Date:	Wed, 16 Apr 2008 15:17:51 +0200
From:	Ingo Molnar <mingo@...e.hu>
To:	Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@...ymtl.ca>
Cc:	Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@...llo.nl>, prasad@...ux.vnet.ibm.com,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, tglx@...utronix.de,
	Christoph Hellwig <hch@...radead.org>,
	"Frank Ch. Eigler" <fche@...hat.com>,
	Arjan van de Ven <arjan@...radead.org>
Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH 1/2] Marker probes in futex.c


* Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@...ymtl.ca> wrote:

> I think we could do something there. Let's have a look at a few 
> marker+immediate values fast paths on x86_32 :
> 
> 
>     4631:       b0 00                   mov    $0x0,%al
>     4633:       84 c0                   test   %al,%al
>     4635:       0f 85 c6 00 00 00       jne    4701 <try_to_wake_up+0xea>
> 
> 
>     7059:       b0 00                   mov    $0x0,%al
>     705b:       84 c0                   test   %al,%al
>     705d:       75 63                   jne    70c2 <sched_exec+0xb6>
> 
> 
>     83ac:       b0 00                   mov    $0x0,%al
>     83ae:       84 c0                   test   %al,%al
>     83b0:       75 29                   jne    83db <wait_task_inactive+0x69>
> 
> 
> If we want to support NMI context and have the ability to instrument 
> preemptable code without too much headache, we must insure that every 
> modification will leave the code in a "correct" state and that we do 
> not grow the size of any reachable instruction.  Also, we must insure 
> gcc did not put code between these instructions. Modifying 
> non-relocatable instructions would also be a pain, since we would have 
> to deal with instruction pointer relocation in the breakpoint code 
> when the code modification is being done.
> 
> Luckily, gcc almost never place any code between the mov, test and jne 
> instructions. But since we cannot we sure, we could dynamically check 
> for this code pattern after the mov instruction. If we find it, then 
> we play with it as if it was a single asm block, but if we don't find 
> what we expect, then we use standard immediate values for that. I 
> expect the heavily optimised version will be usable almost all the 
> time.
> 
> This heavily optimized version could consist of a simple jump to the 
> address following the "jne" instruction. To activate the immediate 
> value, we could simply put back a mov $0x1,%al. I don't think we care 
> _that_ much about the active tracing performance, since we take a 
> supplementary function call already in that case.
> 
> We could probably force the mov into %al to make sure we search for 
> only one test pattern (%al,%al). We would have to decode the jne 
> instruction to see how big it is so we can put the correct offset in 
> the jmp instruction replacing the original mov.
> 
> The only problem that arises is if the gcc compiler uses the zero flag 
> set by testb by code following the jne instruction, but in our case, I 
> don't see how gcc could ever want to reuse the zero flag set by a test 
> on our own mov to a register unless we re-use the value loaded 
> somewhere else.
> 
> Dealing with the non-relocatable jmp instruction could be done by 
> checking, in the int3 immediate values notifiy callback, if the 
> instruction being modified is a jmp. If it is, we simply update the 
> return address without executing the bypass code.
> 
> What do you think of these ideas ?

sounds like a promising plan to me.

would you be interested in putting back the sched-tracer markers into 
sched.c, using the redo-markers patch i posted some time ago (attached 
below again) - and send me a series combined with immediate values 
against sched-devel/latest, so that i can have another look at their 
impact? [That would be the current optimized-markers approach initially, 
not the proposed super-optimized-markers approach.]

i wont worry much about the slowpath impact, you and Frank are right in 
that -freorder-blocks will probably hide the slowpath nicely and it will 
have other benefits as well.

Maybe a functional -freorder-blocks patch for x86 would help in judging 
that impact precisely - i think Arjan made one some time ago? Last time 
i tried it (a few weeks ago) it crashed early during bootup - but it 
would be an interesting feature to have.

