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Date: Tue, 28 Mar 2023 17:21:29 -0700
From: David Matlack <dmatlack@...gle.com>
To: Vipin Sharma <vipinsh@...gle.com>
Cc: seanjc@...gle.com, pbonzini@...hat.com, bgardon@...gle.com,
jmattson@...gle.com, mizhang@...gle.com, kvm@...r.kernel.org,
linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org
Subject: Re: [Patch v4 16/18] KVM: x86/mmu: Allocate numa aware page tables
during page fault
On Mon, Mar 06, 2023 at 02:41:25PM -0800, Vipin Sharma wrote:
> Allocate page tables on the preferred NUMA node via memory cache during
> page faults. If memory cache doesn't have a preferred NUMA node (node
> value is set to NUMA_NO_NODE) then fallback to the default logic where
> pages are selected based on thread's mempolicy. Also, free NUMA aware
> page caches, mmu_shadow_page_cache, when memory shrinker is invoked.
>
> Allocate root pages based on the current thread's NUMA node as there is
> no way to know which will be the ideal NUMA node in long run.
>
> This commit allocate page tables to be on the same NUMA node as the
> physical page pointed by them, even if a vCPU causing page fault is on a
> different NUMA node. If memory is not available on the requested NUMA
> node then the other nearest NUMA node is selected by default. NUMA aware
> page tables can be beneficial in cases where a thread touches lot of far
> memory initially and then divide work among multiple threads. VMs
> generally take advantage of NUMA architecture for faster memory access
> by moving threads to the NUMA node of the memory they are accessing.
> This change will help them in accessing pages faster.
>
> Downside of this change is that an experimental workload can be created
> where a guest threads are always accessing remote memory and not the one
> local to them. This will cause performance to degrade compared to VMs
> where numa aware page tables are not enabled. Ideally, these VMs when
> using non-uniform memory access machine should generally be taking
> advantage of NUMA architecture to improve their performance in the first
> place.
>
> Signed-off-by: Vipin Sharma <vipinsh@...gle.com>
> ---
> arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 2 +-
> arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c | 63 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
> arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h | 24 ++++++++++++-
> arch/x86/kvm/mmu/paging_tmpl.h | 4 +--
> arch/x86/kvm/mmu/tdp_mmu.c | 14 +++++---
> include/linux/kvm_types.h | 6 ++++
> virt/kvm/kvm_main.c | 2 +-
> 7 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> index 64de083cd6b9..77d3aa368e5e 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> @@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ struct kvm_vcpu_arch {
> struct kvm_mmu *walk_mmu;
>
> struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_pte_list_desc_cache;
> - struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_shadow_page_cache;
> + struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_shadow_page_cache[MAX_NUMNODES];
I think we need an abstraction for a NUMA-aware mmu cache, since there
is more than one by the end of this series.
e.g. A wrapper struct (struct kvm_mmu_numa_memory_cache) or make
NUMA-awareness an optional feature within kvm_mmu_memory_cache, plus
common helper functions for operations like initializing, topping-up,
and freeing.
I have some ideas I want to try but I ran out of time today.
> struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_shadowed_info_cache;
> struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache mmu_page_header_cache;
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
> index d96afc849ee8..86f0d74d35ed 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu.c
> @@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ static void mmu_free_sp_memory_cache(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache)
>
> static int mmu_topup_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool maybe_indirect)
> {
> - int r;
> + int r, nid = KVM_MMU_DEFAULT_CACHE_INDEX;
>
> /* 1 rmap, 1 parent PTE per level, and the prefetched rmaps. */
> r = kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache,
> @@ -710,7 +710,16 @@ static int mmu_topup_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool maybe_indirect)
> if (r)
> return r;
>
> - r = mmu_topup_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache, PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
> + if (kvm_numa_aware_page_table_enabled(vcpu->kvm)) {
> + for_each_online_node(nid) {
Blegh. This is going to potentially waste a lot of memory. Yes the
shrinker can free it, but the next fault will re-allocate all the online
node caches.
The reason we have to top-up all nodes is because KVM tops up caches
before faulting in the PFN, and there is concern that changing this will
increase the rate of guest page-fault retries [1].
I think we should revisit that concern. Can we do any testing to
validate that hypothesis? Or can we convince ourselves that re-ordering
is ok?
