Date:	Mon, 23 Jun 2008 08:33:12 +0100
From:	Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie>
To:	Andy Whitcroft <apw@...dowen.org>
Cc:	Jon Tollefson <kniht@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
	Nick Piggin <npiggin@...e.de>,
	Nishanth Aravamudan <nacc@...ibm.com>,
	Adam Litke <agl@...ux.vnet.ibm.com>,
	linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org, kernel-testers@...r.kernel.org,
	linux-mm@...ck.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 2/2] hugetlb reservations: fix hugetlb MAP_PRIVATE reservations across vma splits

On (20/06/08 20:17), Andy Whitcroft didst pronounce:
> When a hugetlb mapping with a reservation is split, a new VMA is cloned
> from the original.  This new VMA is a direct copy of the original
> including the reservation count.  When this pair of VMAs are unmapped
> we will incorrect double account the unused reservation and the overall
> reservation count will be incorrect, in extreme cases it will wrap.
> 

D'oh. It's not even that extreme, it's fairly straight-forward
to trigger as it turns out as this crappy application shows
http://www.csn.ul.ie/~mel/postings/apw-20080622/hugetlbfs-unmap-private-test.c
. This runs on x86 and can wrap the rsvd counters. I believe the other tests
I was running had already used the reserves and missed this test case.

> The problem occurs when we split an existing VMA say to unmap a page in
> the middle.  split_vma() will create a new VMA copying all fields from
> the original.  As we are storing our reservation count in vm_private_data
> this is also copies, endowing the new VMA with a duplicate of the original
> VMA's reservation.  Neither of the new VMAs can exhaust these reservations
> as they are too small, but when we unmap and close these VMAs we will
> incorrect credit the remainder twice and resv_huge_pages will become
> out of sync.  This can lead to allocation failures on mappings with
> reservations and even to resv_huge_pages wrapping which prevents all
> subsequent hugepage allocations.
> 

Yeah, that does sound as if it would occur all right and running the
test program confirms it.

> The simple fix would be to correctly apportion the remaining reservation
> count when the split is made.  However the only hook we have vm_ops->open
> only has the new VMA we do not know the identity of the preceeding VMA.
> Also even if we did have that VMA to hand we do not know how much of the
> reservation was consumed each side of the split.
> 
> This patch therefore takes a different tack.  We know that the whole of any
> private mapping (which has a reservation) has a reservation over its whole
> size.  Any present pages represent consumed reservation.  Therefore if
> we track the instantiated pages we can calculate the remaining reservation.
> 
> This patch reuses the existing regions code to track the regions for which
> we have consumed reservation (ie. the instantiated pages), as each page
> is faulted in we record the consumption of reservation for the new page.

Clever. The additional nice thing is that it makes private mappings less of
a special case in comparison to shared mappings. My impression right now is
that with the path, shared mappings track reservations based on the underlying
file and the private mappings are generally tracked per-mapping and only share
due to unmap-related-splits or forks().  That seems a bit more consistent.

> When we need to return unused reservations at unmap time we simply count
> the consumed reservation region subtracting that from the whole of the map.
> During a VMA split the newly opened VMA will point to the same region map,
> as this map is offset oriented it remains valid for both of the split VMAs.
> This map is referenced counted so that it is removed when all VMAs which
> are part of the mmap are gone.
> 

This looks sensible and applying the patches and running the test program
means that the reserve counter does not wrap when the program exists which
is very nice.  I also tested a parent-child scenario where the pool is of
insufficient size and the child gets killed as expected. Thanks a million
for cleaning this up.

Some comments below but they are relatively minor.

> Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@...dowen.org>
> ---
>  mm/hugetlb.c |  151 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
>  1 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/mm/hugetlb.c b/mm/hugetlb.c
> index d701e39..ecff986 100644
> --- a/mm/hugetlb.c
> +++ b/mm/hugetlb.c
> @@ -171,6 +171,30 @@ static long region_truncate(struct list_head *head, long end)
>  	return chg;
>  }
>  
> +static long region_count(struct list_head *head, long f, long t)
> +{
> +	struct file_region *rg;
> +	long chg = 0;
> +
> +	/* Locate each segment we overlap with, and count that overlap. */
> +	list_for_each_entry(rg, head, link) {
> +		int seg_from;
> +		int seg_to;
> +
> +		if (rg->to <= f)
> +			continue;
> +		if (rg->from >= t)
> +			break;
> +
> +		seg_from = max(rg->from, f);
> +		seg_to = min(rg->to, t);
> +
> +		chg += seg_to - seg_from;
> +	}
> +
> +	return chg;
> +}

Ok, seems straight forward. The tuples track pages that already exist so
by counting the overlaps in a given range, you know how many hugepages
have been faulted. The size of the VMA minus the overlap is the
required reservation.

