREATE
> > + *   Description
> > + *           Create BPF token with embedded information about what
> > + *           BPF-related functionality it allows:
> > + *           - a set of allowed bpf() syscall commands;
> > + *           - a set of allowed BPF map types to be created with
> > + *           BPF_MAP_CREATE command, if BPF_MAP_CREATE itself is allowed;
> > + *           - a set of allowed BPF program types and BPF program attach
> > + *           types to be loaded with BPF_PROG_LOAD command, if
> > + *           BPF_PROG_LOAD itself is allowed.
> > + *
> > + *           BPF token is created (derived) from an instance of BPF FS,
> > + *           assuming it has necessary delegation mount options specified.
> > + *           BPF FS mount is specified with openat()-style path FD + string.
> > + *           This BPF token can be passed as an extra parameter to various
> > + *           bpf() syscall commands to grant BPF subsystem functionality to
> > + *           unprivileged processes.
> > + *
> > + *           When created, BPF token is "associated" with the owning
> > + *           user namespace of BPF FS instance (super block) that it was
> > + *           derived from, and subsequent BPF operations performed with
> > + *           BPF token would be performing capabilities checks (i.e.,
> > + *           CAP_BPF, CAP_PERFMON, CAP_NET_ADMIN, CAP_SYS_ADMIN) within
> > + *           that user namespace. Without BPF token, such capabilities
> > + *           have to be granted in init user namespace, making bpf()
> > + *           syscall incompatible with user namespace, for the most part.
> > + *
> > + *   Return
> > + *           A new file descriptor (a nonnegative integer), or -1 if an
> > + *           error occurred (in which case, *errno* is set appropriately).
> > + *
> >   * NOTES
> >   *   eBPF objects (maps and programs) can be shared between processes.
> >   *
> > @@ -901,6 +932,8 @@ enum bpf_cmd {
> >       BPF_ITER_CREATE,
> >       BPF_LINK_DETACH,
> >       BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP,
> > +     BPF_TOKEN_CREATE,
> > +     __MAX_BPF_CMD,
> >  };
> >
> >  enum bpf_map_type {
> > @@ -1694,6 +1727,12 @@ union bpf_attr {
> >               __u32           flags;          /* extra flags */
> >       } prog_bind_map;
> >
> > +     struct { /* struct used by BPF_TOKEN_CREATE command */
> > +             __u32           flags;
> > +             __u32           bpffs_path_fd;
> > +             __u64           bpffs_pathname;
> > +     } token_create;
> > +
> >  } __attribute__((aligned(8)));
> >
> >  /* The description below is an attempt at providing documentation to eBPF
> > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/Makefile b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> > index f526b7573e97..4ce95acfcaa7 100644
> > --- a/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> > +++ b/kernel/bpf/Makefile
> > @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ cflags-nogcse-$(CONFIG_X86)$(CONFIG_CC_IS_GCC) := -fno-gcse
> >  endif
> >  CFLAGS_core.o += $(call cc-disable-warning, override-init) $(cflags-nogcse-yy)
> >
> > -obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o tnum.o log.o
> > +obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o tnum.o log.o token.o
> >  obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_iter.o map_iter.o task_iter.o prog_iter.o link_iter.o
> >  obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += hashtab.o arraymap.o percpu_freelist.o bpf_lru_list.o lpm_trie.o map_in_map.o bloom_filter.o
> >  obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o ringbuf.o
> > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/inode.c b/kernel/bpf/inode.c
> > index 8f66b57d3546..82f11fbffd3e 100644
> > --- a/kernel/bpf/inode.c
> > +++ b/kernel/bpf/inode.c
> > @@ -603,11 +603,13 @@ static int bpf_show_options(struct seq_file *m, struct dentry *root)
> >  {
> >       struct bpf_mount_opts *opts = root->d_sb->s_fs_info;
> >       umode_t mode = d_inode(root)->i_mode & S_IALLUGO & ~S_ISVTX;
> > +     u64 mask;
> >
> >       if (mode != S_IRWXUGO)
> >               seq_printf(m, ",mode=%o", mode);
> >
> > -     if (opts->delegate_cmds == ~0ULL)
> > +     mask = (1ULL << __MAX_BPF_CMD) - 1;
> > +     if ((opts->delegate_cmds & mask) == mask)
