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Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2010 09:48:22 +0000
From: Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie>
To: KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@...fujitsu.com>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@...ux-foundation.org>,
Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@...hat.com>,
Christoph Lameter <cl@...ux-foundation.org>,
Adam Litke <agl@...ibm.com>, Avi Kivity <avi@...hat.com>,
David Rientjes <rientjes@...gle.com>,
KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@...fujitsu.com>,
Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>, linux-kernel@...r.kernel.org,
linux-mm@...ck.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH 05/11] Export unusable free space index via
/proc/unusable_index
On Mon, Mar 15, 2010 at 02:41:24PM +0900, KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki wrote:
> On Fri, 12 Mar 2010 16:41:21 +0000
> Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie> wrote:
>
> > Unusable free space index is a measure of external fragmentation that
> > takes the allocation size into account. For the most part, the huge page
> > size will be the size of interest but not necessarily so it is exported
> > on a per-order and per-zone basis via /proc/unusable_index.
> >
> > The index is a value between 0 and 1. It can be expressed as a
> > percentage by multiplying by 100 as documented in
> > Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Mel Gorman <mel@....ul.ie>
> > Reviewed-by: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@...il.com>
> > Acked-by: Rik van Riel <riel@...hat.com>
> > ---
> > Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt | 13 ++++-
> > mm/vmstat.c | 120 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > 2 files changed, 132 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
> > index 5e132b5..5c4b0fb 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
> > +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
> > @@ -452,6 +452,7 @@ Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
> > sys See chapter 2
> > sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
> > tty Info of tty drivers
> > + unusable_index Additional page allocator information (see text)(2.5)
> > uptime System uptime
> > version Kernel version
> > video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
> > @@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
> > available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
> >
> > More information relevant to external fragmentation can be found in
> > -pagetypeinfo.
> > +pagetypeinfo and unusable_index
> >
> > > cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
> > Page block order: 9
> > @@ -650,6 +651,16 @@ unless memory has been mlock()'d. Some of the Reclaimable blocks should
> > also be allocatable although a lot of filesystem metadata may have to be
> > reclaimed to achieve this.
> >
> > +> cat /proc/unusable_index
> > +Node 0, zone DMA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.021 0.037 0.037 0.101 0.230
> > +Node 0, zone Normal 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.015 0.028 0.028 0.054
> > +
> > +The unusable free space index measures how much of the available free
> > +memory cannot be used to satisfy an allocation of a given size and is a
> > +value between 0 and 1. The higher the value, the more of free memory is
> > +unusable and by implication, the worse the external fragmentation is. This
> > +can be expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100.
> > +
>
> I'm sorry but how this information is different from buddyinfo ?
>
This information can be calculated from buddyinfo by hand or by scripts if
necessary. The difference is in how the information is presented. It's far
easier to see at a glance the potential fragmentation at each order with this
file than with buddyinfo. I use this information in fragmentation-tests to
graph the index over time but I also have the necessary scripts to parse
buddyinfo so it's not a big deal for me.
I can drop this patch if necessary because none of the core code uses
it. It was for the convenience of a user.
> Thanks,
> -Kame
>
>
>
> > ..............................................................................
> >
> > meminfo:
> > diff --git a/mm/vmstat.c b/mm/vmstat.c
> > index 7f760cb..ca42e10 100644
> > --- a/mm/vmstat.c
> > +++ b/mm/vmstat.c
> > @@ -453,6 +453,106 @@ static int frag_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
> > return 0;
> > }
> >
> > +
> > +struct contig_page_info {
> > + unsigned long free_pages;
> > + unsigned long free_blocks_total;
> > + unsigned long free_blocks_suitable;
> > +};
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Calculate the number of free pages in a zone, how many contiguous
> > + * pages are free and how many are large enough to satisfy an allocation of
> > + * the target size. Note that this function makes to attempt to estimate
> > + * how many suitable free blocks there *might* be if MOVABLE pages were
> > + * migrated. Calculating that is possible, but expensive and can be
> > + * figured out from userspace
> > + */
> > +static void fill_contig_page_info(struct zone *zone,
> > + unsigned int suitable_order,
> > + struct contig_page_info *info)
> > +{
> > + unsigned int order;
> > +
> > + info->free_pages = 0;
> > + info->free_blocks_total = 0;
> > + info->free_blocks_suitable = 0;
> > +
> > + for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; order++) {
> > + unsigned long blocks;
> > +
> > + /* Count number of free blocks */
> > + blocks = zone->free_area[order].nr_free;
> > + info->free_blocks_total += blocks;
> > +
> > + /* Count free base pages */
> > + info->free_pages += blocks << order;
> > +
> > + /* Count the suitable free blocks */
> > + if (order >= suitable_order)
> > + info->free_blocks_suitable += blocks <<
> > + (order - suitable_order);
> > + }
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Return an index indicating how much of the available free memory is
> > + * unusable for an allocation of the requested size.