	Ingo

---------------------------------->
Subject: sched: reintroduce markers
From: Ingo Molnar <mingo@...e.hu>

---
 include/linux/sched.h             |   36 --------
 kernel/sched.c                    |   11 +-
 kernel/trace/trace.h              |   12 --
 kernel/trace/trace_functions.c    |    2 
 kernel/trace/trace_sched_switch.c |  163 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 kernel/trace/trace_sched_wakeup.c |  146 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 6 files changed, 299 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-)

Index: linux/include/linux/sched.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/include/linux/sched.h
+++ linux/include/linux/sched.h
@@ -2031,42 +2031,6 @@ extern int sched_mc_power_savings, sched
 
 extern void normalize_rt_tasks(void);
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_CONTEXT_SWITCH_TRACER
-extern void
-ftrace_ctx_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
-#else
-static inline void
-ftrace_ctx_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_TRACER
-extern void
-ftrace_wake_up_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr);
-extern void
-ftrace_wake_up_new_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr);
-#else
-static inline void
-ftrace_wake_up_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr)
-{
-}
-static inline void
-ftrace_wake_up_new_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_CONTEXT_SWITCH_TRACER
-extern void
-ftrace_ctx_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
-#else
-static inline void
-ftrace_ctx_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_FAIR_GROUP_SCHED
 
 extern struct task_group init_task_group;
Index: linux/kernel/sched.c
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/kernel/sched.c
+++ linux/kernel/sched.c
@@ -1886,7 +1886,9 @@ static int try_to_wake_up(struct task_st
 
 out_activate:
 #endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
-	ftrace_wake_up_task(p, rq->curr);
+	trace_mark(kernel_sched_wakeup,
+		   "p %p rq->curr %p",
+		   p, rq->curr);
 
 	schedstat_inc(p, se.nr_wakeups);
 	if (sync)
@@ -2028,7 +2030,9 @@ void fastcall wake_up_new_task(struct ta
 		p->sched_class->task_new(rq, p);
 		inc_nr_running(rq);
 	}
-	ftrace_wake_up_new_task(p, rq->curr);
+	trace_mark(kernel_sched_wakeup_new,
+		   "p %p rq->curr %p",
+		   p, rq->curr);
 
 	check_preempt_curr(rq, p);
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
@@ -2202,7 +2206,8 @@ context_switch(struct rq *rq, struct tas
 	struct mm_struct *mm, *oldmm;
 
 	prepare_task_switch(rq, prev, next);
-	ftrace_ctx_switch(prev, next);
+	trace_mark(kernel_sched_schedule,
+		   "prev %p next %p", prev, next);
 	mm = next->mm;
 	oldmm = prev->active_mm;
 	/*
Index: linux/kernel/trace/trace.h
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/kernel/trace/trace.h
+++ linux/kernel/trace/trace.h
@@ -134,6 +134,8 @@ void tracing_start_function_trace(void);
 void tracing_stop_function_trace(void);
 int register_tracer(struct tracer *type);
 void unregister_tracer(struct tracer *type);
+void tracing_start_sched_switch(void);
+void tracing_stop_sched_switch(void);
 
 extern int tracing_sched_switch_enabled;
 extern unsigned long tracing_max_latency;
@@ -148,16 +150,6 @@ static inline notrace cycle_t now(int cp
 	return cpu_clock(cpu);
 }
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_SCHED_TRACER
-extern void notrace
-wakeup_sched_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next);
-#else
-static inline void
-wakeup_sched_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifdef CONFIG_CONTEXT_SWITCH_TRACER
 typedef void
 (*tracer_switch_func_t)(void *private,
Index: linux/kernel/trace/trace_functions.c
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/kernel/trace/trace_functions.c
+++ linux/kernel/trace/trace_functions.c
@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ static notrace void start_function_trace
 {
 	function_reset(tr);
 	tracing_start_function_trace();
+	tracing_start_sched_switch();
 }
 
 static notrace void stop_function_trace(struct trace_array *tr)
 {
+	tracing_stop_sched_switch();
 	tracing_stop_function_trace();
 }
 