> >               seq_printf(m, ",delegate_cmds=any");
> >       else if (opts->delegate_cmds)
> >               seq_printf(m, ",delegate_cmds=0x%llx", opts->delegate_cmds);
> > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > index f024caee0bba..93338faa43d5 100644
> > --- a/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > +++ b/kernel/bpf/syscall.c
> > @@ -5302,6 +5302,20 @@ static int bpf_prog_bind_map(union bpf_attr *attr)
> >       return ret;
> >  }
> >
> > +#define BPF_TOKEN_CREATE_LAST_FIELD token_create.bpffs_pathname
> > +
> > +static int token_create(union bpf_attr *attr)
> > +{
> > +     if (CHECK_ATTR(BPF_TOKEN_CREATE))
> > +             return -EINVAL;
> > +
> > +     /* no flags are supported yet */
> > +     if (attr->token_create.flags)
> > +             return -EINVAL;
> > +
> > +     return bpf_token_create(attr);
> > +}
> > +
> >  static int __sys_bpf(int cmd, bpfptr_t uattr, unsigned int size)
> >  {
> >       union bpf_attr attr;
> > @@ -5435,6 +5449,9 @@ static int __sys_bpf(int cmd, bpfptr_t uattr, unsigned int size)
> >       case BPF_PROG_BIND_MAP:
> >               err = bpf_prog_bind_map(&attr);
> >               break;
> > +     case BPF_TOKEN_CREATE:
> > +             err = token_create(&attr);
> > +             break;
> >       default:
> >               err = -EINVAL;
> >               break;
> > diff --git a/kernel/bpf/token.c b/kernel/bpf/token.c
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 000000000000..f6ea3eddbee6
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/kernel/bpf/token.c
> > @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
> > +#include <linux/bpf.h>
> > +#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
> > +#include <linux/anon_inodes.h>
> > +#include <linux/fdtable.h>
> > +#include <linux/file.h>
> > +#include <linux/fs.h>
> > +#include <linux/kernel.h>
> > +#include <linux/idr.h>
> > +#include <linux/namei.h>
> > +#include <linux/user_namespace.h>
> > +
> > +bool bpf_token_capable(const struct bpf_token *token, int cap)
> > +{
> > +     /* BPF token allows ns_capable() level of capabilities */
> > +     if (token) {
> > +             if (ns_capable(token->userns, cap))
> > +                     return true;
> > +             if (cap != CAP_SYS_ADMIN && ns_capable(token->userns, CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
> > +                     return true;
> > +     }
> > +     /* otherwise fallback to capable() checks */
> > +     return capable(cap) || (cap != CAP_SYS_ADMIN && capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN));
> > +}
> > +
> > +void bpf_token_inc(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +     atomic64_inc(&token->refcnt);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void bpf_token_free(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +     put_user_ns(token->userns);
> > +     kvfree(token);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void bpf_token_put_deferred(struct work_struct *work)
> > +{
> > +     struct bpf_token *token = container_of(work, struct bpf_token, work);
> > +
> > +     bpf_token_free(token);
> > +}
> > +
> > +void bpf_token_put(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +     if (!token)
> > +             return;
> > +
> > +     if (!atomic64_dec_and_test(&token->refcnt))
> > +             return;
> > +
> > +     INIT_WORK(&token->work, bpf_token_put_deferred);
> > +     schedule_work(&token->work);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int bpf_token_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
> > +{
> > +     struct bpf_token *token = filp->private_data;
> > +
> > +     bpf_token_put(token);
> > +     return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static ssize_t bpf_dummy_read(struct file *filp, char __user *buf, size_t siz,
> > +                           loff_t *ppos)
> > +{
> > +     /* We need this handler such that alloc_file() enables
> > +      * f_mode with FMODE_CAN_READ.
> > +      */
> > +     return -EINVAL;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static ssize_t bpf_dummy_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf,
> > +                            size_t siz, loff_t *ppos)
> > +{
> > +     /* We need this handler such that alloc_file() enables
> > +      * f_mode with FMODE_CAN_WRITE.