[1] https://lore.kernel.org/kvm/CAHVum0cjqsdG2NEjRF3ZRtUY2t2=Tb9H4OyOz9wpmsrN--Sjhg@mail.gmail.com/
> + r = mmu_topup_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid],
> + PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
This ignores the return value of mmu_topup_sp_memory_cache() for all but
the last node.
> + }
> + } else {
> + r = mmu_topup_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid],
> + PT64_ROOT_MAX_LEVEL);
> + }
> +
> if (r)
> return r;
>
> @@ -726,9 +735,12 @@ static int mmu_topup_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, bool maybe_indirect)
>
> static void mmu_free_memory_caches(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> {
> + int nid;
> +
> kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache);
> mutex_lock(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache_lock);
> - mmu_free_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
> + for_each_node(nid)
> + mmu_free_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid]);
> mmu_free_sp_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadowed_info_cache);
> mutex_unlock(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache_lock);
> kvm_mmu_free_memory_cache(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
> @@ -2245,12 +2257,12 @@ static struct kvm_mmu_page *__kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(struct kvm *kvm,
> }
>
> static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
> - gfn_t gfn,
> + gfn_t gfn, int nid,
> union kvm_mmu_page_role role)
> {
> struct shadow_page_caches caches = {
> .page_header_cache = &vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache,
> - .shadow_page_cache = &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache,
> + .shadow_page_cache = &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid],
> .shadowed_info_cache = &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadowed_info_cache,
> };
>
> @@ -2305,15 +2317,18 @@ static union kvm_mmu_page_role kvm_mmu_child_role(u64 *sptep, bool direct,
>
> static struct kvm_mmu_page *kvm_mmu_get_child_sp(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu,
> u64 *sptep, gfn_t gfn,
> - bool direct, unsigned int access)
> + bool direct, unsigned int access,
> + kvm_pfn_t pfn)
> {
> union kvm_mmu_page_role role;
> + int nid;
>
> if (is_shadow_present_pte(*sptep) && !is_large_pte(*sptep))
> return ERR_PTR(-EEXIST);
>
> role = kvm_mmu_child_role(sptep, direct, access);
> - return kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(vcpu, gfn, role);
> + nid = kvm_pfn_to_mmu_cache_nid(vcpu->kvm, pfn);
> + return kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(vcpu, gfn, nid, role);
> }
>
> static void shadow_walk_init_using_root(struct kvm_shadow_walk_iterator *iterator,
> @@ -3205,7 +3220,8 @@ static int direct_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_page_fault *fault)
> if (it.level == fault->goal_level)
> break;
>
> - sp = kvm_mmu_get_child_sp(vcpu, it.sptep, base_gfn, true, ACC_ALL);
> + sp = kvm_mmu_get_child_sp(vcpu, it.sptep, base_gfn, true,
> + ACC_ALL, fault->pfn);
> if (sp == ERR_PTR(-EEXIST))
> continue;
>
> @@ -3625,6 +3641,7 @@ static hpa_t mmu_alloc_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, int quadrant,
> {
> union kvm_mmu_page_role role = vcpu->arch.mmu->root_role;
> struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
> + int nid;
>
> role.level = level;
> role.quadrant = quadrant;
> @@ -3632,7 +3649,8 @@ static hpa_t mmu_alloc_root(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, gfn_t gfn, int quadrant,
> WARN_ON_ONCE(quadrant && !role.has_4_byte_gpte);
> WARN_ON_ONCE(role.direct && role.has_4_byte_gpte);
>
> - sp = kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(vcpu, gfn, role);
> + nid = kvm_mmu_root_page_cache_nid(vcpu->kvm);
> + sp = kvm_mmu_get_shadow_page(vcpu, gfn, nid, role);
> ++sp->root_count;
>
> return __pa(sp->spt);
> @@ -5959,7 +5977,7 @@ static int __kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_mmu *mmu)
>
> int kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> {
> - int ret;
> + int ret, nid;
>
> INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(&vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache);
> vcpu->arch.mmu_pte_list_desc_cache.kmem_cache = pte_list_desc_cache;
> @@ -5967,7 +5985,12 @@ int kvm_mmu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
> vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache.kmem_cache = mmu_page_header_cache;
>
> - INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
> + for_each_node(nid) {
> + INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid]);
> + if (kvm_numa_aware_page_table_enabled(vcpu->kvm))
> + vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid].node = nid;
> + }
> +
> mutex_init(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache_lock);
>
> INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadowed_info_cache);
> @@ -6695,13 +6718,17 @@ void kvm_mmu_invalidate_mmio_sptes(struct kvm *kvm, u64 gen)
> }
>
> static int mmu_memory_cache_try_empty(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache,
nit: s/cache/caches/
> - struct mutex *cache_lock)
> + int cache_count, struct mutex *cache_lock)
nit: s/cache_count/nr_caches/
> {
> - int freed = 0;
> + int freed = 0, nid;
nit: s/nid/i/
(nothing in this function knows about NUMA so "nid" is an odd name here)
>
> if (mutex_trylock(cache_lock)) {
> - freed = cache->nobjs;
> - kvm_mmu_empty_memory_cache(cache);
> + for (nid = 0; nid < cache_count; nid++) {
> + if (!cache[nid].nobjs)
> + continue;
> + freed += cache[nid].nobjs;
> + kvm_mmu_empty_memory_cache(&cache[nid]);
> + }
> mutex_unlock(cache_lock);
> }
> return freed;
> @@ -6725,15 +6752,17 @@ static unsigned long mmu_shrink_scan(struct shrinker *shrink,
> list_move_tail(&kvm->vm_list, &vm_list);
>
> kvm_for_each_vcpu(i, vcpu, kvm) {
> - freed += mmu_memory_cache_try_empty(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache,
> + freed += mmu_memory_cache_try_empty(vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache,
> + MAX_NUMNODES,
> &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache_lock);
> freed += mmu_memory_cache_try_empty(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadowed_info_cache,
> + 1,
> &vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache_lock);
> if (freed >= sc->nr_to_scan)
> goto out;
> }
> freed += mmu_memory_cache_try_empty(&kvm->arch.split_shadow_page_cache,
> - &kvm->slots_lock);
> + 1, &kvm->slots_lock);
> if (freed >= sc->nr_to_scan)
> goto out;
> }
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
> index b9d0e09ae974..652fd0c2bcba 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/mmu_internal.h
> @@ -340,11 +340,16 @@ void track_possible_nx_huge_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp);
> void untrack_possible_nx_huge_page(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_mmu_page *sp);
> void *mmu_sp_memory_cache_alloc(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache);
>
> +static inline bool kvm_numa_aware_page_table_enabled(struct kvm *kvm)
> +{
> + return kvm->arch.numa_aware_page_table;
No need for this helper function. Accessing the variable directly makes
lines shorter, does not introduce any code duplication, and reduces
abstraction.
> +}
> +
> static inline int kvm_pfn_to_page_table_nid(struct kvm *kvm, kvm_pfn_t pfn)
> {
> struct page *page;
>
> - if (!kvm->arch.numa_aware_page_table)
> + if (!kvm_numa_aware_page_table_enabled(kvm))
> return NUMA_NO_NODE;
>
> page = kvm_pfn_to_refcounted_page(pfn);
> @@ -355,4 +360,21 @@ static inline int kvm_pfn_to_page_table_nid(struct kvm *kvm, kvm_pfn_t pfn)
> return numa_mem_id();
> }
>
> +static inline int kvm_pfn_to_mmu_cache_nid(struct kvm *kvm, kvm_pfn_t pfn)
> +{
> + int index = kvm_pfn_to_page_table_nid(kvm, pfn);
> +
> + if (index == NUMA_NO_NODE)
> + return KVM_MMU_DEFAULT_CACHE_INDEX;
> +
> + return index;
> +}
> +
> +static inline int kvm_mmu_root_page_cache_nid(struct kvm *kvm)
> +{
> + if (kvm_numa_aware_page_table_enabled(kvm))
> + return numa_mem_id();
> +
> + return KVM_MMU_DEFAULT_CACHE_INDEX;
> +}
> #endif /* __KVM_X86_MMU_INTERNAL_H */
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/paging_tmpl.h b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/paging_tmpl.h
> index 1dea9be6849d..9db8b3df434d 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/paging_tmpl.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/paging_tmpl.h
> @@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ static int FNAME(fetch)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_page_fault *fault,
> table_gfn = gw->table_gfn[it.level - 2];
> access = gw->pt_access[it.level - 2];
> sp = kvm_mmu_get_child_sp(vcpu, it.sptep, table_gfn,