> > + */
> > +static int unusable_free_index(unsigned int order,
> > + struct contig_page_info *info)
> > +{
> > + /* No free memory is interpreted as all free memory is unusable */
> > + if (info->free_pages == 0)
> > + return 1000;
> > +
> > + /*
> > + * Index should be a value between 0 and 1. Return a value to 3
> > + * decimal places.
> > + *
> > + * 0 => no fragmentation
> > + * 1 => high fragmentation
> > + */
> > + return ((info->free_pages - (info->free_blocks_suitable << order)) * 1000) / info->free_pages;
> > +
> > +}
> > +
> > +static void unusable_show_print(struct seq_file *m,
> > + pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
> > +{
> > + unsigned int order;
> > + int index;
> > + struct contig_page_info info;
> > +
> > + seq_printf(m, "Node %d, zone %8s ",
> > + pgdat->node_id,
> > + zone->name);
> > + for (order = 0; order < MAX_ORDER; ++order) {
> > + fill_contig_page_info(zone, order, &info);
> > + index = unusable_free_index(order, &info);
> > + seq_printf(m, "%d.%03d ", index / 1000, index % 1000);
> > + }
> > +
> > + seq_putc(m, '\n');
> > +}
> > +
> > +/*
> > + * Display unusable free space index
> > + * XXX: Could be a lot more efficient, but it's not a critical path
> > + */
> > +static int unusable_show(struct seq_file *m, void *arg)
> > +{
> > + pg_data_t *pgdat = (pg_data_t *)arg;
> > +
> > + /* check memoryless node */
> > + if (!node_state(pgdat->node_id, N_HIGH_MEMORY))
> > + return 0;
> > +
> > + walk_zones_in_node(m, pgdat, unusable_show_print);
> > +
> > + return 0;
> > +}
> > +
> > static void pagetypeinfo_showfree_print(struct seq_file *m,
> > pg_data_t *pgdat, struct zone *zone)
> > {
> > @@ -603,6 +703,25 @@ static const struct file_operations pagetypeinfo_file_ops = {
> > .release = seq_release,
> > };
> >
> > +static const struct seq_operations unusable_op = {
> > + .start = frag_start,
> > + .next = frag_next,
> > + .stop = frag_stop,
> > + .show = unusable_show,
> > +};
> > +
> > +static int unusable_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
> > +{
> > + return seq_open(file, &unusable_op);
> > +}
> > +
> > +static const struct file_operations unusable_file_ops = {
> > + .open = unusable_open,
> > + .read = seq_read,
> > + .llseek = seq_lseek,
> > + .release = seq_release,
> > +};
> > +
> > #ifdef CONFIG_ZONE_DMA
> > #define TEXT_FOR_DMA(xx) xx "_dma",
> > #else
> > @@ -947,6 +1066,7 @@ static int __init setup_vmstat(void)
> > #ifdef CONFIG_PROC_FS
> > proc_create("buddyinfo", S_IRUGO, NULL, &fragmentation_file_operations);
> > proc_create("pagetypeinfo", S_IRUGO, NULL, &pagetypeinfo_file_ops);
> > + proc_create("unusable_index", S_IRUGO, NULL, &unusable_file_ops);
> > proc_create("vmstat", S_IRUGO, NULL, &proc_vmstat_file_operations);
> > proc_create("zoneinfo", S_IRUGO, NULL, &proc_zoneinfo_file_operations);
> > #endif
> > --
> > 1.6.5
> >
> > --
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> > Please read the FAQ at http://www.tux.org/lkml/
> >
>
--
Mel Gorman
Part-time Phd Student Linux Technology Center
University of Limerick IBM Dublin Software Lab
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