> +
>  /*
>   * Convert the address within this vma to the page offset within
>   * the mapping, in base page units.
> @@ -193,9 +217,14 @@ static pgoff_t vma_pagecache_offset(struct hstate *h,
>  			(vma->vm_pgoff >> huge_page_order(h));
>  }
>  
> -#define HPAGE_RESV_OWNER    (1UL << (BITS_PER_LONG - 1))
> -#define HPAGE_RESV_UNMAPPED (1UL << (BITS_PER_LONG - 2))
> +/*
> + * Flags for MAP_PRIVATE reservations.  These are stored in the bottom
> + * bits of the reservation map pointer.
> + */
> +#define HPAGE_RESV_OWNER    (1UL << 0)
> +#define HPAGE_RESV_UNMAPPED (1UL << 1)
>  #define HPAGE_RESV_MASK (HPAGE_RESV_OWNER | HPAGE_RESV_UNMAPPED)
> +

The bits move here but for good reason. private_data is now a pointer and
we pack flags into bits that are available due to alignment.  Right?

>  /*
>   * These helpers are used to track how many pages are reserved for
>   * faults in a MAP_PRIVATE mapping. Only the process that called mmap()
> @@ -205,6 +234,15 @@ static pgoff_t vma_pagecache_offset(struct hstate *h,
>   * the reserve counters are updated with the hugetlb_lock held. It is safe
>   * to reset the VMA at fork() time as it is not in use yet and there is no
>   * chance of the global counters getting corrupted as a result of the values.
> + *
> + * The private mapping reservation is represented in a subtly different
> + * manner to a shared mapping.  A shared mapping has a region map associated
> + * with the underlying file, this region map represents the backing file
> + * pages which have had a reservation taken and this persists even after
> + * the page is instantiated.  A private mapping has a region map associated
> + * with the original mmap which is attached to all VMAs which reference it,
> + * this region map represents those offsets which have consumed reservation
> + * ie. where pages have been instantiated.
>   */
>  static unsigned long get_vma_private_data(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
>  {
> @@ -217,22 +255,44 @@ static void set_vma_private_data(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
>  	vma->vm_private_data = (void *)value;
>  }
>  
> -static unsigned long vma_resv_huge_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
> +struct resv_map {
> +	struct kref refs;
> +	struct list_head regions;
> +};
> +
> +struct resv_map *resv_map_alloc(void)
> +{
> +	struct resv_map *resv_map = kmalloc(sizeof(*resv_map), GFP_KERNEL);
> +	if (!resv_map)
> +		return NULL;
> +
> +	kref_init(&resv_map->refs);
> +	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&resv_map->regions);
> +
> +	return resv_map;
> +}
> +
> +void resv_map_release(struct kref *ref)
> +{
> +        struct resv_map *resv_map = container_of(ref, struct resv_map, refs);
> +

tabs vs space problem here.

> +	region_truncate(&resv_map->regions, 0);
> +	kfree(resv_map);
> +}

Otherwise, looks right. The region_truncate() looked a bit odd but you
have call it or memory would leak so well thought out there.

> +
> +static struct resv_map *vma_resv_map(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
>  {
>  	VM_BUG_ON(!is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma));
>  	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED))
> -		return get_vma_private_data(vma) & ~HPAGE_RESV_MASK;
> +		return (struct resv_map *)(get_vma_private_data(vma) &
> +							~HPAGE_RESV_MASK);
>  	return 0;
>  }
>  
> -static void set_vma_resv_huge_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
> -							unsigned long reserve)
> +static void set_vma_resv_map(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct resv_map *map)
>  {
> -	VM_BUG_ON(!is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma));
> -	VM_BUG_ON(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED);
> -
> -	set_vma_private_data(vma,
> -		(get_vma_private_data(vma) & HPAGE_RESV_MASK) | reserve);
> +	set_vma_private_data(vma, (get_vma_private_data(vma) &
> +				HPAGE_RESV_MASK) | (unsigned long)map);
>  }

The VM_BUG_ON checks are removed here. Is that intentional? They still
seem valid but maybe I am missing something.

>  
>  static void set_vma_resv_flags(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long flags)
> @@ -251,11 +311,11 @@ static int is_vma_resv_set(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long flag)
>  }
>  
>  /* Decrement the reserved pages in the hugepage pool by one */
> -static void decrement_hugepage_resv_vma(struct hstate *h,
> -			struct vm_area_struct *vma)
> +static int decrement_hugepage_resv_vma(struct hstate *h,
> +			struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
>  {

The comment needs an update here to explain what the return value means.
I believe the reason is below.

>  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_NORESERVE)
> -		return;
> +		return 0;
>  
>  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED) {
>  		/* Shared mappings always use reserves */
> @@ -266,14 +326,19 @@ static void decrement_hugepage_resv_vma(struct hstate *h,
>  		 * private mappings.
>  		 */
>  		if (is_vma_resv_set(vma, HPAGE_RESV_OWNER)) {
> -			unsigned long flags, reserve;
> +			unsigned long idx = vma_pagecache_offset(h,
> +							vma, address);
> +			struct resv_map *reservations = vma_resv_map(vma);
> +
>  			h->resv_huge_pages--;
> -			flags = (unsigned long)vma->vm_private_data &
> -							HPAGE_RESV_MASK;
> -			reserve = (unsigned long)vma->vm_private_data - 1;
> -			vma->vm_private_data = (void *)(reserve | flags);
> +
> +			/* Mark this page used in the map. */
> +			if (region_chg(&reservations->regions, idx, idx + 1) < 0)
> +				return -1;
> +			region_add(&reservations->regions, idx, idx + 1);

There is an incredibly remote possibility that a fault would fail for a
mapping that had reserved huge pages because the kmalloc() in region_chg
failed. The system would have to be in terrible shape though. Should a
KERN_WARNING be printed here if this failure path is entered?  Otherwise it
will just mainfest as a SIGKILLd application.