Index: linux/kernel/trace/trace_sched_switch.c
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/kernel/trace/trace_sched_switch.c
+++ linux/kernel/trace/trace_sched_switch.c
@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@
 
 static struct trace_array	*ctx_trace;
 static int __read_mostly	tracer_enabled;
+static atomic_t			sched_ref;
 int __read_mostly		tracing_sched_switch_enabled;
 
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(sched_switch_func_lock);
+
 static void notrace
-ctx_switch_func(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
+sched_switch_func(void *private, struct task_struct *prev,
+		  struct task_struct *next)
 {
-	struct trace_array *tr = ctx_trace;
+	struct trace_array **ptr = private;
+	struct trace_array *tr = *ptr;
 	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	long disabled;
@@ -42,20 +47,115 @@ ctx_switch_func(struct task_struct *prev
 	raw_local_irq_restore(flags);
 }
 
-void ftrace_ctx_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
+static struct tracer_switch_ops sched_switch_ops __read_mostly =
+{
+	.func		= sched_switch_func,
+	.private	= &ctx_trace,
+};
+
+static tracer_switch_func_t __read_mostly
+	tracer_switch_func = sched_switch_func;
+
+static struct tracer_switch_ops __read_mostly
+	*tracer_switch_func_ops = &sched_switch_ops;
+
+static void notrace
+sched_switch_func_loop(void *private, struct task_struct *prev,
+		       struct task_struct *next)
 {
-	tracing_record_cmdline(prev);
+	struct tracer_switch_ops *ops = tracer_switch_func_ops;
+
+	/* take care of alpha acting funny */
+	read_barrier_depends();
 
+	for (; ops != NULL; ops = ops->next) {
+		/* silly alpha */
+		read_barrier_depends();
+		ops->func(ops->private, prev, next);
+	}
+}
+
+notrace int register_tracer_switch(struct tracer_switch_ops *ops)
+{
+	unsigned long flags;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&sched_switch_func_lock, flags);
+	ops->next = tracer_switch_func_ops;
 	/*
-	 * If tracer_switch_func only points to the local
-	 * switch func, it still needs the ptr passed to it.
+	 * We are entering ops into the switch list but another
+	 * CPU might be walking that list. We need to make sure
+	 * the ops->next pointer is valid before another CPU sees
+	 * the ops pointer included into the switch list.
 	 */
-	ctx_switch_func(prev, next);
+	smp_wmb();
+	tracer_switch_func_ops = ops;
+
+	if (ops->next == &sched_switch_ops)
+		tracer_switch_func = sched_switch_func_loop;
+
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sched_switch_func_lock, flags);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+notrace int unregister_tracer_switch(struct tracer_switch_ops *ops)
+{
+	unsigned long flags;
+	struct tracer_switch_ops **p = &tracer_switch_func_ops;
+	int ret;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&sched_switch_func_lock, flags);
 
 	/*
-	 * Chain to the wakeup tracer (this is a NOP if disabled):
+	 * If the sched_switch is the only one left, then
+	 *  only call that function.
 	 */
-	wakeup_sched_switch(prev, next);
+	if (*p == ops && ops->next == &sched_switch_ops) {
+		tracer_switch_func = sched_switch_func;
+		tracer_switch_func_ops = &sched_switch_ops;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	for (; *p != &sched_switch_ops; p = &(*p)->next)
+		if (*p == ops)
+			break;
+
+	if (*p != ops) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	*p = (*p)->next;
+
+ out:
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sched_switch_func_lock, flags);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static notrace void
+sched_switch_callback(const struct marker *mdata, void *private_data,
+		      const char *format, ...)
+{
+	struct task_struct *prev;
+	struct task_struct *next;
+	va_list ap;
+
+	if (!atomic_read(&sched_ref))
+		return;
+
+	tracing_record_cmdline(current);
+
+	va_start(ap, format);
+	prev = va_arg(ap, typeof(prev));
+	next = va_arg(ap, typeof(next));
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	/*
+	 * If tracer_switch_func only points to the local
+	 * switch func, it still needs the ptr passed to it.
+	 */
+	tracer_switch_func(mdata->private, prev, next);
 }
 
 static notrace void sched_switch_reset(struct trace_array *tr)
@@ -72,10 +172,12 @@ static notrace void start_sched_trace(st
 {
 	sched_switch_reset(tr);
 	tracer_enabled = 1;
+	tracing_start_sched_switch();
 }
 
 static notrace void stop_sched_trace(struct trace_array *tr)
 {
+	tracing_stop_sched_switch();
 	tracer_enabled = 0;
 }
 
