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Date: Tue, 01 Jan 2013 02:46:44 -0600
From: Simon Jeons <simon.jeons@...il.com>
To: Petr Holasek <pholasek@...hat.com>
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>,
Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Izik Eidus <izik.eidus@...ellosystems.com>,
Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>,
David Rientjes <rientjes@...gle.com>,
Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@...cle.com>,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, linux-mm@...ck.org,
Anton Arapov <anton@...hat.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH v7 1/2] KSM: numa awareness sysfs knob
On Fri, 2012-12-28 at 02:32 +0100, Petr Holasek wrote:
> Introduces new sysfs boolean knob /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/merge_across_nodes
> which control merging pages across different numa nodes.
> When it is set to zero only pages from the same node are merged,
> otherwise pages from all nodes can be merged together (default behavior).
>
> Typical use-case could be a lot of KVM guests on NUMA machine
> and cpus from more distant nodes would have significant increase
> of access latency to the merged ksm page. Sysfs knob was choosen
> for higher variability when some users still prefers higher amount
> of saved physical memory regardless of access latency.
>
> Every numa node has its own stable & unstable trees because of faster
> searching and inserting. Changing of merge_across_nodes value is possible
> only when there are not any ksm shared pages in system.
>
> I've tested this patch on numa machines with 2, 4 and 8 nodes and
> measured speed of memory access inside of KVM guests with memory pinned
> to one of nodes with this benchmark:
>
> http://pholasek.fedorapeople.org/alloc_pg.c
>
> Population standard deviations of access times in percentage of average
> were following:
>
> merge_across_nodes=1
> 2 nodes 1.4%
> 4 nodes 1.6%
> 8 nodes 1.7%
>
> merge_across_nodes=0
> 2 nodes 1%
> 4 nodes 0.32%
> 8 nodes 0.018%
>
> RFC: https://lkml.org/lkml/2011/11/30/91
> v1: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/1/23/46
> v2: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/6/29/105
> v3: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/14/550
> v4: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/23/137
> v5: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/10/540
> v6: https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/12/23/154
>
> Changelog:
>
> v2: Andrew's objections were reflected:
> - value of merge_nodes can't be changed while there are some ksm
> pages in system
> - merge_nodes sysfs entry appearance depends on CONFIG_NUMA
> - more verbose documentation
> - added some performance testing results
>
> v3: - more verbose documentation
> - fixed race in merge_nodes store function
> - introduced share_all debugging knob proposed by Andrew
> - minor cleanups
>
> v4: - merge_nodes was renamed to merge_across_nodes
> - share_all debug knob was dropped
> - get_kpfn_nid helper
> - fixed page migration behaviour
>
> v5: - unstable node's nid presence depends on CONFIG_NUMA
> - fixed oops appearing when stable nodes were removed from tree
> - roots of stable trees are initialized properly
> - fixed unstable page migration issue
>
> v6: - fixed oops caused by stable_nodes appended to wrong tree
> - KSM_RUN_MERGE test removed
>
> v7: - added sysfs ABI documentation for KSM
>
> Signed-off-by: Petr Holasek <pholasek@...hat.com>
> Signed-off-by: Hugh Dickins <hughd@...gle.com>
> Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>
> ---
> Documentation/vm/ksm.txt | 7 +++
> mm/ksm.c | 151 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
> 2 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
> index b392e49..25cc89b 100644
> --- a/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/vm/ksm.txt
> @@ -58,6 +58,13 @@ sleep_millisecs - how many milliseconds ksmd should sleep before next scan
> e.g. "echo 20 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/sleep_millisecs"
> Default: 20 (chosen for demonstration purposes)
>
> +merge_across_nodes - specifies if pages from different numa nodes can be merged.
> + When set to 0, ksm merges only pages which physically
> + reside in the memory area of same NUMA node. It brings
> + lower latency to access to shared page. Value can be
> + changed only when there is no ksm shared pages in system.
