Message-ID: <200512020856.jB28uEFR011262@linus.mitre.org>
Date: Fri, 2 Dec 2005 03:56:14 -0500 (EST)
From: "Steven M. Christey" <coley@...re.org>
To: bugtraq@...urityfocus.com, full-disclosure@...ts.grok.org.uk
Subject: Format String Vulnerabilities in Perl Programs




*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*
Format String Vulnerabilities in Perl Programs
*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*=*

Author: Steve Christey
Date: December 2, 2005


**********************************************************************
Table of Contents
**********************************************************************

1. Synopsis
2. Relevant History and Credits
3. Attack and Impact Details
4. Some Discussion on Format Strings and the Taint Checker
5. Real-World Vulnerable Program Examples
6. Avoiding Format String Vulnerabilities During Development
7. Suggestions for Further Research
8. Demonstration Programs 
9. References
10. Disclosure History


**********************************************************************
1. Synopsis
**********************************************************************

Format string vulnerabilities in C programs have been studied
extensively in recent years.  The focus has been on the execution of
arbitrary code, although other effects are possible.

For many other programming languages, format string vulnerabilities
are also possible.  Given the lack of attention to other languages, it
is highly likely that a large number of applications have these issues
even when they have been audited for other types of vulnerabilities.

For any language that supports format strings, applications that are
written in that language could be subject to format string
vulnerabilities.  The impact is specific to the behaviors that are
supported by the format strings, and their interaction with language
internals.

In recent days, Jack Louis of Dyad Security reported on a format
string issue in a Webmin application that is written in Perl
(CVE-2005-3912).  He further showed how a problem in the Perl
interpreter itself could allow modification of memory and code
execution in vulnerable apps (CVE-2005-3962).

This paper focuses on format string vulnerabilities at the application
level.  It must be emphasized that even if the interpreter problem is
fixed, the impact of format string vulnerabilities will only be
reduced, not completely eliminated.

Excluding problems within the interpreter itself, Perl application
format string vulnerabilities can allow denials of service (primarily
memory or disk consumption), information leaks, and modification of
program variables in ways that may have security implications.

In particular, the sprintf() and printf() functions in Perl can be
abused if an attacker can control the contents of the format string.
Since similar functions are used in C, it is possible that these
functions will be used more frequently by C programmers who are new to
Perl.

It should be noted that Perl's taint checker does not catch some
variants of format string attacks.  The behavior differs in Perl 5.004
and 5.6.1 (5.6.1 can identify additional dangerous inputs).  However,
modifying the taint checker itself may not be feasible or even
appropriate.


**********************************************************************
2. Relevant History and Credits
**********************************************************************

Jean-loup Gailly independently discovered and reported a format string
problem in a Perl application on September 26, 2002 [1].  Arjan de Vet
included format strings and the taint checker in a presentation at
YAPC:Europe in August 2001 [2].  Steve Christey mentioned the
possibility of format strings in PHP applications on April 3, 2003 [3]
and format strings in interpreted languages during a lightning round
talk on vulnerability research gaps at CanSecWest in April 2004 [4].
Jack Louis reported on a format string problem in a Perl application
on November 29, 2005 [5], following it with a description of an
integer wrap within Perl itself that was exploitable via format
strings on December 1, 2005 [6].  The most notable early research on
format strings in C was performed by Tim Newsham in September 2000
[7].


**********************************************************************
3. Attack and Impact Details
**********************************************************************

Following are some of the more dangerous specifiers, along with their
implications.


1) Memory or disk consumption

   The "%s" specifier, and others that allow field widths to be
   defined, can be used to consume a large amount of CPU, memory,
   and/or disk, e.g. "%99999s".  ("%999999999s" is sufficient to
   consume a gigabyte of memory or disk, but it has been reported that
   it can also cause the Perl program to crash.)

2) Modification of variables

   Using the "%n" specifier, the attacker can modify the values of
   certain variables that are provided as arguments to print/sprintf,
   possibly altering program behavior in ways that have security
   implications.  The variable is modified to a number, generally a 0.

   The implications of this problem depend on how the program uses the
   variables.

   Consider the following pseudo-code for an authentication routine:

     $input = GetInputFromUser();
     if (UserHasAuthenticated($user))
     {
       $a = 0;
     }
     else
     {
       $a = 1;
     }
     $str = sprintf($input, $a);
     if ($a)
     {
       PromptUserToAuthenticate($user);
     }
     else
     {
       DoThingThatOnlyUsersShouldDo($user);
     }

     If $input is "%10s", then str is formatted with up to 10 spaces
     of padding and $a is not modified; but if $input is "%n", then $a
     is changed to 0, and the attacker effectively bypasses the check
     for authentication.