@@ -110,6 +212,35 @@ static struct tracer sched_switch_trace 
 	.ctrl_update	= sched_switch_trace_ctrl_update,
 };
 
+static int tracing_sched_arm(void)
+{
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = marker_arm("kernel_sched_schedule");
+	if (ret)
+		pr_info("sched trace: Couldn't arm probe switch_to\n");
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void tracing_start_sched_switch(void)
+{
+	long ref;
+
+	ref = atomic_inc_return(&sched_ref);
+	if (tracing_sched_switch_enabled && ref == 1)
+		tracing_sched_arm();
+}
+
+void tracing_stop_sched_switch(void)
+{
+	long ref;
+
+	ref = atomic_dec_and_test(&sched_ref);
+	if (tracing_sched_switch_enabled && ref)
+		marker_disarm("kernel_sched_schedule");
+}
+
 __init static int init_sched_switch_trace(void)
 {
 	int ret;
@@ -118,8 +249,22 @@ __init static int init_sched_switch_trac
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 
+	ret = marker_probe_register("kernel_sched_schedule",
+				    "prev %p next %p",
+				    sched_switch_callback,
+				    &ctx_trace);
+	if (ret) {
+		pr_info("sched trace: Couldn't add marker"
+			" probe to switch_to\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (atomic_read(&sched_ref))
+		ret = tracing_sched_arm();
+
 	tracing_sched_switch_enabled = 1;
 
+out:
 	return ret;
 }
 device_initcall(init_sched_switch_trace);
Index: linux/kernel/trace/trace_sched_wakeup.c
===================================================================
--- linux.orig/kernel/trace/trace_sched_wakeup.c
+++ linux/kernel/trace/trace_sched_wakeup.c
@@ -44,12 +44,66 @@ static int notrace report_latency(cycle_
 	return 1;
 }
 
-void notrace
-wakeup_sched_switch(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
+#ifdef CONFIG_FTRACE
+/* irqsoff uses its own function trace to keep the overhead down */
+static void notrace
+wakeup_tracer_call(unsigned long ip, unsigned long parent_ip)
 {
-	unsigned long latency = 0, t0 = 0, t1 = 0;
 	struct trace_array *tr = wakeup_trace;
 	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
+	unsigned long flags;
+	long disabled;
+	int resched;
+	int tcpu;
+	int cpu;
+
+	if (likely(!tracer_enabled) || !tr)
+		return;
+
+	resched = need_resched();
+	preempt_disable_notrace();
+
+	cpu = raw_smp_processor_id();
+
+	data = tr->data[cpu];
+	disabled = atomic_inc_return(&data->disabled);
+	if (likely(disabled != 1))
+		goto out;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&wakeup_lock, flags);
+	if (wakeup_task)
+		tcpu = task_cpu(wakeup_task);
+	else
+		tcpu = -1;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&wakeup_lock, flags);
+
+	if (cpu == tcpu)
+		ftrace(tr, data, ip, parent_ip, flags);
+
+out:
+	atomic_dec(&data->disabled);
+
+	/* prevent recursion with scheduler */
+	if (resched)
+		preempt_enable_no_resched_notrace();
+	else
+		preempt_enable_notrace();
+}
+
+static struct ftrace_ops trace_ops __read_mostly =
+{
+	.func		= wakeup_tracer_call,
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_FTRACE */
+
+static void notrace
+wakeup_sched_switch(void *private, struct task_struct *prev,
+		    struct task_struct *next)
+{
+	unsigned long latency = 0, t0 = 0, t1 = 0;
+	struct trace_array **ptr = private;
+	struct trace_array *tr = *ptr;
+	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
 	cycle_t T0, T1, delta;
 	unsigned long flags;
 	long disabled;
@@ -130,8 +184,14 @@ out_unlock:
 	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&wakeup_lock, flags);
 out:
 	atomic_dec(&tr->data[cpu]->disabled);
+
 }
 
