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Date: Fri, 1 Dec 2023 17:13:42 -0700
From: Daniel Xu <dxu@...uu.xyz>
To: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii.nakryiko@...il.com>
Cc: ndesaulniers@...gle.com, daniel@...earbox.net, nathan@...nel.org,
ast@...nel.org, andrii@...nel.org, steffen.klassert@...unet.com,
antony.antony@...unet.com, alexei.starovoitov@...il.com, yonghong.song@...ux.dev,
eddyz87@...il.com, martin.lau@...ux.dev, song@...nel.org, john.fastabend@...il.com,
kpsingh@...nel.org, sdf@...gle.com, haoluo@...gle.com, jolsa@...nel.org,
trix@...hat.com, bpf@...r.kernel.org, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
llvm@...ts.linux.dev, devel@...ux-ipsec.org, netdev@...r.kernel.org,
Jonathan Lemon <jlemon@...atrix.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH ipsec-next v3 3/9] libbpf: Add BPF_CORE_WRITE_BITFIELD()
macro
On Fri, Dec 01, 2023 at 03:49:30PM -0800, Andrii Nakryiko wrote:
> On Fri, Dec 1, 2023 at 12:24 PM Daniel Xu <dxu@...uu.xyz> wrote:
> >
> > === Motivation ===
> >
> > Similar to reading from CO-RE bitfields, we need a CO-RE aware bitfield
> > writing wrapper to make the verifier happy.
> >
> > Two alternatives to this approach are:
> >
> > 1. Use the upcoming `preserve_static_offset` [0] attribute to disable
> > CO-RE on specific structs.
> > 2. Use broader byte-sized writes to write to bitfields.
> >
> > (1) is a bit hard to use. It requires specific and not-very-obvious
> > annotations to bpftool generated vmlinux.h. It's also not generally
> > available in released LLVM versions yet.
> >
> > (2) makes the code quite hard to read and write. And especially if
> > BPF_CORE_READ_BITFIELD() is already being used, it makes more sense to
> > to have an inverse helper for writing.
> >
> > === Implementation details ===
> >
> > Since the logic is a bit non-obvious, I thought it would be helpful
> > to explain exactly what's going on.
> >
> > To start, it helps by explaining what LSHIFT_U64 (lshift) and RSHIFT_U64
> > (rshift) is designed to mean. Consider the core of the
> > BPF_CORE_READ_BITFIELD() algorithm:
> >
> > val <<= __CORE_RELO(s, field, LSHIFT_U64);
> > val = val >> __CORE_RELO(s, field, RSHIFT_U64);
>
> nit: indentation is off?
Oops, it's cuz I only deleted the SIGNED check. Will fix.
>
> >
> > Basically what happens is we lshift to clear the non-relevant (blank)
> > higher order bits. Then we rshift to bring the relevant bits (bitfield)
> > down to LSB position (while also clearing blank lower order bits). To
> > illustrate:
> >
> > Start: ........XXX......
> > Lshift: XXX......00000000
> > Rshift: 00000000000000XXX
> >
> > where `.` means blank bit, `0` means 0 bit, and `X` means bitfield bit.
> >
> > After the two operations, the bitfield is ready to be interpreted as a
> > regular integer.
> >
> > Next, we want to build an alternative (but more helpful) mental model
> > on lshift and rshift. That is, to consider:
> >
> > * rshift as the total number of blank bits in the u64
> > * lshift as number of blank bits left of the bitfield in the u64
> >
> > Take a moment to consider why that is true by consulting the above
> > diagram.
> >
> > With this insight, we can how define the following relationship:
> >
> > bitfield
> > _
> > | |
> > 0.....00XXX0...00
> > | | | |
> > |______| | |
> > lshift | |
> > |____|
> > (rshift - lshift)
> >
> > That is, we know the number of higher order blank bits is just lshift.
> > And the number of lower order blank bits is (rshift - lshift).
> >
>
> Nice diagrams and description, thanks!
Thanks!