3) Argument shifting

   The "%p" specifier formats a pointer for the next argument to be
   processed in the call to *printf.  This effectively misdirects or
   shifts all remaining arguments to different format specifiers than
   the programmer intended.  The impact depends on the specific bug.

   Argument shifting could also be used to bypass cleansing operations
   for other vulnerabilities, by shifting uncleansed values into
   variables that contain cleansed values.

4) Altering intended outputs

   Any format specifier can alter the intended format of structured
   output.  This in turn could corrupt files or enable the
   exploitation of vulnerabilities in other applications that process
   such output.  For example, the '%p' specifier, which prints out a
   pointer value, could be used to generate integer values that exceed
   the expected range of inputs.

   Example:

     $index = GetUserInput();
     if (($index > 32) || ($index < 0))
     {
       print STDERR "Error: Index must be between 0 and 32.";
     }
     ($sec,$min,$hour,$mday,$mon,$year) = gmtime(time);
     printf DATABASE, "$index %4d/%02d/%02d %02d:%02d:%02d\n",
	    $year+1900, $mon+1, $mday;

   If $index is "1", then the result might be:

     1 2002/10/01 06:58:42

   But if $index is "%p", the error condition is not detected (since
   the string evaluates to 0), and the result would be:

     130690   10/01/06 58:42:00

   Here, not only does the 'index' value exceed the maximum of 32, but
   all the other values are wrong!  This is because the %p was used to
   format a pointer to the $year+1900 expression.  All the other
   arguments were then misdirected, and applied to the wrong format
   specifier.  Thus the month value is formatted as the year, the
   seconds value is formatted as the minute, etc.

5) Bypassing cleansing operations

   Cleansing operations that remove spaces could be tricked by using
   "%2s" or other format specifiers that generate spaces.  Programs
   may try to remove spaces when passing arguments to commands, or
   formatting data.

    Here's one example:

      opendir(DIR, ".");
      while ($file = readdir(DIR))
      {
         if ($file =~ /\s/)
         {
            print STDERR "Warning: '$file' has spaces, replacing with _\n";
            $file =~ s/\s/_/g;
         }
	 if ($file =~ /^-(fiprR)+$/)
	 {
	    print STDERR "Warning: '$file' matches switches for /bin/cp!\n";
            # skip this one.
            next;
	 }
         $backup = sprintf("$file.bak");  # C programmers might do this
         system("/bin/cp $file $backup"); # but this *is* just an example
      }
      closedir(DIR);

    If $file is set to "-R%2ssubdir", then the check for "dangerous
    switches" would fail, and the resulting system call would be:

        system("/bin/cp -R  subdir subdir.bak");

6) Other Attack Scenarios

   Some feasible attack scenarios involve Perl programs that generate
   log messages or reports:

     - File names containing format specifiers could alter which files
       are processed

     - IP addresses whose DNS reverse lookup includes format strings
       could be returned as the result of gethostbyname().

   Log files could be filled easily using "%999s" style strings.

   The possibility of CRLF injection was theorized, but a casual
   investigation was not successful.


**********************************************************************
4. Some Discussion on Format Strings and the Taint Checker
**********************************************************************

In 5.004:

   The taint checker apparently does not flag filenames as tainted
   (e.g. as obtained from the readdir() function).  Presumably, other
   types of "indirect input" may not be tainted.  However, it does
   identify more direct sources of input such as stdin and environment
   variables.

In 5.6.1:

   Filenames are tainted, and the taint checker terminates the
   program.  While the program is safe from exploitation through
   dangerous calls, there is still a denial of service, which could be
   a problem with critical code that is expected to fully complete its
   task, such as a log processing program (although the programmer
   should take the possibility of failure into account while running
   in taint mode anyway!)

   Note that the taint checker does not exit until a *printf-tainted
   variable is passed to a dangerous call such as system().  So, if
   the program is not tested with specifiers such as '%n' (which
   modifies an argument to *printf), then the taint check may not be
   discovered.

   Attacks such as resource consumption and data format modification
   will still work; however, changing the taint checker to exit as
   soon as the printf/sprintf is encountered could break existing
   programs.


This is a factor though: "testing" sprintf/printf with normal file
names won't directly trigger the taint checker, unless %n is actually
included in the filename; so, if the programmer tests the Perl code,
but does not include the '%n' option, they won't necessarily find the
taint error.  However, a later input with '%n' could cause the program
to halt unexpectedly due to the taint error.