> + Default: 1
> +
> run - set 0 to stop ksmd from running but keep merged pages,
> set 1 to run ksmd e.g. "echo 1 > /sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run",
> set 2 to stop ksmd and unmerge all pages currently merged,
> diff --git a/mm/ksm.c b/mm/ksm.c
> index 5157385..d1e1041 100644
> --- a/mm/ksm.c
> +++ b/mm/ksm.c
> @@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
> #include <linux/hash.h>
> #include <linux/freezer.h>
> #include <linux/oom.h>
> +#include <linux/numa.h>
>
> #include <asm/tlbflush.h>
> #include "internal.h"
> @@ -139,6 +140,9 @@ struct rmap_item {
> struct mm_struct *mm;
> unsigned long address; /* + low bits used for flags below */
> unsigned int oldchecksum; /* when unstable */
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> + unsigned int nid;
> +#endif
> union {
> struct rb_node node; /* when node of unstable tree */
> struct { /* when listed from stable tree */
> @@ -153,8 +157,8 @@ struct rmap_item {
> #define STABLE_FLAG 0x200 /* is listed from the stable tree */
>
> /* The stable and unstable tree heads */
> -static struct rb_root root_stable_tree = RB_ROOT;
> -static struct rb_root root_unstable_tree = RB_ROOT;
> +static struct rb_root root_unstable_tree[MAX_NUMNODES];
> +static struct rb_root root_stable_tree[MAX_NUMNODES];
>
> #define MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT 10
> #define MM_SLOTS_HASH_HEADS (1 << MM_SLOTS_HASH_SHIFT)
> @@ -189,6 +193,9 @@ static unsigned int ksm_thread_pages_to_scan = 100;
> /* Milliseconds ksmd should sleep between batches */
> static unsigned int ksm_thread_sleep_millisecs = 20;
>
> +/* Zeroed when merging across nodes is not allowed */
> +static unsigned int ksm_merge_across_nodes = 1;
> +
> #define KSM_RUN_STOP 0
> #define KSM_RUN_MERGE 1
> #define KSM_RUN_UNMERGE 2
> @@ -447,10 +454,25 @@ out: page = NULL;
> return page;
> }
>
> +/*
> + * This helper is used for getting right index into array of tree roots.
> + * When merge_across_nodes knob is set to 1, there are only two rb-trees for
> + * stable and unstable pages from all nodes with roots in index 0. Otherwise,
> + * every node has its own stable and unstable tree.
> + */
> +static inline int get_kpfn_nid(unsigned long kpfn)
> +{
> + if (ksm_merge_across_nodes)
> + return 0;
> + else
> + return pfn_to_nid(kpfn);
> +}
> +
> static void remove_node_from_stable_tree(struct stable_node *stable_node)
> {
> struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
> struct hlist_node *hlist;
> + int nid;
>
> hlist_for_each_entry(rmap_item, hlist, &stable_node->hlist, hlist) {
> if (rmap_item->hlist.next)
> @@ -462,7 +484,9 @@ static void remove_node_from_stable_tree(struct stable_node *stable_node)
> cond_resched();
> }
>
> - rb_erase(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree);
> + nid = get_kpfn_nid(stable_node->kpfn);
> +
> + rb_erase(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree[nid]);
> free_stable_node(stable_node);
> }
>
> @@ -560,7 +584,12 @@ static void remove_rmap_item_from_tree(struct rmap_item *rmap_item)
> age = (unsigned char)(ksm_scan.seqnr - rmap_item->address);
> BUG_ON(age > 1);
> if (!age)
> - rb_erase(&rmap_item->node, &root_unstable_tree);
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> + rb_erase(&rmap_item->node,
> + &root_unstable_tree[rmap_item->nid]);
> +#else
> + rb_erase(&rmap_item->node, &root_unstable_tree[0]);
> +#endif
Hi Petr and Hugh,
One offline question, thanks for your clarify.
How to understand age = (unsigned char)(ksm_scan.seqnr -
rmap_item->address);? It used for what?