>  		}
>  	}
> +	return 0;
>  }
>  
>  /* Reset counters to 0 and clear all HPAGE_RESV_* flags */
> @@ -289,7 +354,7 @@ static int vma_has_private_reserves(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
>  {
>  	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
>  		return 0;
> -	if (!vma_resv_huge_pages(vma))
> +	if (!is_vma_resv_set(vma, HPAGE_RESV_OWNER))
>  		return 0;
>  	return 1;
>  }
> @@ -376,15 +441,16 @@ static struct page *dequeue_huge_page_vma(struct hstate *h,
>  		nid = zone_to_nid(zone);
>  		if (cpuset_zone_allowed_softwall(zone, htlb_alloc_mask) &&
>  		    !list_empty(&h->hugepage_freelists[nid])) {
> +			if (!avoid_reserve &&
> +			    decrement_hugepage_resv_vma(h, vma, address) < 0)
> +				return NULL;
> +
>  			page = list_entry(h->hugepage_freelists[nid].next,
>  					  struct page, lru);
>  			list_del(&page->lru);
>  			h->free_huge_pages--;
>  			h->free_huge_pages_node[nid]--;
>  
> -			if (!avoid_reserve)
> -				decrement_hugepage_resv_vma(h, vma);
> -
>  			break;
>  		}
>  	}
> @@ -1456,10 +1522,39 @@ out:
>  	return ret;
>  }
>  
> +static void hugetlb_vm_op_open(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
> +{
> + 	struct resv_map *reservations = vma_resv_map(vma);
> +
> +	/*
> +	 * This new VMA will share its siblings reservation map.  The open
> +	 * vm_op is only called for newly created VMAs which have been made
> +	 * from another, still existing VMA.  As that VMA has a reference to
> +	 * this reservation map the reservation map cannot disappear until
> +	 * after this open completes.  It is therefore safe to take a new
> +	 * reference here without additional locking.
> +	 */
> +	if (reservations)
> +		kref_get(&reservations->refs);
> +}

This comment is a tad misleading. The open call is also called at fork()
time. However, in the case of fork, the private_data will be cleared.
Maybe something like;

====
The open vm_op is called when new VMAs are created but only VMAs which
have been made from another, still existing VMA will have a
reservation....
====

?

> +
>  static void hugetlb_vm_op_close(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
>  {
>  	struct hstate *h = hstate_vma(vma);
> -	unsigned long reserve = vma_resv_huge_pages(vma);
> + 	struct resv_map *reservations = vma_resv_map(vma);
> +	unsigned long reserve = 0;
> +	unsigned long start;
> +	unsigned long end;
> +
> +	if (reservations) {
> +		start = vma_pagecache_offset(h, vma, vma->vm_start);
> +		end = vma_pagecache_offset(h, vma, vma->vm_end);
> +
> +		reserve = (end - start) -
> +			region_count(&reservations->regions, start, end);
> +
> +		kref_put(&reservations->refs, resv_map_release);
> +	}
>  

Clever. So, a split VMA will have the reference map for portions of the
mapping outside its range but region_count() ensures that we decrement
by the correct amount.

>  	if (reserve)
>  		hugetlb_acct_memory(h, -reserve);
> @@ -1479,6 +1574,7 @@ static int hugetlb_vm_op_fault(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct vm_fault *vmf)
>  
>  struct vm_operations_struct hugetlb_vm_ops = {
>  	.fault = hugetlb_vm_op_fault,
> +	.open = hugetlb_vm_op_open,
>  	.close = hugetlb_vm_op_close,
>  };
>  
> @@ -2037,8 +2133,13 @@ int hugetlb_reserve_pages(struct inode *inode,
>  	if (!vma || vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
>  		chg = region_chg(&inode->i_mapping->private_list, from, to);
>  	else {
> +		struct resv_map *resv_map = resv_map_alloc();
> +		if (!resv_map)
> +			return -ENOMEM;
> +
>  		chg = to - from;
> -		set_vma_resv_huge_pages(vma, chg);
> +
> +		set_vma_resv_map(vma, resv_map);
>  		set_vma_resv_flags(vma, HPAGE_RESV_OWNER);
>  	}

Overall, this is a really clever idea and I like that it brings private
mappings closer to shared mappings in a number of respects. 

-- 
Mel Gorman
Part-time Phd Student                          Linux Technology Center
University of Limerick                         IBM Dublin Software Lab
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