> - false, access);
> + false, access, fault->pfn);
>
> if (sp != ERR_PTR(-EEXIST)) {
> /*
> @@ -706,7 +706,7 @@ static int FNAME(fetch)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_page_fault *fault,
> validate_direct_spte(vcpu, it.sptep, direct_access);
>
> sp = kvm_mmu_get_child_sp(vcpu, it.sptep, base_gfn,
> - true, direct_access);
> + true, direct_access, fault->pfn);
> if (sp == ERR_PTR(-EEXIST))
> continue;
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/tdp_mmu.c b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/tdp_mmu.c
> index 61fd9c177694..63113a66f560 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/tdp_mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/mmu/tdp_mmu.c
> @@ -260,12 +260,12 @@ static struct kvm_mmu_page *tdp_mmu_next_root(struct kvm *kvm,
> kvm_mmu_page_as_id(_root) != _as_id) { \
> } else
>
> -static struct kvm_mmu_page *tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> +static struct kvm_mmu_page *tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int nid)
> {
> struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
>
> sp = kvm_mmu_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_page_header_cache);
> - sp->spt = mmu_sp_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache);
> + sp->spt = mmu_sp_memory_cache_alloc(&vcpu->arch.mmu_shadow_page_cache[nid]);
>
> return sp;
> }
> @@ -304,6 +304,7 @@ hpa_t kvm_tdp_mmu_get_vcpu_root_hpa(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> union kvm_mmu_page_role role = vcpu->arch.mmu->root_role;
> struct kvm *kvm = vcpu->kvm;
> struct kvm_mmu_page *root;
> + int nid;
>
> lockdep_assert_held_write(&kvm->mmu_lock);
>
> @@ -317,7 +318,8 @@ hpa_t kvm_tdp_mmu_get_vcpu_root_hpa(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> goto out;
> }
>
> - root = tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(vcpu);
> + nid = kvm_mmu_root_page_cache_nid(vcpu->kvm);
> + root = tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(vcpu, nid);
> tdp_mmu_init_sp(root, NULL, 0, role);
>
> refcount_set(&root->tdp_mmu_root_count, 1);
> @@ -1149,12 +1151,14 @@ int kvm_tdp_mmu_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_page_fault *fault)
> struct kvm *kvm = vcpu->kvm;
> struct tdp_iter iter;
> struct kvm_mmu_page *sp;
> - int ret = RET_PF_RETRY;
> + int ret = RET_PF_RETRY, nid;
>
> kvm_mmu_hugepage_adjust(vcpu, fault);
>
> trace_kvm_mmu_spte_requested(fault);
>
> + nid = kvm_pfn_to_mmu_cache_nid(kvm, fault->pfn);
> +
> rcu_read_lock();
>
> tdp_mmu_for_each_pte(iter, mmu, fault->gfn, fault->gfn + 1) {
> @@ -1182,7 +1186,7 @@ int kvm_tdp_mmu_map(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, struct kvm_page_fault *fault)
> * The SPTE is either non-present or points to a huge page that
> * needs to be split.
> */
> - sp = tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(vcpu);
> + sp = tdp_mmu_alloc_sp(vcpu, nid);
> tdp_mmu_init_child_sp(sp, &iter);
>
> sp->nx_huge_page_disallowed = fault->huge_page_disallowed;
> diff --git a/include/linux/kvm_types.h b/include/linux/kvm_types.h
> index b2a405c8e629..13032da2ddfc 100644
> --- a/include/linux/kvm_types.h
> +++ b/include/linux/kvm_types.h
> @@ -113,6 +113,12 @@ static inline void INIT_KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *cache)
> {
> *cache = (struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache)KVM_MMU_MEMORY_CACHE_INIT();
> }
> +
> +/*
> + * When NUMA aware page table option is disabled for a VM then use cache at the
> + * below index in the array of NUMA caches.
> + */
> +#define KVM_MMU_DEFAULT_CACHE_INDEX 0
> #endif
>
> #define HALT_POLL_HIST_COUNT 32
> diff --git a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> index 47006d209309..25a549705c8e 100644
> --- a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> +++ b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
> @@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ static inline void *mmu_memory_cache_alloc_obj(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc,
> if (mc->kmem_cache)
> return kmem_cache_alloc(mc->kmem_cache, gfp_flags);
> else
> - return (void *)__get_free_page(gfp_flags);
> + return kvm_mmu_get_free_page(gfp_flags, mc->node);
> }
>
> int __kvm_mmu_topup_memory_cache(struct kvm_mmu_memory_cache *mc, int capacity, int min)
> --
> 2.40.0.rc0.216.gc4246ad0f0-goog
>
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