Note: the taint checker doesn't complain when system() is called with
arguments in the following fashion:

   system("/bin/echo", $tainted_var1, $tainted_var2);



The following example properly generates an error from the taint
checker, using input from stdin:

  $a = <STDIN>;
  chomp($a);
  $str = sprintf("$a.txt");
  system("/bin/echo $str");

The following example also generates an error from the taint checker,
using input from a directory listing:

  opendir(DIR, ".");
  while ($file = readdir(DIR))
  {
    system("/bin/echo $file");
  }
  closedir(DIR);


Original bug report:

  http://rt.perl.org/rt2/Ticket/Display.html?id=17698
  http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/67239


Statement From Perl Language Developer
--------------------------------------

    These issues do not represent a substantial security hole in perl
    itself.  Future versions of perl may extend tainting checks to
    format strings, or just to certain aspects of formats (such as
    %n).



**********************************************************************
5. Real-World Vulnerable Program Examples
**********************************************************************

In 2002, at least 3 different Perl programs were found vulnerable to
format string attacks:

1) ftplogcheck

2) perl-nocem

3) WASD OpenVMS web server


ftplogcheck
-----------

ftplogcheck is a program used for processing wu-ftpd logs and
generating statistics.

It is not part of the wu-ftp distribution.

One portion of ftplogcheck report lists which files were uploaded to
the server by the "anonymous" user.  The code is:

  printf REPORT "$time $host $filesize $filename $name\n";

If the wu-ftp server is configured to allow uploads from anonymous
users, then attackers can upload files whose names contain malicious
format strings, which are then fed into the $filename variable.

In this case, the attacker could consume memory or disk space by
causing an extremely large report to be generated (if $filename is
"%999999s") or misrepresent the name of the file that has been
uploaded (if $filename is "word1%1sword2", which would generate the
string "word1 word2").

The original developer is:

  koos@...za.hvu.nl
  http://idefix.net/~koos/ftp.html
  [ftp://ftp.cetis.hvu.nl/pub/koos/ftplogcheck is apparently down]

This program is archived at:

 http://www.landfield.com/software/ftp.landfield.com/wu-ftpd/tools/ftplogcheck



perl-nocem
----------

perl-nocem is a script that was apparently suggested for inclusion in
INN 2.0 beta, but it was not directly distributed with INN 2.3.3 or
any 2.x version.

  http://www.isc.org/ml-archives/inn-workers/2001/05/msg00177.html

This script processes NoCeM notices, which can be used by the server
to process third-party, PGP-signed article cancellation notices.

In do_nocem(), a call is made to sprintf() after inserting the values
of the $nid and $issuer variables into the format string:

  logmsg(sprintf("processed notice $nid by $issuer"
          . " ($nr ids, %.5f s, %.1f/s)", $diff, $nr / $diff));

The value of $nid is obtained from a "notice-id" news article header.
It is not sanity-checked; therefore, malicious format strings can be
inserted into this sprintf() call.  The $issuer variable is obtained
from an "issuer" header, but this value must be allowed by the
perl-nocem control file.  It may be possible to use a wildcard
character and match any issuer.

The $nr variable contains the total number of articles to be canceled,
and the $diff variable attempts to measure the amount of time required
to cancel the articles, generally 0.01 due to an apparent bug.

According to the developer, the scope of this attack is limited: "the
message is printed only after the nocem notice has been PGP-verified,
so the attacker must be one of the trusted cancellers."

  Typical input

    Assume that 10 articles are to be canceled ($nr = 10) and $diff is
    0.01.

    With a $nid (Notice-ID header) of "NID" and a $issuer (Issuer
    header) of "ISSUER@...mple.com", the log message output would be:

     processed notice NID by ISSUER@...mple.com (10 ids, 0.01000 s, 1000.0/s)

  Memory/disk consumption

    With a Notice-ID of "%9999999s", a large amount of memory and/or
    log file space is consumed:

     processed notice                                                  
                                                                       
     [etc.]

  Modification of the $diff variable

    With a notice-id of "%n", perl-nocem changes the $diff variable to
    17 (the length of the "processed notice " substring), as opposed
    to its original value (typically 0.01).  This changes the error
    message to misrepresent how long it took to cancel the articles:

      processed notice  by ISSUER@...mple.com (10 ids, 1000.00000 s, 0.0/s)

    (notice the double-space in "notice  by" where the notice-id would
     be).