>
> > Finally, we can examine the core of the write side algorithm:
> >
> > mask = (~0ULL << rshift) >> lshift; // 1
> > nval = new_val; // 2
> > nval = (nval << rpad) & mask; // 3
> > val = (val & ~mask) | nval; // 4
> >
> > (1): Compute a mask where the set bits are the bitfield bits. The first
> > left shift zeros out exactly the number of blank bits, leaving a
> > bitfield sized set of 1s. The subsequent right shift inserts the
> > correct amount of higher order blank bits.
> > (2): Place the new value into a word sized container, nval.
> > (3): Place nval at the correct bit position and mask out blank bits.
> > (4): Mix the bitfield in with original surrounding blank bits.
> >
> > [0]: https://reviews.llvm.org/D133361
> > Co-authored-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@...il.com>
> > Signed-off-by: Eduard Zingerman <eddyz87@...il.com>
> > Co-authored-by: Jonathan Lemon <jlemon@...atrix.com>
> > Signed-off-by: Jonathan Lemon <jlemon@...atrix.com>
> > Signed-off-by: Daniel Xu <dxu@...uu.xyz>
> > ---
> > tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)
> >
> > diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
> > index 1ac57bb7ac55..a7ffb80e3539 100644
> > --- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
> > +++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
> > @@ -111,6 +111,40 @@ enum bpf_enum_value_kind {
> > val; \
> > })
> >
> > +/*
> > + * Write to a bitfield, identified by s->field.
> > + * This is the inverse of BPF_CORE_WRITE_BITFIELD().
> > + */
> > +#define BPF_CORE_WRITE_BITFIELD(s, field, new_val) ({ \
> > + void *p = (void *)s + __CORE_RELO(s, field, BYTE_OFFSET); \
> > + unsigned int byte_size = __CORE_RELO(s, field, BYTE_SIZE); \
> > + unsigned int lshift = __CORE_RELO(s, field, LSHIFT_U64); \
> > + unsigned int rshift = __CORE_RELO(s, field, RSHIFT_U64); \
> > + unsigned int rpad = rshift - lshift; \
> > + unsigned long long nval, mask, val; \
> > + \
> > + asm volatile("" : "+r"(p)); \
> > + \
> > + switch (byte_size) { \
> > + case 1: val = *(unsigned char *)p; break; \
> > + case 2: val = *(unsigned short *)p; break; \
> > + case 4: val = *(unsigned int *)p; break; \
> > + case 8: val = *(unsigned long long *)p; break; \
> > + } \
> > + \
> > + mask = (~0ULL << rshift) >> lshift; \
> > + nval = new_val; \
> > + nval = (nval << rpad) & mask; \
> > + val = (val & ~mask) | nval; \
>
> I'd simplify it to not need nval at all
>
> val = (val & ~mask) | ((new_val << rpad) & mask);
>
> I actually find it easier to follow and make sure we are not doing
> anything unexpected. First part before |, we take old value and clear
> bits we are about to set, second part after |, we take bitfield value,
> shift it in position, and just in case mask it out if it's too big to
> fit. Combine, done.
>
> Other than that, it looks good.
I mostly left it there for the cast. Cuz injecting the `unsigned long
long` cast made the line really long. How about this instead?
diff --git a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
index a7ffb80e3539..7325a12692a3 100644
--- a/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
+++ b/tools/lib/bpf/bpf_core_read.h
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ enum bpf_enum_value_kind {
unsigned int byte_size = __CORE_RELO(s, field, BYTE_SIZE); \
unsigned int lshift = __CORE_RELO(s, field, LSHIFT_U64); \
unsigned int rshift = __CORE_RELO(s, field, RSHIFT_U64); \
+ unsigned long long mask, val, nval = new_val; \
unsigned int rpad = rshift - lshift; \
- unsigned long long nval, mask, val; \
\
asm volatile("" : "+r"(p)); \
\
@@ -133,9 +133,7 @@ enum bpf_enum_value_kind {
} \
\
mask = (~0ULL << rshift) >> lshift; \
- nval = new_val; \
- nval = (nval << rpad) & mask; \
- val = (val & ~mask) | nval; \
+ val = (val & ~mask) | ((nval << rpad) & mask); \
\
switch (byte_size) { \
case 1: *(unsigned char *)p = val; break; \
Thanks,
Daniel
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