> > +      */
> > +     return -EINVAL;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void bpf_token_show_fdinfo(struct seq_file *m, struct file *filp)
> > +{
> > +     struct bpf_token *token = filp->private_data;
> > +     u64 mask;
> > +
> > +     mask = (1ULL << __MAX_BPF_CMD) - 1;
> > +     if ((token->allowed_cmds & mask) == mask)
> > +             seq_printf(m, "allowed_cmds:\tany\n");
> > +     else
> > +             seq_printf(m, "allowed_cmds:\t0x%llx\n", token->allowed_cmds);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static const struct file_operations bpf_token_fops = {
> > +     .release        = bpf_token_release,
> > +     .read           = bpf_dummy_read,
> > +     .write          = bpf_dummy_write,
> > +     .show_fdinfo    = bpf_token_show_fdinfo,
> > +};
> > +
> > +static struct bpf_token *bpf_token_alloc(void)
> > +{
> > +     struct bpf_token *token;
> > +
> > +     token = kvzalloc(sizeof(*token), GFP_USER);
> > +     if (!token)
> > +             return NULL;
> > +
> > +     atomic64_set(&token->refcnt, 1);
> > +
> > +     return token;
> > +}
> > +
> > +int bpf_token_create(union bpf_attr *attr)
> > +{
> > +     struct path path;
> > +     struct bpf_mount_opts *mnt_opts;
> > +     struct bpf_token *token;
> > +     int ret;
> > +
> > +     ret = user_path_at(attr->token_create.bpffs_path_fd,
> > +                        u64_to_user_ptr(attr->token_create.bpffs_pathname),
> > +                        LOOKUP_FOLLOW | LOOKUP_EMPTY, &path);
> > +     if (ret)
> > +             return ret;
> > +
> > +     if (path.mnt->mnt_root != path.dentry) {
> > +             ret = -EINVAL;
> > +             goto out;
> > +     }
> > +     ret = path_permission(&path, MAY_ACCESS);
> > +     if (ret)
> > +             goto out;
> > +
> > +     token = bpf_token_alloc();
> > +     if (!token) {
> > +             ret = -ENOMEM;
> > +             goto out;
> > +     }
> > +
> > +     /* remember bpffs owning userns for future ns_capable() checks */
> > +     token->userns = get_user_ns(path.dentry->d_sb->s_user_ns);
> > +
> > +     mnt_opts = path.dentry->d_sb->s_fs_info;
> > +     token->allowed_cmds = mnt_opts->delegate_cmds;
> > +
> > +     ret = bpf_token_new_fd(token);
> > +     if (ret < 0)
> > +             bpf_token_free(token);
> > +out:
> > +     path_put(&path);
> > +     return ret;
> > +}
> > +
> > +#define BPF_TOKEN_INODE_NAME "bpf-token"
> > +
> > +/* Alloc anon_inode and FD for prepared token.
> > + * Returns fd >= 0 on success; negative error, otherwise.
> > + */
> > +int bpf_token_new_fd(struct bpf_token *token)
> > +{
> > +     return anon_inode_getfd(BPF_TOKEN_INODE_NAME, &bpf_token_fops, token, O_CLOEXEC);
>
> It's unnecessary to use the anonymous inode infrastructure for bpf
> tokens. It adds even more moving parts and makes reasoning about it even
> harder. Just keep it all in bpffs. IIRC, something like the following
> (broken, non-compiling draft) should work:
>
> /* bpf_token_file - get an unlinked file living in bpffs */
> struct file *bpf_token_file(...)
> {
>         inode = bpf_get_inode(bpffs_mnt->mnt_sb, dir, mode);
>         inode->i_op = &bpf_token_iop;
>         inode->i_fop = &bpf_token_fops;
>
>         // some other stuff you might want or need
>
>         res = alloc_file_pseudo(inode, bpffs_mnt, "bpf-token", O_RDWR, &bpf_token_fops);
> }
>
> Now set your private data that you might need, reserve an fd, install
> the file into the fdtable and return the fd. You should have an unlinked
> bpffs file that serves as your bpf token.

Just to make sure I understand. You are saying that instead of having
`struct bpf_token *` and passing that into internal APIs
(bpf_token_capable() and bpf_token_allow_xxx()), I should just pass
around `struct super_block *` representing BPF FS instance? Or `struct
bpf_mount_opts *` maybe? Or 'struct vfsmount *'? (Any preferences
here?). Is that right?

The point is not to have a struct bpf_token that keeps its own
refcount, doesn't maintain its own allowed_xxx masks, and doesn't keep
a refcnt on userns.

Should I worry about refcounting of the super_block? It was a nice
property that I could store bpf_token inside the program for some
future checks that could happen during attach time after the BPF
program is loaded and verified. How do I achieve the same if I need a
super_block around? Is there some get/put-like APIs for super_block
(or vfsmount?) that I can use for that? I'm sorry if it's stupid
questions, just trying to cover all the ground before I reimplement
portions of this patch set again. Thanks for understanding!

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