    Note that if perl-nocem had used a format string that began with
    the "$nid" variable (e.g. "$nid notice processed" instead of
    "processed notice $nid"), then the $diff variable would have been
    set to 0, and the "$nr / $diff" expression would have caused the
    program to exit with a division-by-zero error.

  Other output modifications

    With a notice-id of "%p", the resulting log message would be like:

      processed notice 130498 by [ISSUER] (10 ids, 0.50000 s, 0.0/s)

    where the "130498" is an incorrect notice id.


Developer statement:

   [This is] not easily exploitable, the message is printed only after
   the nocem notice has been PGP-verified, so the attacker must be one
   of the trusted cancellers.

Solution:

   


WASD
----

Jean-loup Gailly suggested the presence of a format string issue in
the WASD OpenVMS web server [1].

A sample program, PerlRTE_example1.pl, contained the following
vulnerable code:

   printf ("$name=\"$ENV{$name}\"\n");

where the $name variable can be altered by an attacker to contain
format strings (e.g. through a query string).


************************************************************************
6. Avoiding Format String Vulnerabilities During Development
************************************************************************

When writing Perl programs, follow these guidelines.

1) Use constant strings for formatting.

2) Do not feed Perl variables directly into format strings, e.g.
   "$bad %10s"    or     $bad . " %10s"

3) Where possible, avoid using printf and sprintf

4) If absolutely necessary, consider quoting the "%" specifier before
   including a user-controlled input into a format string.

5) Run your program with taint checking enabled, which can help
   protect against many of the problems identified here.



Notes on Detecting Vulnerabilities in Source Code
-------------------------------------------------

Detection of suspicious code is slightly more difficult than it is for
C code.  Constant strings can contain Perl entities such as variables
or references, which are inserted into the string before it is passed
to printf/sprintf.

  $fmt = <USER_INPUT>;
  printf("THIS IS A POTENTIALLY VULNERABLE $fmt FORMAT STRING\n");


************************************************************************
7. Suggestions for Further Research
************************************************************************

This paper is not an exhaustive work, so further research is needed.

Software developers and vulnerability researchers are encouraged to
actively search for format string issues in all programming languages,
not just C and Perl.

Suggested research topics include:

 - for each programming language, identify and publicize all builtin
   or common library functions that use format strings.

 - extend source and binary code analysis tools to look for improper
   use of these functions

 - audit individual applications that have been previously deemed free
   of obvious vulnerabilities, with a focus on format strings

 - study the implications of interactions between a high-level
   language and the language it is implemented in.  For example, there
   may be format string analogues to the problems of the null byte in
   Perl and PHP programs and their interaction with the underlying C
   code.

 - further examination of the taint checker (see below)

Note: in the author's limited experience, format string
vulnerabilities do not appear as frequently in Perl or PHP
applications as they do in C programs.  However, more focused efforts
are needed before this suspicion can be confirmed.


**********************************************************************
8. Demonstration Programs 
**********************************************************************

These programs demonstrate some the problems described above.

1) Argument modification

#!/bin/env perl

# when run with taint checking (-T), this seems to properly barf about
# dependency errors (try a "clean" format string like "5s%s%s" vs. a
# dirty one with a "%n" in it).

$ENV{"PATH"} = "";

# try as input:  "%s%n%s" --> modifies $b

$a = "A";
$b = "B";
$c = "C";
$x = sprintf($ARGV[0], $a, $b, $c);

print "\$a='$a'; \$b='$b'; \$c='$c'\n";

print "$x\n";

system("/bin/echo $a $b $c");

************** End Sample Vulnerable Program **************



********* Sample 2 **********

# Create a directory that contains files with these names:
# X%10sX
# %p
# %s
# abc%ndef


# This was gleaned from some real-world code, but the print was
# changed to printf.

# Change what filenames are processed via format strings in
# the filenames, such as a file named "%p%n"
#
# You can "erase" a filename by using '%s', and having this "blank"
# filename could throw off the argument count to system or exec calls,
# which could alter behavior.  Consider a backup command like
# exec("/bin/cp", file1, file2) where file1 can be "blanked" out
#
# Similarly, you could "erase" portions of a filename with "%n" or
# "%s".  The filename ABC.TXT would be equivalent to ABC%n.%nTXT
#
# You can create very long filenames by using '%999s' (for example).

opendir(DIR, ".");
while ($file = readdir(DIR))
{
    print "Real filename: $file\n";
    printf "Filename in format string: $file\n\n";
}
closedir(DIR);


2) Misuse of format string in log processing, for which many Perl
   programs have been written.  Could cause larger strings than
   expected to be written to files or sent to processes; code that
   depends on well-formatted input from the program may be subject to
   buffer overflow or other issues.