>
> ksm_pages_unshared--;
> rmap_item->address &= PAGE_MASK;
> @@ -996,8 +1025,9 @@ static struct page *try_to_merge_two_pages(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
> */
> static struct page *stable_tree_search(struct page *page)
> {
> - struct rb_node *node = root_stable_tree.rb_node;
> + struct rb_node *node;
> struct stable_node *stable_node;
> + int nid;
>
> stable_node = page_stable_node(page);
> if (stable_node) { /* ksm page forked */
> @@ -1005,6 +1035,9 @@ static struct page *stable_tree_search(struct page *page)
> return page;
> }
>
> + nid = get_kpfn_nid(page_to_pfn(page));
> + node = root_stable_tree[nid].rb_node;
> +
> while (node) {
> struct page *tree_page;
> int ret;
> @@ -1039,10 +1072,16 @@ static struct page *stable_tree_search(struct page *page)
> */
> static struct stable_node *stable_tree_insert(struct page *kpage)
> {
> - struct rb_node **new = &root_stable_tree.rb_node;
> + int nid;
> + unsigned long kpfn;
> + struct rb_node **new;
> struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
> struct stable_node *stable_node;
>
> + kpfn = page_to_pfn(kpage);
> + nid = get_kpfn_nid(kpfn);
> + new = &root_stable_tree[nid].rb_node;
> +
> while (*new) {
> struct page *tree_page;
> int ret;
> @@ -1076,11 +1115,11 @@ static struct stable_node *stable_tree_insert(struct page *kpage)
> return NULL;
>
> rb_link_node(&stable_node->node, parent, new);
> - rb_insert_color(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree);
> + rb_insert_color(&stable_node->node, &root_stable_tree[nid]);
>
> INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&stable_node->hlist);
>
> - stable_node->kpfn = page_to_pfn(kpage);
> + stable_node->kpfn = kpfn;
> set_page_stable_node(kpage, stable_node);
>
> return stable_node;
> @@ -1104,10 +1143,15 @@ static
> struct rmap_item *unstable_tree_search_insert(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
> struct page *page,
> struct page **tree_pagep)
> -
> {
> - struct rb_node **new = &root_unstable_tree.rb_node;
> + struct rb_node **new;
> + struct rb_root *root;
> struct rb_node *parent = NULL;
> + int nid;
> +
> + nid = get_kpfn_nid(page_to_pfn(page));
> + root = &root_unstable_tree[nid];
> + new = &root->rb_node;
>
> while (*new) {
> struct rmap_item *tree_rmap_item;
> @@ -1128,6 +1172,18 @@ struct rmap_item *unstable_tree_search_insert(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
> return NULL;
> }
>
> + /*
> + * If tree_page has been migrated to another NUMA node, it
> + * will be flushed out and put into the right unstable tree
> + * next time: only merge with it if merge_across_nodes.
> + * Just notice, we don't have similar problem for PageKsm
> + * because their migration is disabled now. (62b61f611e)
> + */
> + if (!ksm_merge_across_nodes && page_to_nid(tree_page) != nid) {
> + put_page(tree_page);
> + return NULL;
> + }
> +
> ret = memcmp_pages(page, tree_page);
>
> parent = *new;
> @@ -1145,8 +1201,11 @@ struct rmap_item *unstable_tree_search_insert(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
>
> rmap_item->address |= UNSTABLE_FLAG;
> rmap_item->address |= (ksm_scan.seqnr & SEQNR_MASK);
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> + rmap_item->nid = nid;
> +#endif
> rb_link_node(&rmap_item->node, parent, new);
> - rb_insert_color(&rmap_item->node, &root_unstable_tree);
> + rb_insert_color(&rmap_item->node, root);
>
> ksm_pages_unshared++;
> return NULL;
> @@ -1160,6 +1219,13 @@ struct rmap_item *unstable_tree_search_insert(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
> static void stable_tree_append(struct rmap_item *rmap_item,
> struct stable_node *stable_node)
> {
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> + /*
> + * Usually rmap_item->nid is already set correctly,
> + * but it may be wrong after switching merge_across_nodes.