+static struct tracer_switch_ops switch_ops __read_mostly = {
+	.func		= wakeup_sched_switch,
+	.private	= &wakeup_trace,
+};
+
 static void notrace __wakeup_reset(struct trace_array *tr)
 {
 	struct trace_array_cpu *data;
@@ -206,26 +266,51 @@ out:
 	atomic_dec(&tr->data[cpu]->disabled);
 }
 
-notrace void
-ftrace_wake_up_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr)
+static notrace void
+wake_up_callback(const struct marker *mdata, void *private_data,
+		 const char *format, ...)
 {
+	struct trace_array **ptr = mdata->private;
+	struct trace_array *tr = *ptr;
+	struct task_struct *curr;
+	struct task_struct *p;
+	va_list ap;
+
 	if (likely(!tracer_enabled))
 		return;
 
-	wakeup_check_start(wakeup_trace, wakee, curr);
-}
+	va_start(ap, format);
 
-notrace void
-ftrace_wake_up_new_task(struct task_struct *wakee, struct task_struct *curr)
-{
-	if (likely(!tracer_enabled))
-		return;
+	/* now get the meat: "p %p rq->curr %p" */
+	p = va_arg(ap, typeof(p));
+	curr = va_arg(ap, typeof(curr));
+
+	va_end(ap);
 
-	wakeup_check_start(wakeup_trace, wakee, curr);
+	wakeup_check_start(tr, p, curr);
 }
 
 static notrace void start_wakeup_tracer(struct trace_array *tr)
 {
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = marker_arm("kernel_sched_wakeup");
+	if (ret) {
+		pr_info("wakeup trace: Couldn't arm probe"
+			" kernel_sched_wakeup\n");
+		return;
+	}
+
+	ret = marker_arm("kernel_sched_wakeup_new");
+	if (ret) {
+		pr_info("wakeup trace: Couldn't arm probe"
+			" kernel_sched_wakeup_new\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	register_tracer_switch(&switch_ops);
+	tracing_start_sched_switch();
+
 	wakeup_reset(tr);
 
 	/*
@@ -238,13 +323,22 @@ static notrace void start_wakeup_tracer(
 	smp_wmb();
 
 	tracer_enabled = 1;
+	register_ftrace_function(&trace_ops);
 
 	return;
+
+out:
+	marker_disarm("kernel_sched_wakeup");
 }
 
 static notrace void stop_wakeup_tracer(struct trace_array *tr)
 {
 	tracer_enabled = 0;
+	tracing_stop_sched_switch();
+	unregister_tracer_switch(&switch_ops);
+	marker_disarm("kernel_sched_wakeup");
+	marker_disarm("kernel_sched_wakeup_new");
+	unregister_ftrace_function(&trace_ops);
 }
 
 static notrace void wakeup_tracer_init(struct trace_array *tr)
@@ -305,6 +399,32 @@ __init static int init_wakeup_tracer(voi
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 
+	ret = marker_probe_register("kernel_sched_wakeup",
+				    "p %p rq->curr %p",
+				    wake_up_callback,
+				    &wakeup_trace);
+	if (ret) {
+		pr_info("wakeup trace: Couldn't add marker"
+			" probe to kernel_sched_wakeup\n");
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	ret = marker_probe_register("kernel_sched_wakeup_new",
+				    "p %p rq->curr %p",
+				    wake_up_callback,
+				    &wakeup_trace);
+	if (ret) {
+		pr_info("wakeup trace: Couldn't add marker"
+			" probe to kernel_sched_wakeup_new\n");
+		goto fail_deprobe;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+
+fail_deprobe:
+	marker_probe_unregister("kernel_sched_wakeup");
+fail:
+	unregister_tracer(&wakeup_tracer);
 	return 0;
 }
 device_initcall(init_wakeup_tracer);
--
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