   I've seen several programs that do something like this:

   printf "A=$a\n"

******** End Sample 2 ************



**********************************************************************
9. References
**********************************************************************

[1] Jean-loup Gailly <jloup@...lly.net>
    "remote SYSTEM compromise in WASD OpenVMS http server"
    Bugtraq post
    September 26, 2002
    http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=bugtraq&m=103307640806862&w=2

[2] Arjan de Vet
    "Security aware programming with Perl"
    http://www.madison-gurkha.com/publications/yapc2001/text0.htm

[3] Steve Christey
    "An Alternate View of Recently Reported PHP Vulnerabilities"
    Bugtraq
    http://seclists.org/lists/bugtraq/2003/Apr/0085.html

[4] http://www.cansecwest.com/archives.html

[5] Jack Louis
    "Webmin miniserv.pl format string vulnerability"
    November 29, 2005
    http://lists.immunitysec.com/pipermail/dailydave/2005-November/002685.html

[6] Jack Louis
    "Perl format string integer wrap vulnerability"
    December 1, 2005
    http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=full-disclosure&m=113345191421286&w=2

[8] WASD PerlRTE_example1.pl

    http://wasd.vsm.com.au/ht_root/src/perl/readmore.html

[9] perl-nocem:

    http://www.isc.org/ml-archives/inn-workers/2001/05/msg00177.html

[10] INN-workers security report

    http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=inn-workers&m=103643921519928&w=2
    http://marc.theaimsgroup.com/?l=inn-workers&m=103644050021431&w=2


**********************************************************************
10. Disclosure History
**********************************************************************

Jun 10, 2002 - Theorized issue; began discovery and investigation;
               search for potentially vulnerable programs initially
               unsuccessful
Sep 26, 2002 - Jean-loup Gailly (jloup@...lly.net) posts Perl format
               string problem in OpenVMS
Sep 28, 2002 - deeper investigation into format specifiers, other
               vulnerable programs
Sep 30, 2002 - more writing on security advisory; investigated whether
               taint checker did "the right thing"
Sep 30, 2002 - tried to find a way to report a security vuln to Perl
               developers (in case taint issue is a Perl bug, and to
               consult on possibility of buffer overflows).
               Registered to site, only to be told by a web page to
               email my report to a certain address.  Left out details
               in the email because I had no idea who would be viewing
               the report at that address.  This turned out to be a
               good decision, as that post has been publicly archived.
Sep 30, 2002 - investigated taint checker issues, %p
Sep 30, 2002 - initial response from Perl contact (within 50 minutes)
               saying it was OK to post details to that address, gave
               an alternate POC just in case.
Oct  1, 2002 - provided Perl developer list with details
Oct  1, 2002 - notified CERT/CC
Oct  8, 2002 - sent followup inquiry to Perl developer list and
               primary Perl POC; haven't heard anything back, do they
               plan to modify the taint checker?
Oct 10, 2002 - asked a colleague to try contacting Perl developers
Oct 11, 2002 - response from hv@...pt.org saying that message had not
               been forwarded to the mailing list.  Replied to various
               points; suggested possible statement on taint checker.
Oct 17, 2002 - Statement modified and approved from hv@...pt.org
Nov  1, 2002 - notified Mark.Daniel@...d.vsm.com.au (WASD developer)
               http://wasd.vsm.com.au/ht_root/src/perl/readmore.html
Nov  1, 2002 - more investigation into perl-nocem
Nov  1, 2002 - notified perl-nocem author, Marco d'Itri (md@...ux.it)
Nov  3, 2002 - received acknowledgement from perl-nocem author
Nov  3, 2002 - received acknowledgement from WASD author, approval to
               release
Dec  5, 2002 - inquiry to perl-nocem author; are patches available?
Dec  5, 2002 - perl-nocem patches had been made
Dec  5, 2002 - investigation of ftplogcheck
Dec 19, 2002 - refined advisory, cleaned up demonstration code
Nov 29, 2005 - posted to DailyDave
Dec 1, 2005 - Jack Louis releases Perl integer wrap advisory
Dec 2, 2005 - further edits, table of contents, enhancement of
              argument shifting
Dec 2, 2005 - posted to Bugtraq, Full-Disclosure
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