> + */
> + rmap_item->nid = get_kpfn_nid(stable_node->kpfn);
> +#endif
> rmap_item->head = stable_node;
> rmap_item->address |= STABLE_FLAG;
> hlist_add_head(&rmap_item->hlist, &stable_node->hlist);
> @@ -1289,6 +1355,7 @@ static struct rmap_item *scan_get_next_rmap_item(struct page **page)
> struct mm_slot *slot;
> struct vm_area_struct *vma;
> struct rmap_item *rmap_item;
> + int nid;
>
> if (list_empty(&ksm_mm_head.mm_list))
> return NULL;
> @@ -1307,7 +1374,8 @@ static struct rmap_item *scan_get_next_rmap_item(struct page **page)
> */
> lru_add_drain_all();
>
> - root_unstable_tree = RB_ROOT;
> + for (nid = 0; nid < nr_node_ids; nid++)
> + root_unstable_tree[nid] = RB_ROOT;
>
> spin_lock(&ksm_mmlist_lock);
> slot = list_entry(slot->mm_list.next, struct mm_slot, mm_list);
> @@ -1782,15 +1850,19 @@ static struct stable_node *ksm_check_stable_tree(unsigned long start_pfn,
> unsigned long end_pfn)
> {
> struct rb_node *node;
> + int nid;
>
> - for (node = rb_first(&root_stable_tree); node; node = rb_next(node)) {
> - struct stable_node *stable_node;
> + for (nid = 0; nid < nr_node_ids; nid++)
> + for (node = rb_first(&root_stable_tree[nid]); node;
> + node = rb_next(node)) {
> + struct stable_node *stable_node;
> +
> + stable_node = rb_entry(node, struct stable_node, node);
> + if (stable_node->kpfn >= start_pfn &&
> + stable_node->kpfn < end_pfn)
> + return stable_node;
> + }
>
> - stable_node = rb_entry(node, struct stable_node, node);
> - if (stable_node->kpfn >= start_pfn &&
> - stable_node->kpfn < end_pfn)
> - return stable_node;
> - }
> return NULL;
> }
>
> @@ -1937,6 +2009,40 @@ static ssize_t run_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct kobj_attribute *attr,
> }
> KSM_ATTR(run);
>
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> +static ssize_t merge_across_nodes_show(struct kobject *kobj,
> + struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
> +{
> + return sprintf(buf, "%u\n", ksm_merge_across_nodes);
> +}
> +
> +static ssize_t merge_across_nodes_store(struct kobject *kobj,
> + struct kobj_attribute *attr,
> + const char *buf, size_t count)
> +{
> + int err;
> + unsigned long knob;
> +
> + err = kstrtoul(buf, 10, &knob);
> + if (err)
> + return err;
> + if (knob > 1)
> + return -EINVAL;
> +
> + mutex_lock(&ksm_thread_mutex);
> + if (ksm_merge_across_nodes != knob) {
> + if (ksm_pages_shared)
> + err = -EBUSY;
> + else
> + ksm_merge_across_nodes = knob;
> + }
> + mutex_unlock(&ksm_thread_mutex);
> +
> + return err ? err : count;
> +}
> +KSM_ATTR(merge_across_nodes);
> +#endif
> +
> static ssize_t pages_shared_show(struct kobject *kobj,
> struct kobj_attribute *attr, char *buf)
> {
> @@ -1991,6 +2097,9 @@ static struct attribute *ksm_attrs[] = {
> &pages_unshared_attr.attr,
> &pages_volatile_attr.attr,
> &full_scans_attr.attr,
> +#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
> + &merge_across_nodes_attr.attr,
> +#endif
> NULL,
> };
>
> @@ -2004,11 +2113,15 @@ static int __init ksm_init(void)
> {
> struct task_struct *ksm_thread;
> int err;
> + int nid;
>
> err = ksm_slab_init();
> if (err)
> goto out;
>
> + for (nid = 0; nid < nr_node_ids; nid++)
> + root_stable_tree[nid] = RB_ROOT;
> +
> ksm_thread = kthread_run(ksm_scan_thread, NULL, "ksmd");
> if (IS_ERR(ksm_thread)) {
> printk(KERN_ERR "ksm: creating kthread failed\n");
--
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